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El VOTO FEMENINO, las SUFRAGISTAS y la lucha por DERECHOS POLÍTICOS en Argentina — Transcript

by Pupina Plomer · 4,867 words · 753 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00I think I started this YouTube channel
0:01to talk about what I'm going to talk
0:03about in this video. September 23rd in
0:05Argentina commemorates the day of
0:06women's political rights, precisely
0:08because it was on September 23rd, 1947,
0:11that the female vote was decreed. But
0:14the truth is that the fight for the
0:15female vote is not exclusive to the 40s
0:17; in our country, it can be dated, it
0:19can be traced back to the end of the
0:2119th century. In other words, the saga
0:23of women's political rights is quite a
0:25bit broader than people think. First,
0:27we have to understand that the process
0:29of the politicization of women was, in
0:31fact, very long. By the late 19th
0:33century, the debate about women
0:35practically didn't exist. We were
0:38considered inferior by nature; I mean,
0:40science supported that inferiority and
0:42it seemed that we only deserved to
0:44occupy the private sphere, that is, the
0:46domestic, the daily, the one inside our
0:49homes, except for very few exceptions
0:51that were seen more as exceptional, as
0:53strange. Like, for example, we talked
0:55in another video about Juana Manso, who
0:58in 1869 dared to speak in public in
1:00front of men, but they killed her. In
1:02fact, the very same Sarmiento said that
1:04he was a very respected man. Juan Manso
1:07was a very respected man. But well, we
1:09know that these cases of women who
1:11managed to break the norm are
1:13exceptional; the general rule was that
1:15women were considered inferior in
1:16biological terms and therefore did not
1:18deserve political or civil rights. If
1:21we base ourselves on our country's
1:23first civil code, which was drafted by
1:25Vélez Sarsfield in 1869, we will see
1:28that it is based on what were called
1:30Napoleonic laws, within which female
1:32subordination was the norm. They were
1:35not considered subjects of law. In fact
1:36, they were almost like minors; they
1:38could not manage their assets, they had
1:40to ask their husband for authorization
1:42for anything they wanted to do. They
1:44did not have parental authority over
1:46their children and were always under
1:47the legal guardianship of their
1:48husbands. Basically, married women.
1:50Single women had a little more freedom,
1:52but a single woman was rare at the end
1:53of the 19th century. The point is that
1:56in that context, feminism and the
1:57feminisms that began to emerge fought
1:59mainly for three issues: to be
2:01considered equally intelligent and have
2:03access to education, legal equality,
2:05and political equality—that is, being
2:07able to vote like men. But our country
2:09was not the only place where feminisms
2:11existed. In fact, the first great
2:13feminist movement of the era occurred
2:15in England, known as the English
2:17suffragettes, who at the beginning of
2:19the 20th century organized and were
2:21basically the "knuckle-dusters" of the
2:23vote. Why do I say the "knuckle-dusters
2:25" of the vote? Because the English
2:27women who organized for the vote were
2:29truly extreme and radical. Something
2:31never before seen in history.
2:33Knife-wielding women, I mean, when I
2:34say "knuckle-dusters," it’s real.
2:36It’s well-known, there are many memes
2:38, in fact, about how English women took
2:40to the streets. There is the very
2:41famous case of Emily Davison, who
2:43stepped onto a racetrack where the
2:45King’s horse was running to raise
2:46visibility for the suffragette struggle
2:48, and well, she was struck and killed
2:50by the horse in 1913. These women, who
2:53had no fear whatsoever, were thrown
2:55into prison and beaten. When they were
2:57thrown in jail, they went on hunger
2:59strikes; I mean, they were very
3:00organized. The point is that with that
3:02example from the English suffragettes,
3:04the rest of the Western world had a
3:06kind of beacon. The thing is, here in
3:09Argentina, the suffragette movement
3:11wasn't that radical. Argentine
3:13suffragists didn't take such an extreme
3:15stance as the English women; instead,
3:17they went more through institutional
3:18and legal channels, as we will see
3:20below. Because yes, if I didn't say it
3:23at the beginning, the goal of this
3:25video is to track the entire struggle
3:27of the early 20 th-century suffragists
3:29to understand how we arrived at women's
3:31suffrage in 1947; to understand that it
3:33wasn't an isolated event mid-century,
3:35but rather the result of a demand and a
3:37struggle that was super diverse, super
3:38varied, and, of course, super silenced.
3:41Let's return to Argentina, early 20th
3:43century, we are in the year 1900. Just
3:47a few women were very incipiently
3:49entering academic spaces like medical
3:51school and spaces for political
3:52discussion. Women were starting to
3:55occupy public debate, but very
3:57incipiently, very slowly. Let’s not
3:59think it was full of women. These women
4:00, who are known as the Argentine
4:02suffragists, began to organize into
4:04groups and proposed different ways to
4:06end the unequal world in which they
4:08lived. The most relevant event at the
4:11beginning of the century was the first
4:13international women's congress held in
4:16the world in the year 1910, hosted in
4:18Buenos Aires, where different feminist
4:20women's groups gathered to debate. Many
4:24of the suffragists, these women who
4:25fought for women's suffrage, were also
4:27doctors. This is not a minor detail
4:30because you will see there is a
4:31continuity there. The point is that
4:33these women gathered in Buenos Aires
4:34for the world's first international
4:36congress—I'll keep insisting because
4:38Argentina has been a world champion
4:39since forever—to debate different
4:41issues. For example, their director,
4:43Cecilia Grierson, who was actually the
4:44first female doctor in Argentina, I
4:46mean, Cecilia was an absolute legend.
4:49Cecilia presided over this congress,
4:51which had the backing of Clara Zetkin
4:53and Rosa Luxemburg, two world-renowned
4:55feminists. But what did they talk about
4:57? What were they debating at that first
4:58international congress? For one thing,
5:00they demanded that women be educated in
5:02history with a gender perspective to be
5:04recognized as a political subject over
5:06100 years ago. Furthermore, they asked
5:08that women receive sexual education. I
5:09mean, do you realize this was over 100
5:11years ago? But beyond all this, they
5:13debated the vote. Although there was no
5:16unanimous decision on what to do about
5:18the female vote, because some women
5:21refused—they didn't refuse the vote
5:23itself, but rather that women be
5:25equated to a masculine condition and
5:27that no specific figure be created for
5:29women. For example, anarchist women
5:31were not in favor of the female vote;
5:33they were feminists and everything else
5:34, but they weren't in favor of the
5:36female vote because they weren't in
5:37favor of the State. They said that if
5:39one were seeking equality, the system
5:41itself had to be dismantled, rather
5:43than granting a right to a woman who,
5:45at the end of the day, remained
5:46subjected to an unequal, patriarchal
5:48system—just so you keep in mind that
5:50the debate wasn't so unified. However,
5:52there were many feminists who were in
5:54favor of the female vote. One of these
5:56young women who was at the first
5:58international women's congress was
6:00Julieta Lanteri. My favorite woman in
6:02history. Julieta Lanteri was a woman
6:04who was a doctor, like many of the
6:06suffragists. She was, I think that when
6:09she was born, when she saw the light of
6:11this world for the first time, she said
6:13, "I'm here to break things." Because
6:17Julieta truly did things that no other
6:19woman had done at the time and that
6:21were crucial for the formation of a
6:23suffragist movement. What did Julieta
6:25do? You might be wondering. In the year
6:281911, Julieta Lanteri became the first
6:31woman to vote in Argentina and in Latin
6:34America. Remember that at the beginning
6:36of the video, I mentioned that the
6:37Argentine vote dates from 1947. You are
6:40going to tell me, how did Julieta
6:42Lanteri vote in 1911 if women's
6:43suffrage didn't even exist? I created
6:46this YouTube channel to talk about
6:47Julieta Lanteri in depth. The year was
6:501911. Women's suffrage did not exist,
6:52not even by a long shot, but in the
6:54city of Buenos Aires, the electoral law
6:56was modified. What did this electoral
6:58law say? This law stated that those
7:00people who could vote had to be
7:02citizens. Nowhere did it say, "Men vote
7:04, women do not vote." Women were not
7:06excluded from that electoral law
7:07because they were not even considered
7:09capable of wanting to vote. In that
7:11context, my dearest Julieta Lanteri, a
7:13suffragist and a very well-informed
7:15woman, found this legal loophole and
7:18said, "It doesn't say anywhere here
7:20that women cannot vote." In that
7:22context, what Julieta Lanteri did was
7:24become an Argentine citizen. She was
7:26Italian by birth. When she studied
7:29medicine, she had to start the process
7:31to become an Argentine citizen in order
7:33to work at the university. But when she
7:35found this legal loophole in the Buenos
7:37Aires electoral law, she sped up the
7:38process and said, "I am a citizen." The
7:40law only stated that to vote, one had
7:43to meet two conditions: be a citizen
7:45and be on the electoral roll. Julieta
7:47was already a citizen; she had achieved
7:49citizenship. All that was left was to
7:51register on the electoral roll. It’s
7:53not that it was so easy; she didn't
7:54just go to the electoral office and say
7:55, "Hi, sign me up." And they didn't
7:56just let her vote right there. She had
7:58to initiate a series of claims and
8:00prove that she was mentally sound, that
8:02she had a job, that she paid taxes, and
8:04other things that, of course, no man
8:05was required to do. And finally, they
8:07let her register. That is how, in 1911,
8:10she became the first woman to vote in
8:12Argentina and in Latin America. There
8:15are only records of her voting in those
8:17elections; no other woman voted, but
8:19the important thing here is that she
8:21found a legal loophole to trick the
8:23system. It was all very nice; Julieta
8:25voted, and it was in all the newspapers
8:27of the time. Let’s keep in mind that
8:29at that time, the electoral law was
8:31different from the current one. I
8:34repeat, people voted voluntarily, they
8:36only voted if they had registered, and
8:38well, the vote was public and so on. It
8:42wouldn't last; the following year, in
8:441912, one year after Julieta voted, the
8:46Sáenz Peña Law was created, which
8:48established secret, mandatory, and
8:50universal voting. Why do I say
8:52universal in quotation marks? Because
8:54now it would be considered universal,
8:55contemplating that men were the only
8:57ones capable of voting; in other words,
8:59it was masculine. They called it
9:01universal, because women were not even
9:02considered in the possibility of a "
9:04universe." This law wasn't created
9:06because Julieta had voted the year
9:07before, right? They didn't say, "Oh, a
9:09woman found a loophole in the system,"
9:11but rather it had to do with the fact
9:13that the previous system was very
9:14corrupt and involved issues within the
9:16oligarchy and so on, but well, that's
9:18for another video. So, by 1912, Julieta
9:20can no longer vote. Because now the
9:23requirement wouldn't be being
9:25registered, but having an enrollment
9:27booklet. The enrollment booklet is a
9:29document that was given to men, uh,
9:31until not many years ago, when they did
9:33mandatory military service. Guess what
9:36Julieta Lanteri did. I'll let you think
9:37for a bit. Uh, she wanted to do
9:39mandatory military service. She
9:41insisted that they let her sign up to
9:43do military service to get the
9:44enrollment booklet. She was like, she
9:47said, "I'll do push-ups, I'll scrub the
9:49floor with a toothbrush, I'll dance,
9:51I'll run, everything, just let me." But
9:54well, of course they didn't let her. So
9:55she, Julieta, won't be able to vote
9:58because voting is now strictly
9:59established for men. But she, an
10:02absolute queen, said, "Okay, no problem
10:04, they won't let me vote, it doesn't
10:06matter, I already voted." So she says,
10:08"If I can't vote, I'm going to be a
10:10candidate for deputy, legislator,
10:12councilwoman." And she was one of the
10:14first women candidates. She ran
10:16numerous times during the 20s in
10:18different elections. On one occasion
10:20she got something like 1,000 votes,
10:22that is, 1,000 men voted for her. Even
10:25in the hypothetical case that in a
10:27parallel world she had gotten all the
10:28votes, she couldn't assume the office
10:30because women couldn't hold public
10:32office. What I want you to take from
10:34the life of Julieta Lanteri is that
10:36there were many obstacles for women,
10:38but there were also many women willing
10:40to be bold and break those obstacles.
10:42Besides all this, Julieta created the
10:44National Feminist Party. Well, she
10:46participated in the International
10:48Women's Congress, participated in the
10:50drafting of, uh, women's suffrage bills
10:53, well, she voted, I mean, she ran in
10:55elections. She had a very active
10:57militancy within the suffragist
10:59movement, which somewhat explains what
11:01happened to her. In February 1932,
11:04Julieta Lanteri is hit by a car on the
11:06street in 1932, at a time when vehicles
11:09didn't go very fast. The case was filed
11:13as a traffic accident, but the truth is
11:15it's an open secret that it was an
11:17attack, because the people driving that
11:19vehicle were members of the Patriotic
11:21League, a conservative group that had
11:23Julieta in their crosshairs. And,
11:26although it was explained at the time,
11:28it was known to have been an attack,
11:30but of course it remained unpunished
11:32like so many other femicides throughout
11:34history. Anyway, Julieta's story ends
11:36very tragically, but it serves as an
11:38example to see the mark that feminists
11:39had at the time and how they had that
11:41difference I told you about with the
11:43English suffragettes, who were more
11:45aggressive and combative; here, they
11:47went more through institutional
11:48channels. But wait, because Julieta
11:50Lanteri wasn't the only woman who voted
11:52before female suffrage in the province
11:53of San Juan. Thanks to the reforms made
11:56by the Cantoni brothers in 1928, women
11:59in San Juan were able to have a
12:01democratic suffrage experience for the
12:03first time at the provincial level. In
12:06this province, there was a modification
12:08of the provincial law by the Cantoni
12:10brothers themselves, who were governors
12:12on different occasions, which allowed
12:14women to vote. In fact, this law not
12:18only allowed women to vote, but the
12:20province of San Juan had its first
12:22female deputy in 1934, the, of course,
12:24forgotten Emar Acosta. But well, that
12:27democratic experience, that possibility
12:29for the women of San Juan to vote was
12:31unique in history. Afterward, they
12:33weren't able to vote again; it was an
12:34exceptional act because the law was
12:36later modified. But notice how we
12:38already have two experiences prior to
12:39female suffrage. Julieta Lanteri on one
12:42hand, the women of San Juan on the
12:44other, and I'm of course missing the
12:46dozens, and why not hundreds, of female
12:48suffrage bills that were presented
12:50during the 1920s. The first was
12:53presented by deputy Rogelio Rodríguez
12:55Araya in 1919, that is, 1919, the first
12:58female suffrage bill. This was a
13:02radical deputy who, with the help of
13:04different suffragists like Julieta
13:05Lanteri, Cecilia Grierson, Alicia
13:07Moreau de Justo, and Elvira Rawson,
13:09drafted a bill that even had the
13:11support of the church. To give you an
13:14idea, even the Church supported female
13:17suffrage in 1919. The church did not
13:19fear that women would abandon their
13:21role as mothers if they were allowed to
13:23vote. So, it sort of endorsed this, and
13:26the truth is that it's quite atypical
13:27for the church, especially in the 20th
13:29century, to support these types of
13:30measures. But well, notice how there
13:32were already several sectors of the
13:34population, except for the most
13:36conservative ones, that were looking
13:37favorably upon the possibility of women
13:39being able to vote. The 20s decade
13:41moves forward, and different women's
13:44suffrage bills are presented. Some even
13:46manage to get semi-sanction in the
13:47House of Representatives, but when they
13:49reach the Senate, they get shelved.
13:51Other bills are presented, such as the
13:53divorce law bill, alongside the women's
13:55suffrage bill. Of course, we know that
13:57it was also shelved for a couple of
14:00decades, until the year 1926 arrives
14:02and the first reform of the Civil Code
14:05is made. This Civil Code reform brought
14:08some improvements for women. It wasn't
14:10exactly "we want them alive, crazy, and
14:12free," but there was indeed an
14:14improvement in the legal status of
14:16women. On one hand, they were given
14:17full civil capacity, which remained
14:19subordinate to their husband, but at
14:21least they had civil capacity. They
14:23were allowed to sign contracts, manage
14:25inheritances, and manage assets, but of
14:27course, parental authority remained
14:29with the father. We weren't advancing
14:32all that much, but it did imply a step
14:34forward in the successive little steps
14:36that women would take in their conquest
14:38of rights, which stemmed somewhat from
14:40this persistence that the suffragists
14:42had in the streets, in the media, in
14:44the House, in the Senate, and in other
14:46places. And you might ask yourselves, "
14:48What about the rest of the continent,
14:49what was happening there?" Look, by the
14:51year 1932, Uruguay, Cuba, and Brazil
14:54already had women's suffrage. Uruguay,
14:57in fact, even had divorce. And it was
14:59in that year, 1932, when the
15:00semi-sanction of the women's suffrage
15:02law that I mentioned was achieved. And
15:04unfortunately, it was also the year
15:06that Julieta Lanteri died. A detail
15:08there so you can place yourselves on
15:09the timeline I am putting together,
15:11perhaps a bit disorganized, but well,
15:13time passes and we reach the 40s. In
15:16the 30s, we know that the political
15:18situation was a bit more chaotic and
15:21there was no progress regarding women's
15:23rights until something changes in the
15:2540s. First, the international context
15:28changes. Of course, we are in the
15:30postwar period. The world is changing
15:33its paradigm. Many refugees from the
15:35Spanish Civil War are arriving, which
15:37is no small detail because many
15:38feminist figures come with them. And
15:40the actors concerned about women's
15:42suffrage begin to increase more and
15:43more. Socialist women, radical women,
15:46even liberal Catholic women are in
15:48favor of women's suffrage. And it was
15:51in that decade that a new political
15:53force appeared, one that would provide
15:54the final push for women's suffrage. Of
15:57course, I am talking about Peronism. In
15:59the 1946 elections, when Juan Domingo
16:01Perón ran for the first time, there
16:03was a rumor that if this man, if this
16:05politician reached power, he would
16:07enact women's suffrage. Which is
16:10exactly what happened, and on September
16:1323, 1947, Law 13.010, the women's
16:15suffrage law, was enacted. But I got
16:19ahead of myself; I think we need to
16:21explain a few things about how Peronism
16:23condensed this suffragist struggle to
16:25finally pass the vote and why
16:27suffragist women were not happy about
16:29it at all. Let’s start by saying that
16:32Eva Perón’s role in the enactment of
16:34this law is indisputable, although we
16:36know from her own words that she was
16:38quite distant from what was understood
16:40as feminism at that time. Mind you, we
16:42shouldn't be anachronistic; feminism in
16:44the mid-20th century is not the same as
16:46it is today. In her book, "My Mission
16:48in Life," Eva Perón has some very
16:50harsh things to say about feminism,
16:52which stemmed partly from what people
16:54thought within the patriarchal
16:55structures of that era. She even uses
16:57epithets like "ugly" or "hateful," as
16:59some still say today, which was
17:01basically what people said about
17:02suffragists back then. If we read her
17:05with a gender perspective, she has
17:07points of contact with feminism; while
17:09not with the stereotypical
17:11understanding of feminism at the time,
17:13she does have ideological parallels
17:15with what we understand today as
17:17feminism and women's rights. Because
17:19basically, although the women's
17:21suffrage law was passed under her
17:23husband Juan Domingo Perón's
17:24government, she was one of the main
17:26driving forces behind it, to the point
17:28that when it was enacted, Perón took
17:30it and handed it directly to her. But
17:32of course, the suffragist feminists of
17:34that time were very angry about this
17:36law, especially the socialists. Alicia
17:39Moreau de Justo, a very important
17:40suffragist, had terrible things to say
17:43about this law, basically saying she
17:45didn't even want to vote under it. Why?
17:48Because the socialists, for one thing,
17:49were angry at Peronism for partisan and
17:51ideological reasons. Alicia Moreau was
17:54one of those most angered by the
17:56passing of women's suffrage by Peronism
17:58, because what she was feeling
18:00represented what all the suffragists
18:02were going through, especially the
18:04socialists; on one hand, they felt that
18:06Peronism had appropriated a struggle
18:08they had been carrying out for a long
18:10time and had left them out, and, of
18:12course, they were against Peronism as
18:14an ideology and as a political party.
18:16Now, if you ask me what I think about
18:18all this, the truth is that it is
18:20indisputable that Peronism created the
18:22space and the conditions to pass
18:24women's suffrage. I don't know if any
18:26other type of government would have
18:27taken such a measure. It's incorrect to
18:29think about it that way because, well,
18:31one cannot assume what might have
18:33happened, but I do believe that the
18:34political will was generated and that
18:36was key to passing a law like this. Of
18:39course, socialism and Peronism had no
18:41points in common due to partisan,
18:43ideological, political, and other
18:45issues. So, it is understandable how
18:47the socialist women reacted, having
18:48been fighting for the vote for 40 years
18:50, when they saw that the law was
18:52finally passed by a government that was
18:54their opponent. But the truth is that
18:55this would have been impossible if the
18:57political will to do it had not existed
18:58. A significant point is that in
19:00addition to passing women's suffrage,
19:02space was also created to welcome women
19:04into politics. We know that Eva Perón,
19:07of course, was a super important figure
19:09in politics, but it is important to
19:12recognize, for example, that in 1951,
19:1430%of Congress began to be made up of
19:16women. I mean, there was a 30%female
19:18participation. That is a lot. Of course
19:21, after the 1955 military coup, when
19:24Perón was overthrown and a military
19:26dictatorship began—one of so many
19:28dictatorships we had during the 20th
19:31century—this female representation
19:33disappeared. Why? Because, naturally,
19:36the military—and who is more
19:37conservative than the military—did
19:39not even consider the possibility of
19:41women occupying a place within the
19:42military structure itself. In the
19:45democracies that followed, which we
19:47know were not democracies as we
19:48understand them today, because some
19:50were intervened by the military, others
19:52had bans, and others had fraud. In
19:55those democratic elections, women did
19:58vote because the vote had been
19:59institutionalized as women's suffrage,
20:02but that 30%participation we saw in
20:041951 would not be repeated until the
20:06end of the 20th century. Still, even
20:09though they were excluded from those
20:11spaces and that female participation
20:13practically disappeared, there were
20:15some exceptional individual cases of a
20:17few women who managed to occupy spaces
20:19at certain junctures. One of them was
20:22Clotilde Sabatini, daughter of the
20:24governor of Córdoba, Amadeo Sabatini,
20:26a radical woman who, during the
20:27Frondizi administration, held a very
20:29important position that was almost like
20:32Minister of Education. She was
20:33president of the National Congress of
20:36Education because, in addition to being
20:38a radical politician, she was a
20:40renowned pedagogue, teacher, scholar,
20:42and intellectual. We know that her life
20:45, unfortunately, ended in a very tragic
20:48way when, after having married Jorge
20:50Baron Biza, a very renowned poet in the
20:53city of Córdoba, she suffered an
20:55attempted femicide by this poet, who
20:58threw acid in her face and, after being
21:00left with all the wounds from this, she
21:03decided to take her own life. This,
21:07honestly, deserves a separate video
21:09because Jorge Baron Biza, a renowned
21:11poet as I told you from the aristocracy
21:13here in Córdoba, is recognized as the
21:15last romantic here in Córdoba, because
21:17he built a very large monument for his
21:19previous wife on a road that connects
21:21Córdoba with Alta Gracia, which is the
21:23wing of Myriam Stefford. And everyone
21:26says, "How romantic!" For his first
21:28wife, who died in a plane crash, he
21:30built a monument shaped like an
21:31airplane wing because he was a romantic
21:33. Well, his second wife he tried to...
21:36well, I got a bit side-tracked, but
21:38these things really interest me. I
21:41wanted to highlight the participation
21:43of Clotilde Sabatini because those
21:45suffragettes we saw at the beginning of
21:46the 20th century, by the second half of
21:48the 20th century, many had already
21:50passed away. From the 50s to the 90s,
21:54the truth is there was practically no
21:57progress, although in 1968 there was a
21:59new reform that granted more equality
22:02and freedom to women. Basically, women
22:06were legally equalized to men. This
22:08isn't exactly utopian, we can't think
22:10of it as something that advanced,
22:12because what was done was precisely to
22:14equalize women to men. A specific legal
22:16status for women was not created that
22:18contemplated our specificity as women,
22:20but rather we were equated with men.
22:23But well, from that moment on, civil
22:25capacity was, let's say, full for women
22:27. And finally, the last milestone of
22:31the 20th century arrived in 1991 with
22:34the famous female quota law, which
22:36established a 30%floor for women in the
22:39different chambers. Which unfortunately
22:43, we know that 30%often became a
22:45ceiling, because once that 30%quota was
22:47reached, it was like: "Done, we hit 30%
22:49, let's not call any more women." And
22:51well, the story of the 21st century is
22:53different because we know there were
22:54rights won and so on, but I don't want
22:56to get into that because I want to
22:57stick to the 20th century. In any case,
22:59I'll make a later video about the 21st
23:01century. The idea with this video was
23:04precisely to take a journey through the
23:06fight for the conquest of women's civil
23:08, legal, and political rights
23:10throughout the 20th century to
23:12understand that it is not something
23:14that is condensed solely into the
23:16approval of the female vote in '47, but
23:18is the product of a, of a collective
23:20struggle without which it would have
23:22been impossible to win this right. Why
23:24do I want to emphasize the collective
23:26aspect? Because, although I mentioned
23:29individual cases today like Julieta
23:30Lanteri or Alicia Moreau de Justo,
23:32which Tini used, these women were part
23:34of a collective of suffragette women
23:36who, at the same time, are a group that
23:38I’m not sure represents the entire
23:40population, because the majority of
23:41suffragettes were white women from
23:43middle or wealthy sectors,
23:44university-educated, studious, an
23:46intellectual elite among women; but,
23:48despite being an intellectual elite,
23:50they dedicated their lives to fighting
23:52so that the rest of the women, who
23:54could not be in that privileged group,
23:56would have the same rights as them. So
23:59well, on Women's Political Rights Day,
24:01it's good to look at the full picture,
24:03to have a more complete reflection on
24:05how this fight, the truth is, was not
24:07simple, was not handed to us, and was
24:09precisely the product of women
24:10deploying different strategies to reach
24:12an equality that, well, of course, we
24:14know was not reached. To close, I would
24:17like to recover a quote from the great
24:19Alicia Moreau. If you allow me, I will
24:22read it. She said, "Remember that true
24:24rights must be conquered, that it is
24:26necessary to overcome the routine-bound
24:28retrogrades, the fearful of the new,
24:30the lovers of the past, that it is
24:32necessary to overcome the fear of
24:34politicians who view with suspicion
24:36that unknown contained in the female
24:38vote." She was an absolute legend, and
24:39well, if you made it this far, of
24:41course, I’m going to ask you what all
24:42YouTubers ask, like, subscribe, and so
24:44on. Something very crazy is happening
24:45to me. This is my third video on
24:46YouTube. And in the previous video, a
24:48lot of people, in the previous videos,
24:50a lot of people told me like, "Wow, you
24:52speak so fluently, I didn't know you,
24:54it can't be your first video." Well,
24:55they are my first videos on these
24:57platforms. I have been working as a
24:59social media educator for years. You
25:01can follow me on Instagram where I
25:03upload many short videos there, on
25:05TikTok, eh, you can find me everywhere,
25:07now on YouTube for a short time. And
25:09well, on my broadcast channel on
25:11Instagram we decided that this
25:12community has to be called Las Lanteris
25:14, los Lanteris, my Lanteris, because
25:16Julieta Lanteri is my animal spirit,
25:18she is the woman who sparked my passion
25:20for communicating women's history. So
25:22well, you already know this code. Now
25:24you will be my lanteris, the lanteris,
25:26the lanteris. It will be the new
25:27greeting for this channel, I guess,
25:29something like hello my lanteris. And
25:31if you made it here, of course, you can
25:33leave me in the comments if you are in
25:35favor of me calling you the lanteris
25:37from now on. Thanks for watching this
25:40far. You can stay with a recommended
25:42video from the three videos I have on
25:43this channel and if you are watching
25:44this from the future, maybe you will
25:46have many more videos. Bye.

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