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ENSA Module 07 WAN Concepts — Transcript

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0:05hi there
0:08on this video i'm going to discuss
0:10module 7
0:12which is one concepts
0:20all right so for the module objectives
0:23okay so this is one concepts so
0:27at the end of the module
0:30so we'll be able to explain how one
0:32access technologies can be used to
0:34satisfy
0:35business requirements all right
0:38so we have a specific topic title here
0:41you've got the purpose of the one
0:43so we will be able to explain the
0:46purpose of the wide area network
0:48you'll have the one operations explain
0:51how ones
0:52operate all right so you've got
0:54traditional one connectivity
0:56so we are going to compare traditional
0:59one connectivity options that they used
1:01before
1:03and you also have the modern one
1:05connectivity
1:07okay so compare modern one connectivity
1:09options
1:11okay so would be available on our work
1:13area
1:14and you also have the internet-based
1:16connectivity
1:18and then we are going to compare
1:20internet based connectivity options
1:22and its availability in our area
1:27okay so let's get started
1:32so basically we are going to cover the
1:34purpose of the wide area network
1:37okay and before we proceed
1:40okay so let us compare
1:44wide area network and local area network
1:49so a wide area network or one is
1:51telecommunications network that spans
1:53over a relatively large graphical area
1:57and it's required to connect beyond the
1:59boundary of the local area network
2:01so this is something like connecting
2:03offices from one area for example in
2:05asia
2:06okay so it's one of each office in the
2:08us
2:10all right so in that scenario
2:14we need to use a telecommunication lines
2:18to connect
2:19okay these two areas and that's beyond
2:22the boundary of the local area network
2:25all right so comparing
2:29the local area network and the wide area
2:31networks basically
2:33lands provide networking services within
2:36the small geographic area
2:37so it might be within the office within
2:39the building
2:40within the campus so we call it lan
2:44all right so whereas the white area
2:46networks
2:47provides networking services over the
2:50large area it might be spanning over
2:53um all from one country to another
2:57okay it spans over geographical areas
3:01all right so continents on other
3:03continents and so on
3:05local area networks are used to
3:07interconnect local computers
3:09peripherals and other devices
3:12whereas wide area network are used to
3:14interconnect
3:15remote users networks and
3:18sites all right
3:22so a local area network is owned and
3:25managed by an organization
3:27or a home user whereas wide area network
3:31are owned and managed by
3:32internet service providers or isp
3:36or telephone cable and satellite
3:39providers
3:41all right so other than the network
3:43infrastructure costs
3:45there is no fee to use a local area
3:48network
3:49whereas for the wide area network one
3:51services are provided
3:53for a fee okay so you need to subscribe
3:58for land or local air network lands
4:01provide
4:02high bandwidth using a wide ethernet or
4:05a wi-fi services
4:07whereas for the wide area network ones
4:10provide
4:12or wants providers offer low to high
4:15bandwidth speeds
4:16over long distances all right
4:20so from the figure here we can say that
4:23this enterprise campus
4:25all right is connected via a local area
4:27network
4:29okay so and we have remote sites
4:33okay so it might be from different
4:36locations in the country or other
4:37countries
4:38and you also have the roaming users here
4:41who wants to access your
4:43local area network and that is possible
4:45via the use of
4:46wide area networks all right
4:52okay so let's talk about the private and
4:55the public ones
4:56so a private one is a connection that is
4:59dedicated to a single customer
5:02so private ones provide the following so
5:04guaranteed service level
5:06consistent bandwidth and security
5:10a public one connection is typically
5:12provided by an isp
5:14or telecommunications service provider
5:17using the internet
5:19so in this case the service levels
5:22and bandwidth may vary and the shared
5:25connections do not guarantee
5:28the security
5:32okay so for the one topologies
5:36so physical topologies describe the
5:38physical network infrastructure
5:40used by data when it is traveling from
5:43the source
5:44to a destination so the physical one
5:47topology used in once is complex
5:51for the most part unknown to users
5:54consider a user in new york
5:57establishing a video conference call
5:59with a user in tokyo japan
6:02so other than the user's internet
6:04connection in new york
6:07it would be feasible to identify that
6:09all the actual physical connections
6:11that are needed to support a video hall
6:14so instead
6:15one topologies are described using a
6:18logical topology
6:20logical topologies describe the virtual
6:22connection between the source and
6:23destination so for example
6:26the video conference call between the
6:28user in new york
6:29and japan would be a logical
6:30point-to-point connection
6:33all right so ones
6:36are implemented using the following
6:38logical topology design
6:40it could be a point-to-point topology a
6:42hab and spoke topology
6:44a dual home topology fully meshed
6:47topology or partially meshed
6:49topology okay
6:54all right let's talk about the point
6:55upon topology
6:57so a point-to-point topology as shown
7:00here in the figure
7:01employs a point-to-point circuit between
7:04two endpoints
7:06all right so it involves a layer to
7:08transport service
7:09through the service provided network the
7:12point-to-point connection is transparent
7:14to the customer's network
7:17okay so it can become expensive if
7:21many point-to-point connections are
7:23required
7:26next is hab and spoke topology
7:29so a habit spoke topology enables a
7:31single interface
7:33on the hub router to be shared by all
7:36the spoke circuits
7:38spoke routers can be interconnected to
7:40the hub router
7:41using a virtual circuits and routed
7:44interfaces
7:46so the feed you are here all right
7:49shows a sample hub and spoke topology
7:52consisting of
7:53three spokes you've got spoke a b and
7:57c all right connecting to a hub router
8:01across the cloud okay
8:06so spec routers can only communicate
8:08with each other
8:09through the use of the hub router
8:14all right so next is the dual home
8:16technology
8:18so a dual home topology provides
8:21redundancy as shown in the figure two
8:24hub routers
8:25are dual homes and redundant attached to
8:27the three spokes across the
8:29one cloud so you've got redundancy here
8:33between the spoke and the hubs the
8:36advantage of a dual home topologies is
8:38that
8:39they offer enhanced network redundancy
8:42load balancing distributed computing and
8:45processing
8:47and the ability to implement backup
8:49service provider connections
8:52all right so the disadvantage is that
8:55they are more expensive to implement
8:57than single home topologies this is
9:00because
9:01they require additional networking
9:03hardware such as
9:05routers and switches all right so dual
9:08home topologies are also more difficult
9:10to implement because they require
9:11additional
9:12and more complex configurations
9:17okay next
9:21is a fully meshed topology
9:24okay a fully meshed topology uses
9:27multiple virtual circuits to connect all
9:29sites
9:30as shown in the figure so each of these
9:33sites are connected or directly
9:36connected to each other
9:38this is the most fault tolerant topology
9:41of the five shown or presented for
9:44instance
9:46if site b lost connectivity to site a
9:51it could send data through either
9:55site c or site d
9:58right so partially mass topology
10:02is connected
10:06but not on all sides for example
10:09in the figure sites a b and
10:12c are fully meshed to each other
10:17while site d all right must connect to
10:20site a
10:22to reach b and c
10:25so that is partially messed topology
10:32all right let's talk about the one
10:34connections
10:35or the carrier connections so another
10:38aspect of one design
10:39is how an organization connects to the
10:41internet
10:43so an organization is usually signs
10:46a service level agreement or sla with a
10:49service provider
10:51so the sla outlines the expected
10:53services
10:54relating to the real reliability and
10:57availability of the connection
10:59so the service provider may or may not
11:02be the actual carrier
11:04a carrier owns and maintains the
11:06physical connection
11:07and equipment between the provider and
11:09the customer so typically
11:11an organization will choose either a
11:14single carrier
11:15or a dual carrier one connection
11:21all right so for a single carrier
11:24connection this is when an organization
11:27connects
11:28to only one service provider all right
11:33as shown in the figure here so an sla is
11:36negotiated between the organization
11:39all right and the service provider the
11:41disadvantage
11:42of this design is the carrier connection
11:45and service provider are both single
11:47points of failure
11:49so connectivity to the internet would be
11:51lost if the carrier between
11:54the provider okay and the customer
11:57or the corporate side here field
12:01okay so we have here a single point of
12:03failure
12:05now for the dual one connection or the
12:07dual carrier connection
12:10a dual connection provides a redundancy
12:12and increases network availability as
12:14shown in the figure here
12:16so the organization negotiates a
12:18separate slas with two different service
12:20providers isp1 and isp2 here
12:24so the organization should ensure that
12:26the two providers
12:27each use a different carrier
12:30all right so for example we have here
12:33two comparators for example you've got
12:35pldt and globe
12:37all right so that's how you choose an
12:39isp
12:40it should be a competiting vendors
12:44so the organization should ensure that
12:46the two providers
12:49each use a different carrier as what i'm
12:51saying
12:52so although more expensive to implement
12:54the second connection can be used as a
12:56redundancy
12:58or a backup link all right so
13:01it could also be used to improve the
13:02network performance and load balance
13:04internet traffic
13:13all right so for the purpose of
13:17demonstrations here
13:18and case study okay so let's have an
13:21example
13:23okay so which is the evolving network
13:26okay so we will be using the span
13:30engineering okay so span engineering is
13:33an environmental consulting firm
13:36has developed a special processes or
13:38process for converting
13:40a household waste into electricity and
13:43is developing a small pilot project
13:45for a municipal government in each local
13:47area
13:49okay so for example network requirements
13:52of a company can change
13:53dramatically as the company grows over
13:55time and you will be using the span
13:58engineering a fictitious company here
14:00to show how networks evolve
14:04all right so a network must meet a
14:08day-to-day operational needs of a
14:09business
14:10and it must be able to adapt and grow
14:14as the company changes okay so network
14:17designers and administrators
14:19meet these challenges by carefully
14:22choosing a network technologies
14:24protocols and service providers so
14:27networks can be optimized
14:29by using a variety of network design
14:32techniques
14:33and architectures so to illustrate
14:35differences between network size
14:37that's what i'm saying earlier so we
14:38will be using the span engineering
14:41as our subject here
14:45okay so
14:47[Music]
14:49span engineering started as a small
14:52network
14:54okay so the company initially consisted
14:56of 15 employees
14:58working in a small office as shown here
15:02so they used a single lan that was
15:04connected to a wireless router
15:06for sharing data and peripherals so
15:08they've got a router here
15:10they share the information and data over
15:13the wireless connection
15:15so they used a single lan that was
15:17connected to a wireless router for
15:18sharing data and peripherals
15:20the connection to the internet is
15:23through a common problem service called
15:25dsl right so this
15:28company here is connected to a single
15:32isp provider
15:33and they are shared over the
15:35infrastructure
15:37okay so to support their it requirements
15:40they contracted services from the dsl
15:43provider
15:45okay next so
15:48after some time that small network
15:52is now a campus network so within a few
15:56years
15:57span grew into a larger network
16:01or a larger organization and required
16:03several floors of the building
16:07all right so the company now required a
16:09campus area network
16:10or can so it can interconnect several
16:13lands within a limited geographical area
16:16so multiple lands are required to
16:18segment the various departments
16:20that are connected to multiple switches
16:22in a campus network environment
16:25so the network includes a dedicated
16:28server
16:29all right so they have now dedicated
16:31servers for email
16:32data transfer file storage web-based
16:35productivity tools and applications
16:38so they even have the firewall all right
16:41which secures
16:42internet access to corporate users so
16:44the business now requires
16:46an in-house id staff to support and
16:49maintain the network
16:51okay so span engineering has evolved
16:54from the small network
16:55now into a campus network
16:59okay so a few years later
17:02so the company expanded and added a
17:04branch
17:06okay so and then they have now the
17:09remote and regional sites
17:10in other cities as shown here
17:13all right so they have now this regional
17:17office they've got
17:18remote office one branch office
17:21connected to the central office
17:25okay so the company now required a
17:27metropolitan area network or man
17:30to interconnect sites within the city so
17:34a man
17:34is a larger than the local area network
17:37but smaller than one
17:38so to connect to the central office
17:41branch office is nearby
17:43in nearby cities use private dedicated
17:46lines
17:47through their service local provider
17:50so offices in other cities and countries
17:52require
17:53the services of a wide area network or
17:56may use
17:57internet services or services
18:00to connect distant locations so however
18:04the internet introduces security and
18:06privacy issues
18:07that the team or the id team must
18:11address
18:13all right so span now
18:16has different branches from the small
18:19network the campus network now
18:22we have the branch network all right
18:26so span engineering has now been in the
18:28business for 20 years
18:31and has grown to thousands of employees
18:33distributed
18:34offices worldwide as shown in the figure
18:36here
18:38all right so to reduce the network costs
18:41span encouraged
18:43teleworking and virtual teams using a
18:46web-based applications
18:47including web conferencing e-learning
18:51online collaboration tools to increase
18:53productivity and reduce
18:54costs so side to side and remote access
18:57virtual vpns enables the company
19:00to use the internet to connect easily
19:03and secure with employees and
19:04facilitates
19:06okay so the requirement of the
19:08organization
19:10all over the area or around the world
19:14okay now
19:17so let's discuss the one operations
19:21okay so first let's talk about the one
19:25standards
19:27so now that you understand how critical
19:29ones are
19:30to a large network so this topic
19:32discusses how they work
19:34so the concept of one have been around
19:37for many years
19:38okay so consider that the telegraph
19:41system was the first large-scale one
19:43followed by a radio telephone system
19:46television and now you've got the data
19:48networks
19:49okay so many of the technologies and
19:51standards developed for these
19:53ones are used as the basis for the
19:56network
19:56wide area network or ones okay
20:00so modern one standards are defined and
20:02managed by the number of recognized
20:04authorities
20:05including the following here so you've
20:07got the e-i-a-t-i-a
20:09or the t-i-a-e-i-a you've got the iso
20:12and the ieee okay so these two or these
20:16three organizations
20:18are widely known for the standards
20:22all right next
20:25where is the one or wide area network
20:28on our osi model so basically when we're
20:31talking about the wide area network
20:33so we are limited only on these two or
20:36the first two layers here
20:37the physical layer and then the data
20:39link layer
20:40this is where your wide area network
20:44operates all right
20:47so layer one protocols
20:51describes the electrical mechanical
20:53operational components
20:55needed to transmit bits over the wide
20:57area network
20:58so for example service providers
21:01commonly use high bandwidth optical
21:03fiber
21:04to span long distances so
21:08we call it long hole all right using the
21:11following layer one optical fiber
21:13protocol standard so
21:15we have here the synchronous digital
21:17hierarchy or the sdh
21:19the synchronous optical networking or
21:21the sonet
21:23and we have this wdm
21:26which is the dense web length division
21:29multiplexing
21:31okay so the sdh and sonat essentially
21:34provide the same services
21:36and their transmission capacity can be
21:38increased by using
21:40the dwdm technology
21:44all right now let's talk about this
21:47layer two protocols here so layer two
21:50protocols define how data
21:52will be encapsulated into frames okay so
21:55way back referring to your cisco
21:57one two and three okay so
22:01layer two protocols encapsulates into
22:04frame
22:05okay so the pdu on a layer two is what
22:08you call frame
22:10now several layer two protocols have
22:12evolved
22:13over the years including the following
22:16so you'll have here the broadband all
22:19right so that includes the dsl and the
22:21cable
22:22you've got wireless internet one or the
22:24biatro ethernet
22:26you've got the mpls or the
22:28multi-protocol label switching
22:31we have ppp or the point-to-point
22:34protocol which is least used nowadays
22:37right you also have the hdlc or the high
22:41level data link
22:42control which is also less
22:45or less used you've got the frame relay
22:48so which became already a legacy so it
22:51was part of the previous curriculum
22:53before
22:54all right and you've got the atm which
22:55is also now a legacy
22:57so legacy are all technologies and
23:01there are at least some organizations
23:04who are still using it
23:06all right okay
23:10so next are the terminologies in the
23:12wide area network
23:13so there are specific terms used to
23:15describe a wide area network connections
23:18between the subscriber and the one
23:20service provider
23:22okay so the one physical layer describes
23:26the physical connections between the
23:27network or the company network and the
23:29service provider network
23:31so you'll have here the dte okay let's
23:34start with this first term here
23:36dte connects the subscribers land
23:39to the one communication devices
23:43okay so inside hosts send their traffic
23:47to the dte device
23:49the dte connects to the local loop
23:51through the dce
23:53and the dte device is usually a router
23:57but cannot be a host or a server that's
24:00dte
24:01so commonly it is a router
24:04all right so next is dce what is dce dce
24:09is a device used to communicate with the
24:12provider
24:13so this is also called as the data
24:15circuit terminating equipment
24:19okay and the dce primarily provides an
24:21interface to connect to the subscribers
24:24to a communication link in a one cloud
24:28so the third one is cpe
24:32are the customer premise equipment so
24:34this is the dte and dce devices
24:38located on a large uh
24:41edge or on the enterprise edge sorry
24:45okay now cpe is basically
24:50that's what i've said the dta and the
24:53dce devices so it could be a router a
24:55modem optical converter
24:57okay so located on the enterprise edge
25:01so the subscriber either owns the cpe or
25:04leases the cpe from the service provider
25:08okay so the third term okay so that is
25:11being used in a one
25:12is a point to point or the point of
25:15presence or pop vop
25:18so the point where the subscriber
25:20connects to the service provider network
25:23okay next is a demarcation point
25:27or dp okay see this is the physical
25:30location in a building or
25:33complex that officially separates the
25:36cpe
25:37from the service provider equipment okay
25:40so that is your demarcation
25:44point all right so
25:48the demarcation point is typically a
25:49cabling junction
25:51okay located on the customer premise
25:54that connects to the cpu wiring to the
25:56local loop
25:58so it identifies the location where the
26:00network operation responsibility changes
26:03from the subscriber to the service
26:05provider
26:07so when problem arises so it is
26:10necessary to determine whether the user
26:13or the service provider is responsible
26:15for troubleshooting or
26:16repair okay so that is the boundary
26:20okay that is the boundary between
26:24the service provider and the
26:26organization
26:27okay so the responsibility of the
26:30service provider ends here
26:32and your responsibility for instances
26:34network administrator of the
26:35organization begins
26:37all right okay
26:40so you also have the local loop or the
26:43last mile
26:45all right so this is the actual copper
26:48or fiber cable that connects the cpe to
26:51the co
26:52central office of the service provider
26:55okay
26:56and the central office is the local
26:58service provider facility
27:00or building that connects the cpe to the
27:02provider network
27:05all right so we have a lot of terms here
27:08you also have the total network so tall
27:11network this includes back hole
27:13or long hole all digital fiber optic
27:17communication lines
27:18switches routers and that equipment
27:20inside the one provider network
27:23okay so you also have the back hole here
27:26okay
27:27so which is not shown on the diagram
27:29backhoe networks connects
27:30multiple access nodes of the service
27:33provider
27:34network so back home network can span
27:36over municipalities countries
27:38and regions okay so back hold
27:41networks also is connected to the isp
27:45and to the backbone network
27:48all right so next
27:52is the backbone network so backbone
27:55network is not also shown on our diagram
27:57here
27:58so these are large high capacity
28:00networks used to interconnect
28:02service provider networks and to create
28:05redundant network
28:06so other service providers can connect
28:08to the backbone directly
28:10or through another service provider
28:14okay so backbone network service
28:16providers are also called
28:18the tier one or the t1 providers
28:27all right next let's talk about one
28:30devices
28:31so what are the components we used in
28:33implementing wide area network
28:36so these are many types of devices that
28:38are specific to wider network
28:39environments however
28:41the end-to-end data path over the one is
28:44usually
28:45from source dte to the dce
28:49then the one cloud then to the dce
28:53to and finally to the destination dte
28:58as shown on our diagram here
29:01okay so there are many types of devices
29:05that are specific to one environment and
29:06these are listed here on this table
29:08so this includes the
29:11voice band modem okay so also known as
29:15the dial-up modem
29:16okay so legacy device that converted
29:20or modulated the digital signals
29:22produced by the computer into an analog
29:24voice frequencies
29:26so it is
29:29being used by telephone lines to
29:32transmit data
29:33all right so we call it analog modem
29:37all right so the next one is a dsl
29:40modem or a cable modem so collectively
29:43known
29:44as broadband modems so these are
29:47high-speed digital modems
29:48that connected a dte using
29:52an ethernet all right
29:59next you've got the csu
30:02dsu okay so csudsu
30:08is a digital list lines requires
30:11a csu and a dsu so it connects a digital
30:15device to a digital line
30:17so digital to digital all right so
30:21dsu can be a separate device like modem
30:24or it can be an interface
30:26on a router so the the csu provides
30:30termination
30:31for digital signal and ensures
30:35connection integrity
30:37through error correction and line
30:38monitoring
30:40so the dsu converts the line frames into
30:42a frames that the lan can interpret
30:45and vice versa all right
30:48next is optical converter
30:51so what is an optical converter so also
30:54known as the optical fiber converter
30:56okay so these devices cannot or connect
31:00fiber optic media to copper media
31:03and convert optical signals to
31:05electrical or electronic pulses and vice
31:07versa
31:08so we call it adapter all right
31:12next is a wireless router or an access
31:15point
31:16okay so these are devices that are
31:19used to wisely connect or wirelessly
31:22connect to a device
31:25to a one provider so routers can also be
31:29used okay or could also use cellular
31:32wireless connectivity
31:34so that would depend on the need of the
31:36organization
31:38all right next is
31:42one core devices okay so the one
31:45backbone consists of
31:47a multiple high-level routers or
31:49high-speed routers
31:50and layer three switches okay so a
31:53router or a multi-layered
31:55switch must be able to support multiple
31:58telecommunication interfaces
32:00of the highest speed used in a one core
32:05so it also must be able to forward ip
32:07packets
32:08at full speed on all those interfaces
32:13so the router or multi-layer switch or
32:15layer 3 switch
32:16must be supported or must support the
32:19routing protocols being used
32:21in the core all right
32:31okay now let's talk about serial
32:33communication so this is still part of
32:35the one operations
32:37okay so i might ask you what is
32:41or which one is faster a serial or a
32:43parallel communications
32:45okay so maybe you'll give me an answer
32:48parallel why
32:49because in parallel we have multiple
32:52lines
32:53okay so which are being used to transmit
32:55data from the source to destination
32:58all right whereas for serial
33:00communication you only have one line
33:02to transmit this eight bits of data
33:06from the source to destination so that
33:08would take
33:10okay if if we are going to transmit this
33:13eight bits here
33:14to the destination after eight
33:16milliseconds
33:18transferring eight bits in
33:21one millisecond so we will be able to
33:23transfer
33:25eight all right whereas in here we were
33:28able to transfer only
33:30um eight bits right whereas in here
33:35it's a byte all right
33:39now so all the parallel connections
33:42theoretically transfers data eight times
33:44faster
33:45than the serial connection it is prone
33:47to synchronization problem
33:49all right so as the cable length
33:51increases the synchronization timing
33:54between multiple channels becomes more
33:56sensitive distance
33:58so for this reason parallel
34:00communication
34:01is limited to a very short distances
34:05all right so example copper media is
34:07limited to less than
34:088 meters or 26 feet that's why mostly
34:12nowadays we are using serial
34:14communications
34:16okay so two of the major factors that
34:19affects parallel communications are
34:22the attenuation okay so attenuation
34:24meaning
34:25as the length of the segment increases
34:28the resistance increases and therefore
34:30so some of the data will not be able to
34:33reach the destination
34:35okay so even though this information or
34:38bits here
34:39left the source all at the same time
34:41what actually happens while in transit
34:43is that some of the
34:44the bits are left behind so it also
34:47forms a skew
34:49all right this problem in parallel
34:52communications
34:54okay so therefore parallel communication
34:57is not a viable one communication method
35:00because of its length restrictions
35:03all right so it is however a viable
35:06solution in data centers
35:08where distances between the servers and
35:10the switches are relatively short
35:13all right so for instance
35:18the cisco nexus switches in data centers
35:21support parallel optics
35:23okay to transfer more data signals
35:27and achieve higher speeds something like
35:2940 gbps or 100 gbps
35:33all right so bus but but mostly on long
35:35distance communications
35:37we are using serial all right you've got
35:40the usb
35:41or the uh the universal serial bus
35:44all right next
35:48so you've got uh the one operations
35:54so network communications can be
35:55implemented using either
35:58the circuit switch communication okay
36:01or the packet switch communication so a
36:04circuit switch
36:05network establishes a dedicated circuit
36:07or channel
36:08between endpoints before the users can
36:11communicate
36:12okay so for example on this diagram here
36:16if telephone a here would like to make a
36:19call to telephone b
36:21all right so it has to start
36:22establishing a link
36:24to be used prior to
36:28the conversation or the communications
36:32all right so specifically circuit
36:34switching dynamically establishes a
36:36dedicated virtual circuit
36:38through the service provider network
36:40before voice or data
36:42communication can start so before you
36:45can reach each other
36:47you have to establish first the link all
36:50right and that length
36:51that that communications or connections
36:56are fixed
36:58all right so for example that's what i'm
37:00saying
37:02when user a okay
37:05when the user makes a telephone call
37:07using a landline for instance
37:09so the number called is used by the
37:11provider
37:13to create a dedicated circuit from the
37:15caller
37:16to the called party which is b
37:20so during transmission the circuit
37:22switch network
37:24all communication uses the same path
37:28so the entire fixed capacity allocated
37:31the circuit is available
37:33for the duration of the connection so
37:34regardless of whether there is an
37:37information to transmit or not
37:39all right so this can lead to
37:41inefficiencies
37:43in a circuit usage so for this reason
37:47circuit switching is generally not
37:49suitable for data communications
37:51and these are usually used on
37:55telephone lines all right
38:01okay so next is a packet switched
38:05communication what is a packet switch
38:07communication
38:09so network communications is most
38:11commonly implemented using a packet
38:13switched
38:14communication so in contrast to the
38:17circuit switching
38:18packet switching segments traffic data
38:21into packets
38:22that are routed over the shared network
38:25so packet switch networks do not require
38:28circuit to be established okay
38:31and they allow many pairs of nodes to
38:34communicate over the same channel
38:37so from the diagram here okay
38:40so for example server one will be
38:42sending data to server two
38:44okay so packet traverses in any
38:47directions
38:49okay so packet switching is much
38:52less expensive and more flexible than
38:55circuit switching
38:56although susceptible to delays or
38:58latency
39:00and variability of delay okay so which
39:03is jitter
39:05right so modern technology allows
39:08satisfactory
39:10transport of voice and video
39:12communications
39:13on these networks and that's proven by
39:16the use of
39:16the voip all right so
39:20common types of packet switch one
39:22technologies are
39:24the internet one okay or the metro
39:27internet
39:28the mpls as well as the legacy frame
39:30relay
39:31and legacy atm so this are under packet
39:35switching
39:36communication all right
39:40okay next you've got
39:43sd8 sonet and dwdm
39:47so we mentioned this terms earlier okay
39:50early in the discussions
39:53so both standards are essentially the
39:55same and therefore
39:57they can often listed as sonet sdh so
40:00we're talking about the first two here
40:02okay so service provider networks use
40:05fiber optic infrastructures
40:07to transport user data between
40:09destinations
40:11so fiber optic cable is far superior
40:13over the
40:14copper cable for long distance
40:16communications
40:18okay so due to having a much lower
40:21attenuation
40:22and interferences so i have mentioned
40:25earlier about attenuation
40:27all right
40:32okay so this is the dwdm
40:36okay it has the following features it
40:39supports
40:40sonet and sdh standards
40:43it can multiplex more than 80 different
40:45channels
40:46example wavelengths into a single fiber
40:50okay so each channel is capable of
40:53carrying
40:5410 gbps multiplexed signal
40:58it assigns incoming optical signals the
41:00specific wavelengths of light
41:03example frequencies okay so
41:06it assigns incoming optical signals to
41:08specific wavelengths
41:10what we call frequencies and in dwdm
41:15okay so these are commonly used in
41:17long-haul systems and modern submarine
41:19communication
41:20cables just like connecting the
41:21philippines
41:23to the rest of the world all right so we
41:25rely on the submarine cables
41:27and most of it are using dwgm
41:32all right
41:36okay so on the next slides we will be
41:39talking about
41:41the different one connectivity okay
41:45so let's start with the traditional one
41:47connectivity options
41:50so to understand the ones of today it
41:52helps to know
41:53where they started so let's talk about a
41:56little bit of history here
41:58okay so when the lands appeared in the
42:001980s
42:02organizations began to see the need to
42:04interconnect
42:05with other locations so to do so
42:09they needed their networks to connect to
42:11the local loop
42:12of a service provider so this was
42:15accomplished
42:16by using a dedicated lines or by using a
42:19switch
42:19the services from the service provider
42:23okay so the figure here okay
42:28summarizes the traditional one
42:30connectivity options
42:31and the traditional one connectivity
42:33options are divided into two
42:35okay so you've got the dedicated and the
42:38switched network
42:40so under dedicated we're talking about
42:42list lines
42:43and we're talking about the t1
42:45connections or the e1 connections
42:47right so t3 and e3 connections
42:51now for the switched connectivity it has
42:54been divided into two
42:55you've got the circuit switching and
42:57dependent packet switching
42:59under the circuit switching these are
43:01usually used by telecommunications
43:03all right that's why you'll have here
43:04the pstn or the public switch telephone
43:07network
43:08and the digital counterpart isdn or the
43:11integrated service digital network
43:14all right so 56kbps pstn versus 64kbps
43:19isdn okay now
43:22on the packet switch we
43:26already have this obsolete technologies
43:29all right are almost a retiring
43:32technology
43:33which includes frame relay and atm
43:37okay so there are several one access
43:40connection options that are
43:42or that enterprise ads can use to
43:44connect
43:45over the local loop to the provider so
43:49this
43:49one access options differ in technology
43:52bandwidth and
43:53cost so each has a distinct advantages
43:56and disadvantages
43:58so familiarity with this technologies is
44:00an important part of the network design
44:03all right and also you have to identify
44:06first
44:06whether these technologies are available
44:08on your work area before you proposed
44:10one
44:12okay next
44:17so you'll have here the common one
44:18terminologies
44:20okay so when permanent dedicated
44:22connections were required so a
44:24point-to-point link using a copper media
44:26was used
44:27to provide a pre-established one
44:28connections or communications
44:31between the customer premise to the
44:33provider network
44:34so point-to-point lines could be list
44:38from the service provider and we called
44:41it
44:42list lines all right so the term refers
44:45to the fact that the organization pays a
44:47monthly list
44:48fee to a service provider to use the
44:51line
44:52okay list lines so list lines have
44:56existed
44:56since the early 1950s and for this
44:59reason
45:01these are referred to by different names
45:03such as list circuits
45:05serial link serial line point to point
45:08link
45:08okay even the t1 u1 t3 e3 lines
45:13so these lines are available in
45:14different fixed capacities
45:17and are generally priced based on the
45:19bandwidth required
45:20and the distance between the two
45:22connected points
45:24all right so it's a little bit expensive
45:26okay
45:28so there are two systems
45:31that used to define the digital capacity
45:34of a copper media serial link
45:36okay so these are this
45:39t carrier here and you've got the e
45:42carrier
45:44okay so the difference the t carrier are
45:47used in north america
45:48okay so t carrier provides t1 links
45:51supporting up to 1.544 mbps and t3 link
45:55supporting up to 43.7 mbps
45:59all right now the e carrier e
46:02stands for the european uh so it is used
46:04in europe
46:05the e-carrier provides e1 link
46:07supporting bandwidth from 2.048
46:10mbps and the e3 link that supports up to
46:1534.368
46:16mbps okay
46:19so the copper cable physical
46:21infrastructure has largely seen
46:25replaced by optical fiber network so
46:28transmission rates in optical fiber
46:30network are given in terms of
46:32oc all right so aside from the standards
46:36we have the oc or the optical carrier
46:37transmission rates
46:39which defines digital transmitting
46:41capacity
46:42of a fiber optic network
46:46all right so
46:49next common one terminology so this
46:52table summarizes the advantages and
46:54disadvantages of
46:55list lines okay so advantages
46:59list lines point to point simplicity
47:03all right point-to-point communication
47:05links usually offer high
47:06quality service quality we're talking
47:09about quality
47:10and availability so disadvantage of
47:12course are
47:14costs and limited flexibility
47:17okay so but then we look at it more on
47:21the advantage
47:23okay next circuit switched options so we
47:27have mentioned this
47:28circuit shift options earlier you've got
47:31the pstn
47:32or the dial up or the analog
47:34communication
47:35having 56 kbps all right
47:40so also known as the dial up internet
47:42and you also have the isdn or the
47:44integrated services digital network
47:47a digital counter part of pstn which
47:49runs
47:5064 kbps no so because of the
47:54combining capacity so isdn provides
47:58for data rates from 45 kbps
48:02up to 2.048 mbps
48:06all right so if this one is 56 this one
48:08is 64 or
48:09ranges from 45 to 2.048
48:13okay so dial up access is considered to
48:17be
48:17a legacy one technology okay
48:21so however it may still be viable
48:24solution
48:25when no other one technology is
48:27available as as long as you have the
48:29telephone lines you could access the
48:31internet
48:32so thanks to dial up access
48:36all right so isdn
48:39okay so isdn has declined greatly in
48:41popularity
48:43due to high-speed dsl and other
48:45broadband services so isdn is considered
48:47a legacy technology
48:49with most major providers discontinuing
48:51this
48:52service all right
48:56next how about the packet switched
48:59options
49:00okay so packet switching segments
49:05so these are the two legacy protocols
49:09which are used in packet switching
49:10you've got the frame relay
49:12and the atm okay so frame relay is a
49:15simple
49:16layer to non-broadcast multiple access
49:18or nbma one technology
49:20that is just interconnect enterprise lan
49:23okay
49:24so i all i have experience configuring
49:26frame relay and then
49:27i i find it simple all right see this is
49:30the most economical solution
49:32before okay so the frame relay
49:36creates up uh uh pvcs
49:39okay which are uniquely identified by
49:42the data link
49:43connection identifier or the dlci or
49:46dlcs
49:47so they read as delsius okay
49:51so atm
49:54is also a legacy okay so asynchronous
49:58transfer mode technology is capable of
50:00transferring
50:01voice video and data through a private
50:03and public networks
50:05okay so atm is built on a cell based
50:07architecture
50:09rather than frame based which are being
50:10used by frame relay
50:13again these two options were already
50:17obsolete okay
50:20now let's talk about the modern one
50:23connectivity
50:25so what are the options here okay
50:28so modern ones have more connectivity
50:31options than traditional ones
50:33so enterprises now require faster and
50:36more flexible one connectivity options
50:39traditional ones connectivity options
50:41have rapidly declined
50:43in use because they are either no longer
50:46available
50:47too expensive or have limited bandwidth
50:52all right
50:56so what are the options that we have for
50:57the modern day
50:59one connectivity so we have what you
51:01call a dedicated broadband
51:03a package switch and an internet-based
51:05broadband
51:07okay so under the dedicated broadband
51:10okay so we have this broadband
51:14and the dark fiber okay
51:18so fiber can be installed independently
51:20by an organization to connect remote
51:22locations directly together
51:24okay so we call it fiber but a much
51:27faster than
51:28the ordinary fiber we call it dark fiber
51:31which can be released or purchased from
51:33the supplier
51:36okay next you've got packet
51:41switched right so this includes
51:44ethernet 1 and mpls so
51:47the metro internet replacing many
51:50traditional one options
51:51and you also have the mpls which enables
51:54sites to connect
51:55to provider regardless of its access
51:58technologies
52:00all right and the third one
52:04is the internet-based uh connectivity
52:08options so
52:09this includes the broadband vpn okay
52:12so we have here
52:16the word xdsl okay we've got the adsl
52:20sdsl okay so cable optical fiber
52:24and then for wireless we have municipal
52:26wi-fi cellular
52:27satellite internet and wi-max okay
52:31so there are several one access
52:32connection options that the enterprise
52:34edge can use to connect over the local
52:37loop
52:38to the provider so this one access
52:41connections or options
52:42different technology bandwidth and cost
52:44so each
52:45has a distinct advantages and
52:47disadvantages so familiarity with these
52:49technologies is important
52:51part of the network design
52:54okay so also that's what i'm saying
52:58there should be or you should know as
53:00network administrator
53:02if these services are provided on your
53:05work area
53:09okay next
53:13so ethernet was originally developed as
53:15a lan access technology and was not
53:17suitable for one
53:18access technology due primarily to the
53:20limited distance provided by
53:22copper media okay however
53:25newer ethernet standards using fiber
53:27optic cables have made ethernet a
53:29reasonable one access option
53:32all right so for instance you have the
53:34ieee 1000 base lx
53:37standards which supports fiber optic
53:39cable lengths of 5 kilometers
53:42okay so it go beyond
53:45the initial length of fiber optic which
53:48is two kilometers
53:50okay so while the i triple e 1000 base
53:53zx
53:54supports the length of up to 70
53:56kilometers
53:58all right so
54:02in here service provider now offers
54:04internet one service using fiber optic
54:06cabling in the philippines
54:07most of the internet nowadays they
54:09prefer fiber
54:11all right so it uses fiber optic cable
54:13to connect to the isp
54:16or to the provider okay so the ethernet
54:19one service can go
54:21by many names including the metro e
54:24you've got the eompls you've got the
54:28virtual private
54:29lan service or the bpls all right
54:33so we have a lot of technologies
54:34available so there are several benefits
54:37to an internet one so reduce expenses
54:39and administration
54:41easy integration with existing network
54:43and enhanced business
54:45productivity
54:48okay so ethernet ones have gained
54:52popularity
54:53and are more commonly being used to
54:54replace the traditional
54:56serial point to point frame relay and
54:58atm one links
55:00which we mentioned earlier were already
55:02obsolete
55:04all right okay
55:07so let's talk about mpls okay or the
55:10multi-protocol label switching
55:14okay so this is a high performance
55:17service provider one routing technology
55:20to interconnect clients without regard
55:23to the access method or payload okay
55:26so an mpls router can be a customer edge
55:31ce router or a provider edge pa router
55:34okay so in here you've got pe here and
55:37you've got ce routers here
55:39okay or an internal provider p
55:43router okay notice that mpls supports a
55:47variety of client access connections
55:50so mpls routers are labeled switch
55:52routers
55:53or the lsrs okay
55:58this means that they can attach labels
56:00to packets
56:01that are then used by other mpls routers
56:04to forward traffic
56:05so when the traffic is leaving the ce
56:07the mplsp
56:08router adds a short fixed length label
56:12in between the frame header and the
56:13packet header so the mlsp
56:16router okay this one
56:19use the label to determine the next hub
56:22of the packet
56:23so the label is removed by the aggress
56:26pa router
56:27okay when the packet leaves the mpls
56:31network
56:33so mpls provides a service for the
56:37quality of service support
56:38all right traffic engineering redundancy
56:42and
56:42vpns
56:45okay now for the internet-based
56:48connectivity options so we have two
56:50you've got the wired options and the
56:52wireless options
56:53okay so modern one connectivity options
56:56do not end
56:57with ethernet 1 and mpls
57:00so today there are most
57:03hosts of the internet wired and wireless
57:07options from which to choose from
57:09okay so that includes the internet based
57:10broadband connectivity
57:12as an alternative to using a dedicated
57:15one options
57:17okay so the figure lists the
57:19internet-based connectivity options here
57:22okay so that we we mentioned earlier
57:25okay so we're enjoying the cellular okay
57:28so some of us are connected to ymax
57:31okay most of us are connected to optical
57:33fiber and so on
57:35okay next dsl
57:39or the digital subscribers line okay
57:42dsl is a common internet connectivity
57:46this is a high speed always on
57:48connectivity
57:50or connection technology that uses the
57:52existing twisted pair telephone lines
57:54to provide ib services to users
57:58all right so from the diagram here
58:01okay so the area labeled pots
58:06is the plain old telephone systems
58:10okay so it identifies the frequency
58:13range
58:14used by the voice grade telephone
58:15service
58:17the area labeled adsl right this one
58:20here
58:23represents the frequency space used by
58:25the upstream
58:27upload and downstream download dsl
58:29signals
58:30so this area that encompasses both the
58:32pots
58:34and the ada adsl area represents the
58:38entire frequency range supported by the
58:40copper
58:41uh wire pair okay
58:45so there are several xdsl varieties
58:48okay so using different upload and
58:52download transmission rates however
58:54all forms of dsl are categorized either
58:56the adsl
58:58or the sdsl okay simple as that
59:01okay adsl you've got a greater band
59:05download compared to upload so that's
59:07the most common
59:08implementation on the household okay so
59:10if you are subscribed to the internet of
59:12course you want your download to be
59:13higher
59:14that's adsl okay so adsl provides higher
59:19downstream
59:20compared to that of upstream while
59:23sdsl provides the same capacity in both
59:26directions
59:27all right and these are usually used by
59:30businesses all right
59:34so next is you also have the dsl
59:36connections
59:38okay so the dsl modem converts the
59:41ethernet signal from the teleworker
59:44device to a dsl signal so which is
59:46transmitted
59:47to dsl access multiplexer the islam
59:51at the provider location okay
59:54so the dslam is the device located at
59:57the central office
59:59of the provider and concentrates
1:00:00connections from the multiple dsl
1:00:02subscribers
1:00:04this dslam is often built into an
1:00:06aggregation router
1:00:08so the advantage that the dsl has over
1:00:12the cable technology is that dsl is not
1:00:15shared
1:00:15medium each user has a separate direct
1:00:18connection to the dslam
1:00:20so adding users does not implement or
1:00:25impede
1:00:26performance okay unless the dslam
1:00:29internet connection to the isp
1:00:32or to the internet becomes saturated
1:00:38okay next
1:00:41so it's a long discussion here
1:00:45the next one is a ppp okay dsl and ppp
1:00:48so pbp is a point to point protocol
1:00:51this is a layer 2 protocol that was
1:00:53commonly used by telephone
1:00:55service providers to establish router to
1:00:57router and host to network connections
1:00:59over a dial up and isd and access
1:01:01networks
1:01:03okay so isp still use ppp as the layer 2
1:01:07protocol for broadband dsl connections
1:01:09because the following factors
1:01:11are considered okay so you'll have this
1:01:15so ppp can be used to authenticate the
1:01:18subscriber
1:01:19ppp can be or can assign a public ipb
1:01:23for address or subscriber
1:01:25and ppp provides link quality management
1:01:27features
1:01:30all right so next a dsl modem has a dsl
1:01:34interface to connect to the dsl network
1:01:36and an interface or ethernet interface
1:01:38to connect
1:01:39to the client device however the
1:01:42ethernet
1:01:43links do not natively support ppp
1:01:47okay so there are two ways that ppp
1:01:51over the ethernet or the pppo it can be
1:01:53deployed
1:01:54it's either host with pppoe client
1:01:58or router pppoe client
1:02:02okay so what's the difference between
1:02:04these two okay
1:02:05so as shown in this figure the host
1:02:08trans
1:02:09pppoe client to obtain a public ip
1:02:12address
1:02:13from the pppoe service located
1:02:16at the provider side all right
1:02:20so the pppoe software our client
1:02:22software communicates with a dsl modem
1:02:26using the pppoe
1:02:31and the mod of communication with the
1:02:32isp using ppp
1:02:35okay so in this topology only one client
1:02:38can use
1:02:39the connections also notice that
1:02:42there is no router to protect the inside
1:02:45network
1:02:46okay on the host with pppoe client
1:02:51now on the other hand
1:02:54another solution is to configure a
1:02:55router to be a pppoe client that's shown
1:02:58in the figure here so you get router
1:02:59here
1:03:00so the router is the ppoe client and
1:03:03obtains this configuration
1:03:04from the provider okay
1:03:08so the clients communicate with the
1:03:10router
1:03:11using only an ethernet and are unaware
1:03:14of the dsl connection
1:03:16so in this topology multiple clients can
1:03:18share
1:03:19the dsl connections so again this would
1:03:22vary depending
1:03:24on the need of the organization
1:03:27okay so another internet based
1:03:30connectivity
1:03:31to look or to consider is the cable
1:03:33technology so we have this cable
1:03:34internet right
1:03:36okay so the cable technology is a high
1:03:38speed always on connectivity
1:03:40technology that provides or that uses
1:03:42coaxial cable
1:03:44from the cable company to provide ip
1:03:46services to users
1:03:47just like the sky internet okay so like
1:03:50dsl
1:03:51cable technology is a popular choice for
1:03:53home users
1:03:55and for enterprise i.t department to
1:03:57support remote
1:03:58workers so it uses what you call docsis
1:04:02okay docsis is a data
1:04:05over cable service interface
1:04:07specifications
1:04:09okay that is an international standard
1:04:12for adding high bandwidth data to an
1:04:14existing cable systems
1:04:17okay so the cable operators deploy
1:04:20hybrid fiber coaxial or the hfcs
1:04:26networks to enable high-speed
1:04:27transmission of data to cable modems
1:04:30so the cable system uses a coaxial cable
1:04:33to carry radio frequency signals to the
1:04:36end users so there are some of you here
1:04:39who are connected to internet via the
1:04:41cable internet
1:04:42okay so a popular brand here
1:04:46is the sky internet
1:04:49okay next is the optical fiber
1:04:53so most of us are connected using a
1:04:57fiber
1:04:58okay fiber to the home or fibers to the
1:05:01building or fiber to the node or
1:05:02neighborhood
1:05:04okay so they use a fiber optic to
1:05:07connect you
1:05:08to the internet okay so fiber to the
1:05:11home is common
1:05:12so fiber reaches the boundary of the
1:05:15residence
1:05:21so fiber to the building or the fttb
1:05:24fiber reaches the boundary to the
1:05:26building with the final connection to
1:05:28the individual living space
1:05:30being made via alternate means
1:05:33all right and the fiber to the node or
1:05:38to the neighborhood
1:05:39okay so this vary in terms of sizes
1:05:42all right okay so
1:05:46next is for the wireless option so we
1:05:48have the municipal wi-fi
1:05:50okay so municipal wi-fi wireless
1:05:52networks are available in many cities
1:05:54providing high-speed internet access for
1:05:56free
1:05:57okay or for substantially less than the
1:06:00price
1:06:01of the broadband services okay usually
1:06:04these are government sponsored uh wi-fi
1:06:07okay you also have the cellular
1:06:10technology
1:06:11okay so which we are enjoying the lte
1:06:15all right so you've got the 3g 4g and
1:06:17then the 5g and then of course the lte
1:06:20okay so next one is the satellite
1:06:23internet accessing the internet
1:06:25via the use of the satellite so that's
1:06:27an expensive option
1:06:29and the last one is ymax it's a
1:06:32worldwide interoperability for microwave
1:06:35access or wi-max
1:06:36described in the is standard 802.16
1:06:40okay so in the philippines the isp
1:06:44or the popular isp offers this ymax
1:06:47service
1:06:49all right okay so next is a vpn
1:06:53technology
1:06:54so vpns can be used to address the
1:06:56security concerns in
1:06:58incurred with a remote office worker
1:07:00uses broadband services to access the
1:07:02corporate one over the internet
1:07:05so this is the cost-effective solution
1:07:07nowadays to connect your site
1:07:09to the internet okay so these are the
1:07:12several benefits of using vpn
1:07:14so cost saving security scalability and
1:07:17the most important thing is the
1:07:18compatibility with the broadband
1:07:20technology
1:07:21so we have several types or
1:07:23implementation of vpn
1:07:25that we are going to cover on the rest
1:07:28of the
1:07:29discussions okay and this includes side
1:07:32to side vpn
1:07:33and remote access okay
1:07:38next for the isp connectivity options so
1:07:41that would depend on you
1:07:43okay so you have the single home okay
1:07:46so once a single home single connection
1:07:49to the isp using one link
1:07:51provides no redundancy and this is the
1:07:54least expensive solution
1:07:56so when this internet or when this link
1:07:58goes down then you are disconnected
1:08:00that's it at home all right so dual home
1:08:03connects to the connects to the same isp
1:08:05but you have the redundancy okay
1:08:09that's dual home now what's not good
1:08:11about this one is
1:08:13you are connected to the same isp what
1:08:15if the isp goes down
1:08:17then you you have no connection all
1:08:20right
1:08:20so you might want to consider the
1:08:22multi-homed okay
1:08:24so we're in your client is connected to
1:08:27two isps okay having their own
1:08:31link okay so this can be expensive
1:08:34but you have the redundancy here if isp1
1:08:38goes down
1:08:38you still have the isp2 okay or
1:08:42you might want to consider the fourth
1:08:44one which is the dual multi-homed
1:08:46okay so we're in you are connected to
1:08:49two different
1:08:50isps and not just a single cable but it
1:08:54provides redundancy also
1:08:56so this is the best solution okay but
1:08:59it's the most expensive among these four
1:09:02all right
1:09:06okay so presenting all these
1:09:08technologies available
1:09:10okay so you as a net uh as network
1:09:13administrator
1:09:14okay so you can choose which one to
1:09:17implement on your organization
1:09:19so would it be using cable internet dsl
1:09:22fiber to the home okay mobile or
1:09:26cellular municipal wi-fi or satellite
1:09:29all right so it's the the the option is
1:09:32now yours
1:09:34okay so you choose one
1:09:37which one to implement on your
1:09:39organization so there are some
1:09:41advantages and disadvantages on it
1:09:45okay so
1:09:48that's the end of this discussion
1:09:52okay so thank you so much for listening
1:09:59have a great day

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