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Este es el Discurso íntegro de Lázaro Cárdenas después de la Expropiación Petrolera — Transcript

by AD Noticias · 2,219 words · 371 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01Message to the nation. The attitude
0:04assumed by the oil companies, refusing
0:06to obey the mandate of national justice
0:09, which, through the Supreme Court,
0:10ordered them in all respects to pay
0:12their workers the amount of the
0:14economic demand that the companies
0:16themselves took before the judicial
0:18courts due to their disagreement with
0:20the labor court rulings, imposes upon
0:22the Federal Executive the duty to seek,
0:24within our legislation, an effective
0:26remedy that prevents this, definitively
0:28, for the present and the future. The
0:33fact that judicial rulings are
0:34nullified, or intended to be nullified,
0:37by the sole will of the parties, or one
0:39of them, through a simple declaration
0:41of insolvency, as is being attempted in
0:43this case, does nothing more than
0:45strike at the very heart of the matter
0:47that has already been adjudicated. It
0:53must be considered that such an act
0:55would destroy the social norms that
0:57regulate the balance of all inhabitants
0:59of a nation, as well as their own
1:01activities, and would establish the
1:03basis for future procedures to which
1:04industries of any kind established in
1:06Mexico would appeal if they found
1:08themselves in conflict with their
1:10workers or the society in which they
1:12operate, if they could maneuver with
1:14impunity to avoid fulfilling their
1:16obligations or repairing the damages
1:18caused by their procedures and
1:19obstinacy. Moreover, the oil companies,
1:26notwithstanding the government's serene
1:28attitude and the considerations it has
1:30shown them, have persisted in carrying
1:32out, both outside and within the
1:34country, a quiet and skillful campaign
1:36that the Federal Executive made known
1:38two months ago to one of the managers
1:40of these companies, which he did not
1:42deny, and which has yielded the result
1:44that the companies themselves sought.
1:48to seriously harm the economic
1:50interests of the nation, attempting by
1:52this means to nullify the legal
1:54determinations issued by the Mexican
1:56authorities. Given these conditions, it
2:01will not be sufficient in the present
2:03case to rely on the enforcement
2:05procedures that our laws indicate to
2:07compel the oil companies into obedience
2:09, since the withdrawal of funds carried
2:11out by them prior to the ruling of the
2:13high court that judged them prevents
2:15the procedure from being viable and
2:16effective. Furthermore, an embargo on
2:21production or on the facilities
2:23themselves, and even on oil funds,
2:25would entail meticulous proceedings
2:27that would prolong a situation that,
2:29for the sake of propriety, must be
2:31resolved immediately; and it would also
2:33imply the need to overcome the
2:34obstacles that the companies themselves
2:36would surely place in the way of the
2:38normal course of production, the
2:40immediate placement of such production,
2:42and the ability of the affected portion
2:44to coexist with that which would
2:46undoubtedly remain free and in the very
2:48hands of the companies. And in this
2:53inherently delicate situation, the
2:55public authority would find itself
2:57besieged by the social interests of the
2:59nation, which would be the most
3:01affected; for an insufficient
3:02production of fuel for the various
3:04activities of the country, among which
3:06are some as important as transportation
3:09, or a null production, or one simply
3:11made expensive by difficulties, would
3:13have to cause, in a short time, a
3:15crisis situation incompatible not only
3:17with our progress, but with the very
3:19peace of the nation. They would
3:21paralyze banking life, commercial life
3:23in many of its main aspects, public
3:25works that are of general interest, and
3:28the very existence of the government
3:30would be placed in grave danger, for
3:32once economic power is lost by the
3:34State, political power would likewise
3:36be lost, leading to chaos. It is
3:40evident that the problem that the oil
3:42companies pose to the nation's
3:44executive power with their refusal to
3:46comply with the ruling imposed upon
3:47them by the highest judicial court is
3:50not a simple case of executing a
3:51sentence, but a definitive situation
3:53that must be resolved with urgency. It
3:56is the social interest of the laboring
3:58class in all of the country's
3:59industries that demands it. It is the
4:02public interest of the Mexicans and
4:03even the foreigners who live in the
4:05Republic and who need peace and the
4:07dynamics of fuel for work. It is the
4:10very sovereignty of the nation that
4:11would be exposed to simple maneuvers of
4:13foreign capital, which, forgetting that
4:15it has previously been constituted as
4:17Mexican companies under Mexican laws,
4:19attempts to evade the mandates and
4:21obligations imposed upon it by the
4:22authorities of the country itself. This
4:25is an obvious and clear case that
4:27forces the government to apply the
4:29Expropriation Law in force; not only to
4:31bring the oil companies to obedience,
4:33but because, with the labor contracts
4:35between the companies and their workers
4:37having been broken as resolved by the
4:40labor authorities, if the government
4:42were not to occupy the companies '
4:43facilities, the immediate paralysis of
4:45the oil industry would follow, causing
4:48incalculable harm to the rest of the
4:50industry and to the general economy of
4:52the country. For the previous reasons,
4:55the corresponding decree has been
4:56issued and its conclusions have been
4:58ordered to be executed, giving an
5:00account in this manifesto to the people
5:02of my country of the reasons that have
5:04been held to proceed in this manner and
5:06to demand from the entire nation the
5:08moral and material support necessary to
5:10face the consequences of this
5:12determination. For further
5:14justification of the act being
5:16announced, let us make a brief history
5:17of the creative process of the oil
5:19companies in Mexico and the elements
5:21with which they have developed their
5:23activities. It has been said ad nauseam
5:26that the oil industry has brought
5:28substantial capital to the country for
5:29its promotion and development. This
5:32assertion is exaggerated. For most of
5:37their existence, oil companies have
5:39enjoyed great privileges for their
5:41development and expansion, customs
5:43exemptions, tax relief, and countless
5:45prerogatives; these factors of
5:47privilege, combined with the prodigious
5:49potential of the oil deposits granted
5:51to them by the nation (often against
5:53its will and against public law),
5:55represent almost the entirety of the
5:58true capital spoken of. The nation's
6:03potential wealth, native labor paid
6:05with meager wages, tax exemptions,
6:07economic privileges, and government
6:10tolerance are the factors behind the
6:12boom of the oil industry in Mexico. Let
6:16us examine the companies' social work.
6:20In how many of the towns near the oil
6:22fields is there a hospital, a school, a
6:25social center, a water supply or
6:27sanitation project, a sports field, or
6:29a power plant? Even if it were based on
6:33the many millions of cubic meters of
6:35gas wasted by these operations. On the
6:39other hand, in which center of oil
6:40activity is there not a private police
6:43force intended to safeguard selfish and
6:45sometimes illegal private interests? Of
6:48these groups, whether authorized by the
6:50government or not, there are many
6:52stories of outrages, abuses, and
6:54murders, always for the benefit of the
6:56companies. Who does not know or is not
6:58aware of the irritating difference that
7:00governs the construction of company
7:02camps? Comfort for foreign personnel,
7:06mediocrity, misery, and unhealthiness
7:09for the nationals; refrigeration and
7:11protection against insects for the
7:13former, indifference, medical neglect,
7:16and haggled medicine for the latter;
7:18lower wages and harsh, exhausting labor
7:20for our own people. Another forced
7:25contingency of the oil industry's
7:27entrenchment, strongly characterized by
7:29its antisocial tendencies and more
7:31harmful than all those listed above,
7:34has been the persistent, albeit
7:35improper, intervention of these
7:37companies in national politics. No one
7:41disputes anymore whether or not it was
7:43true that strong rebel factions were
7:45supported by oil companies in the
7:47Huasteca region of Veracruz and the
7:49Isthmus of Tehuantepec during the years
7:521917 to 1920 against the established
7:54government. Nor is anyone unaware. How
7:59in different eras after those mentioned
8:01, and even contemporarily, oil
8:03companies have encouraged, almost
8:05undisguisedly, disgruntled ambitions
8:07against the country's regime, every
8:09time they see their business affected,
8:11whether by the imposition of taxes, the
8:13rectification of the privileges they
8:15enjoy, or the withdrawal of customary
8:18tolerances. They have had money,
8:21weapons, and ammunition for rebellion;
8:23money for the unpatriotic press that
8:26defends them; money to enrich their
8:28unconditional defenders. But for the
8:33country’s progress, to find balance
8:35through fair compensation for labor, to
8:37promote hygiene where they themselves
8:40operate, or to save from destruction
8:42the vast riches of the natural gases
8:44joined with petroleum in nature, there
8:46is no money, no economic possibility,
8:48nor the will to extract it from the
8:50volume of their profits. Neither is
8:56there any to recognize a responsibility
8:58defined by a court ruling, for they
9:00judge that their economic power and
9:02pride shield them against the dignity
9:04and sovereignty of a nation that has
9:06generously handed over its vast natural
9:08resources, yet cannot obtain through
9:10legal measures the fulfillment of the
9:12most rudimentary obligations. It is,
9:17therefore, inescapable, as a logical
9:19consequence of this brief analysis, to
9:21dictate a definitive and legal measure
9:23to end this permanent state of affairs
9:26in which the country struggles, feeling
9:28its industrial progress slowed by those
9:30who hold in their hands the power of
9:32every obstacle and the dynamic force of
9:35every activity, using it not for high
9:37and noble goals, but frequently abusing
9:39that economic power to the point of
9:41risking the very life of the nation
9:43that seeks to elevate its people
9:45through its own laws, leveraging its
9:47own resources, and freely directing its
9:49destiny. Having thus presented the only
9:54solution to this problem, I ask the
9:56entire nation for sufficient moral and
9:59material support to carry out such a
10:01justified, transcendent, and
10:02indispensable resolution. The
10:05government has already taken the
10:07appropriate measures so that the
10:09constructive activities being carried
10:11out throughout the Republic do not
10:12diminish, and for this, I only ask the
10:14people for full confidence and absolute
10:16support in the provisions that the
10:18government may have to issue. However,
10:22if it were necessary, we would
10:23sacrifice all the constructive
10:25activities that the nation has entered
10:27into during this term of government to
10:29meet the economic commitments that the
10:31application of the expropriation law on
10:34such vast interests demands of us. And
10:37although the soil itself, [or] funds to
10:39settle the compensation commitment we
10:41have contracted, we must accept that
10:43our individual economy also suffers the
10:46indispensable readjustments, reaching,
10:48if the Bank of Mexico deems it
10:50necessary, the modification of the
10:52current exchange rate of our currency
10:54so that the entire country has the cash
10:56and elements that consolidate this act
10:58of essential and profound economic
11:00liberation for Mexico. It is essential
11:05that all sectors of the nation be
11:06imbued with a frank optimism and that
11:09every citizen, whether in their
11:10agricultural, industrial, commercial,
11:12or transport jobs, develop from this
11:15moment on a greater level of activity
11:17to create new resources that will
11:19reveal how the spirit of our people is
11:21capable of saving the country's economy
11:23through the own efforts of Mexicans.
11:27And since it is possible that the
11:29interests debated so heatedly in the
11:31international arena might fear, for
11:33reasons of exclusive sovereignty and
11:35national dignity, that we might divert
11:37raw materials essential to the struggle
11:39in which the most powerful nations are
11:41engaged. We wish to state that our oil
11:46exploitation will not deviate one iota
11:48from the moral solidarity that our
11:50country maintains with nations of a
11:52democratic tendency, whom we wish to
11:54assure that the decreed expropriation
11:56is only directed at eliminating the
11:58obstacles posed by groups that do not
12:00feel the evolutionist need of the
12:02peoples, nor would they be pained to be
12:04the ones delivering Mexican oil to the
12:06highest bidder, without taking into
12:08account the consequences that the
12:10popular masses and the nations in
12:12conflict must endure. By virtue of this
12:17, and in the exercise of the powers
12:19granted to the Federal Executive by the
12:21current Expropriation Law, and
12:23considering that it is public knowledge
12:25that the oil companies operating in the
12:27country, which were sentenced to
12:29implement new working conditions by
12:31group number seven of the Federal Board
12:33of Conciliation and Arbitration on
12:35December 18th last, expressed their
12:37refusal to accept the ruling.
12:39Notwithstanding that its
12:40constitutionality was recognized by a
12:42judgment of the Supreme Court of
12:44Justice of the Nation, and without
12:46adducing as reasons for said refusal
12:48anything other than a supposed economic
12:50incapacity, which brought as a
12:52necessary consequence the application
12:54of section 21 of article 123 of the
12:56General Constitution of the Republic,
12:58in the sense that the respective
13:00authority declares the labor contracts
13:02derived from said event to be broken.
13:08Considering that this fact brings as an
13:10inevitable consequence the total
13:12suspension of activities in the oil
13:14industry and, under such conditions, it
13:16is urgent that the public power
13:18intervene with adequate measures to
13:20prevent the production of serious
13:22internal disorders that would make it
13:24impossible to satisfy collective needs
13:26and the supply of necessary consumer
13:28goods to all sectors of the population,
13:30due to the consequent paralysis of the
13:32means of transport and productive
13:34industries, as well as to provide for
13:36the defense, conservation, development,
13:38and utilization of the wealth contained
13:40in the oil fields and to adopt measures
13:43tending to prevent the consummation of
13:45damages that could be caused to
13:46properties to the detriment of the
13:48community, forces the government to
13:50decree the expropriation of the assets
13:52destined for oil production. Yeah.

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