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Czy GLOBALNE OCIEPLENIE TO MIT? — Transcript

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0:00This glacier has lost 96%of its volume
0:03since 1938.
0:07Almost all the ice that was here in our
0:09great-grandparents 'time has simply
0:11vanished.
0:12>> Can climate change be stopped?
0:14Uh, for now we only know that
0:16>> global warming—we've been hearing about
0:18it for years. On TV, on the internet, at
0:21the dinner table. For some, it’s the
0:23greatest threat of our time; for others
0:24, an exaggeration and fear-mongering.
0:26But what is the truth? To check, we are
0:29heading to a Polish polar station on
0:31Svalbard.
0:31>> This will be our home for the next 5
0:33days.
0:35Bears that come by sometimes knock on
0:36the doors of our station.
0:38>> We will live with scientists who have
0:40been measuring what’s happening to the
0:42ice here for years and we’ll head into
0:43the field with them.
0:45>> That much ice has melted in the last
0:47three months.
0:49>> Three months?
0:49>> Yes.
0:50>> We will ask if it’s really our fault,
0:52what awaits us, and if it can still be
0:54stopped. Or maybe it’s something that
0:56will just progress, and we will adapt to
0:58it?
1:02We are turning into scientists, into
1:04researchers.
1:06We are heading to a Polish research
1:08station. We will spend 5 days there.
1:11We will take a deep look at what our
1:13dear scientists do.
1:14>> On September 2, 1931, Poland joined the
1:17Svalbard Treaty. Since that day, every
1:20Pole has the right to come here. We also
1:22exercise the right to conduct scientific
1:24research, which is why we have four
1:25Polish stations on Svalbard today.
1:27Polish scientists left something else
1:29behind on the map, too. Today, there are
1:31Piłsudski Mountains or Copernicus
1:32Mountain here. In the middle of the
1:34Arctic, nearly 3,000 km from Poland.
1:36>> Packing up, grabbing our things. We are
1:38going to one more place. To sail to the
1:40polar station, we need to prepare well.
1:43And the preparation starts with
1:44something you don’t do anywhere else in
1:46Europe. We are going to rent a weapon.
1:48On Svalbard, the rule is that outside
1:50city limits, you must carry protection
1:52against polar bears.
1:55It’s an interesting fact that you can
1:57rent this weapon here with just one very
1:59simple permit, right?
2:01A week of doing some things, really.
2:03>> Basic training, the governor's
2:05permission, and a criminal record check
2:07in Poland.
2:08>> So, yeah, it really doesn't take much.
2:10Weapon rented. Time to load all our gear
2:12onto the boat.
2:13>> It’s not going to be freezing, is it?
2:15No.
2:21We are setting sail from Longyearbyen
2:23port and heading toward the Poznań polar
2:25station belonging to Adam Mickiewicz
2:27University.
2:29>> It’s possible we’ll feel the chill. Uh,
2:31my dear friends,
2:42Svalbard is, according to the Norwegian
2:45Polar Institute, the place warming up
2:47fastest on the entire planet. In the
2:49Northern Barents Sea region, the
2:50temperature is rising 5 to 7 times
2:52faster than the global average. It just
2:54so happens that the day before, we met
2:56with Darek, who told us a bit about it.
2:58We don't feel it in Poland, but here
3:00it's a major problem. Buildings are
3:02starting to collapse.
3:04It is a gigantic problem in the Canadian
3:06and American Arctic, where entire towns
3:08have to be relocated because the ground
3:11is thawing.
3:12>> Temperatures here jumped above 20
3:14degrees this year, I think.
3:15>> Yes, that has already happened a few
3:17times.
3:18>> The temperature record in Longyearbyen
3:20was set in July 2020 and reached 21.7
3:23degrees. The last few years have been
3:25the warmest period in the history of
3:26measurements on Svalbard. The main
3:28problem is that the winters are very
3:30warm. The average winter temperature
3:32over the last dozen or so years has
3:34risen by 10 degrees.
3:35Events we call "rain-on-snow," meaning
3:37rainfall during the winter period, have
3:40devastating consequences, for example
3:42for reindeer, because a thick layer of
3:44ice forms between the snow and the
3:46ground.
3:47They are unable to dig down to the
3:49mosses and lichens they eat. There was
3:51an incident two or three years ago where
3:53dozens of dead reindeer were found in
3:55one valley, they had simply starved to
3:56death.
3:57>> We will talk more about global warming
3:59and whether it really affects us in
4:01Poland with the scientists at the
4:02research station we are heading to.
4:06What?
4:07>> And I don't know what's happening. No,
4:09how about you?
4:10>> I just opened up because of that, but I
4:12was riding hunched over with my head
4:13down because otherwise, you know, it was
4:15hitting my forehead so hard. Oh, it's
4:17cold.
4:24Over there, ladies and gentlemen, is our
4:26base. Fun fact.
4:28The lady said that since I've been
4:30working here, it has never been this
4:33flat here before.
4:35It looks good.
4:36>> It looks good.
4:37>> We have arrived at our destination.
4:40We are at the Petunia Bay polar station
4:42.
4:45Ladies and gentlemen, we are here. This
4:47will be our home for the next 5 days. It
4:50lies on Petunia Bay in the middle of
4:51Spitsbergen, the largest island of the
4:53archipelago, and is the only Polish
4:55station in this dry central part of the
4:57island.
4:58>> Ladies and gentlemen, welcome. First
5:00impressions. Where are the vials, ladies
5:03and gentlemen? Where is, you know, my
5:05chemist set and where do you, right, do
5:07things, you know? It is a seasonal
5:09station, operating only in summer. Small
5:11teams work here, including more than
5:13just Poles. Everyone arrives with their
5:15own project. Some measure how glaciers
5:17are retreating, others study the ground
5:19beneath our feet, others check what
5:21happens to the water flowing from under
5:22the ice.
5:24>> My name is Krzysztof Rymer and for
5:26almost nine years I have been the
5:28manager of this station, but besides
5:30that, I also conduct my own scientific
5:32research.
5:34I deal with geological and
5:36geomorphological research.
5:38>> My name is Iwo Wieczorek. I deal with
5:40and specialize in glacial lakes. Jakub
5:42Małecki, I am a glaciologist.
5:44>> We will have the opportunity to meet the
5:46guys currently stationed at the base,
5:48but first, let's see the conditions we
5:49will be living in. Here
5:51>> here are our toilets.
5:52Go ahead.
5:54>> It's an elegant, elegant toilet.
5:58>> For some time now, there have been
6:00regulations requiring us to have a
6:02toilet that incinerates waste itself.
6:05We wash our hands after the toilet here
6:07.
6:08And a fun fact, why is the soap kept in
6:10jars?
6:12Because arctic foxes came by very often
6:14and just stole our soap, I guess they
6:16liked the taste and smell of it and
6:18would run off.
6:19Look at how flat it is.
6:21Look at how flat the stones are, man.
6:23Generally, the challenge isn't even
6:25about the fact that we're at a research
6:26station. No, project 30 is actually
6:28about us skipping stones here. Fine, I
6:31don't need another one, man.
6:32>> Well man, I told you, no.
6:34>> Dude, what is that?
6:35>> You just lean down and throw. But a
6:37minimum of five. Minimum five. Those are
6:39the terms. Three, four. Oh,
6:41>> it bounced off the piles. No, but that
6:43was like seven. No,
6:51>> ladies and gentlemen, seekers of
6:53knowledge, science, and discovery.
6:56We're putting on our suits, packing into
6:58the RIBs, and we're going to sail out
7:00and search.
7:01We'll spend our first day at the station
7:03doing field research. We'll discover
7:05some dinosaur tooth today.
7:07>> We're going to see what scientists do
7:08here all season and where the numbers we
7:10read in the news actually come from.
7:14Man, I look like a Lego minifigure from
7:17the Arctic set.
7:22>> Ready? Tough,
7:23>> ready. Yeah,
7:24>> the first research site is about 20
7:25minutes by boat from the station. We're
7:27setting sail.
7:30In this place, there is already a real
7:32threat from polar bears. From now on, we
7:34must be extra vigilant. So what?
7:38We're in a cluster and if you see a bear
7:40, you're happy, right?
7:45>> Animals, on the other hand, are what
7:47might feel the effects of warming even
7:49more strongly.
7:54Of course, iconic polar bears, which
7:56need frozen sea to hunt seals, may turn
7:58out to be the losers, the biggest losers
8:01of climate change in the animal kingdom
8:03.
8:08Without sea ice, without frozen fjords
8:10where they could hunt seals in winter,
8:12polar bears could eventually,
8:14hypothetically go extinct after some
8:16time.
8:18However, after arriving, the first thing
8:21we noticed wasn't bears, but reindeer.
8:23>> I think there are even two there. Okay,
8:25I'll film the reindeer for you. That's
8:27classy.
8:32Okay, those are the reindeer for you.
8:34>> Speaking of animals, you know well that
8:36our office isn't just two-legged
8:38employees. You already know Ruby and
8:40Hamlet, but we recently hired a new
8:42employee, Nara. And to make sure every
8:44four-legged employee is fed and happy,
8:46we rely on Psi Bufet, which works as a
8:49subscription. A package full of
8:50deliciousness in up to nine different
8:52flavors arrives at our office door. This
8:54is human-grade food delivered chilled,
8:56so you keep the first week's portions in
8:59the fridge and can store the rest in the
9:01freezer, ensuring your dogs always get
9:03meaty goodness.
9:05If you want to test the dog buffet
9:07yourselves and bring your pups as much
9:09joy as we give our four-legged staff,
9:11use code PAT40 for a 40%discount on your
9:14first two orders.
9:18>> The first part of today is that we’ll be
9:20collecting measurements here with
9:21Krzysiek.
9:23>> When you look past us now, you can’t see
9:25any of this. Well, when you’re standing
9:27in the field, but you can see a bird
9:28there. You have these little ridges.
9:30>> Yes, they’re there, they’re there.
9:32>> Exactly.
9:33These are old sea levels, and the land
9:35is rising due to isostasy.
9:38This has been going on for over ten
9:40thousand years. Glaciers are retreating
9:41, and the land is slowly rising.
9:45We’re going to investigate how fast this
9:47process has been, but it’s generally
9:49estimated at about 90 cm per 100 years.
9:53>> We have the ground-penetrating radar
9:55here, right?
9:55>> Yes. This is GPR equipment,
9:57>> a device that sends electromagnetic
9:59waves deep into the ground. The waves
10:01reflect off successive layers of soil
10:03and return to the surface, and from the
10:05return time and reflection shape, we can
10:07read what’s underneath.
10:09>> I can't wait; this will be a big day for
10:11Polish science.
10:15>> Ladies and gentlemen, there is a large
10:17amount of wildlife here. Even though the
10:20conditions are quite harsh, you can
10:21still find animal tracks. And here we
10:24have an antler, right?
10:25While Krzysztof was taking measurements
10:28with the GPR, we spotted another animal
10:30. This time in the water behind the boat
10:32.
10:32>> More or less over there.
10:34>> Okay. A whale, a whale. Yeah, that’s
10:36what they’re calling to me. No way, if
10:37we could just see the whale for one more
10:39second. What, what do you call this,
10:41this
10:48fertile day when it comes to wildlife?
10:50As it turned out, that wasn't the end of
10:52our animal discoveries. Look what we
10:54managed to find here, what we managed to
10:56snag.
10:57This is a whale rib.
10:59And there is a vertebra. We just learned
11:02here that the police sometimes stationed
11:04in Svalbard. We didn't have to wait long
11:06, and another beautiful little animal
11:07appeared before our eyes. Ladies and
11:09gentlemen, we are approaching a reindeer
11:11.
11:14We want to return him to Santa Claus
11:15because he escaped from his pen.
11:18If we don't, we won't have any presents
11:20.
11:24Damn, man, what an animal. Such a noble
11:27, winter animal.
11:29You know what I mean? Cool, right? I
11:31know you're excited, because normally,
11:34>> normally these animals would run away,
11:36but since there are so few people here,
11:38you know, people don't scare them and so
11:40on, they don't feel threatened. We got
11:42into our boat and headed to the next
11:44research site.
11:46We are going to collect the traps that
11:48have been gathering aeolian sediment all
11:50summer,
11:51>> which is
11:52>> carried by the wind. It's an open
11:54container filled with glass marbles.
11:56This allows dust and fine grains carried
11:58by the wind to fall into the gaps
11:59between the marbles and stay there. Oh,
12:01look.
12:03And now you have to pack it into a bag,
12:06and then wash it, rinse it with water,
12:08and see how much material is here.
12:11But I can see there's actually very
12:12little of it.
12:13>> Are you coming? If you saw something
12:15like this, you wouldn't have the
12:16faintest idea what it's for.
12:19No. I used to use frisbees instead of
12:21these stands, and we had this Dutch crew
12:23who took my frisbee because they thought
12:25it was someone's that flew away while
12:27they were playing.
12:29Well, they ruined my research a bit.
12:33I'm wondering where one could
12:37apply for a grant here, as I would need
12:404.5 million Polish zlotys for my
12:42research. Moving on, we arrive at the
12:44place where we will collect the next set
12:46of measurements.
12:47>> And what measurements are these?
12:49>> Soil temperature and moisture.
12:51>> While our fellow researcher collects
12:53materials, we have come across something
12:55here.
12:56What is that?
12:57A monument commemorating the death of
12:59one of the polar explorers, a student
13:01from Cambridge, who died here.
13:04Christopher John Kirton
13:06>> Blisset
13:07>> arrived here in 1958 with one of the
13:09research expeditions that had been
13:11mapping the geology of Spitsbergen for
13:13decades. He was 20 years old. He died in
13:16the mountains during fieldwork.
13:17>> Peace Kroper,
13:19>> man, 21 years old.
13:21>> Let's enjoy life, gentlemen.
13:23It's not like you'll go back to Poland
13:25and do something great. Or that, you
13:27know, once you go to Antarctica, that's
13:29when you're finally not here and now. We
13:32live here and now. Let's appreciate that
13:34. May the little bear rest in peace. A
13:36polar bear was located here.
13:38Interestingly, better vegetation grew
13:40right in this exact spot, right? I think
13:43it might be related, that the soil was
13:45somehow more fertile.
13:47We have some bones belonging to the bear
13:50here and some fur.
13:52No, the first expeditions were like, a
13:55ship would arrive in June,
13:57>> drop them off,
14:00>> two people would stay, they had a radio
14:02with one or two cassettes and would stay
14:05until September or the end of August,
14:06and they had an appointment for a
14:08specific day, like August 28th, that a
14:10ship would come for you, and zero
14:12communication, no radio, no phones.
14:16And they sat here, did their research,
14:18and waited for someone to show up with a
14:19boat to pick them up. This is a reindeer
14:22.
14:22>> That might be a fox's head. Or is it too
14:24big? Too big for a fox.
14:25>> Or isn't it a reindeer?
14:27>> Reindeer. Yeah, and that, that is a
14:29reindeer. Look here. And this is a bear
14:31. Look at that nose. Look at that nose.
14:33>> A skull from over there. Holy, it's
14:35a bear.
14:36>> Listen, we found a bear skull over there
14:39.
14:39Someone dragged it here. Look, there's
14:42the nose, there are the teeth.
14:45>> A moment later, we also managed to spot
14:48an arctic fox. That’s it for research
14:50today. Time to head back to base.
14:52>> We’re arriving, arriving home, our
14:54Polish home.
14:58>> Today, the day Jakub Patecki contributed
15:00to Polish science, to global science,
15:03but under the Polish banner, it was a
15:05good day.
15:06To make tomorrow just as good, we need
15:08to get some sleep. Goodnight, tough guy
15:11.
15:11>> Goodnight.
15:12>> Well, I'll be. Zero points, ladies and
15:14gentlemen, in our Project 30 app game,
15:16which you can get right now on the Play
15:18Store and App Store. But how does this
15:21app even work? For every episode, we
15:22prepare a quiz with questions about
15:24places visited, people met, and details
15:27that are easy to miss. It starts at 6:00
15:29PM, three hours after the premiere, and
15:31is available for the following days. You
15:33earn points and coins for your answers,
15:35and the sooner you play, the higher the
15:37multiplier. Take it easy. You can also
15:39join later, because you collect points
15:41throughout the entire project, and
15:42souvenirs from our trip and many other
15:44prizes await the most engaged users.
15:46Between episodes, you'll also find short
15:48side missions for which you can earn
15:50extra points and coins, so it's worth
15:52checking back regularly. Remember that
15:54t-shirts and gadgets are also available
15:56for purchase in the Shop tab. You’ll
15:58find everything on the Play Store, App
16:00Store, and at p30.pl.
16:07Alright, ladies and gentlemen, we're up
16:10. What a beautiful dream that was. It’s
16:12dark, right? It is, ladies and gentlemen
16:14, almost polar day. We're heading out.
16:16Shower time. Would you wash up?
16:18>> I'm wondering. Yeah, I'd just wash my
16:20privates, maybe.
16:22>> Dude, let's not wash. No, but okay,
16:24follow me. Good morning. Welcome.
16:27Look how smiley and eager to learn they
16:30are.
16:30>> The weather today didn't spoil us. We
16:32spent most of the time at the station.
16:34>> Making coffee, having some tea.
16:36>> A bit of rest, a bit of waiting for it
16:38to clear up. And in the evening, we
16:40decided we’d spend the night in an old
16:41trapper's cabin. There are quite a few
16:43such cabins on Svalbard. They were left
16:45behind by people who were able to
16:47survive here all winter in total
16:49darkness and solitude. This was a hut
16:51built specifically for such hunting
16:53trips. And what now? We'll spend a day
16:55in this hut in the Arctic, because we
16:57are in the Arctic, a place that isn't
16:59exactly easy to access, right, Svalbard
17:02, to get here. If you like episodes like
17:04this, and we've just launched Project 30
17:06, look, so many people are watching but
17:08unfortunately not subscribing.
17:11Leave your mark here.
17:13That would be nice. Comment, like.
17:16It always helps us in creating content.
17:18>> So? We probably need to get ready. No,
17:20>> I'm dressing warmly, but not too warm
17:22overall. The night might be something.
17:24>> We're going for the night. No,
17:25>> but the night can be cold.
17:26>> And besides, heard about that, we'll
17:27talk about it on the spot, but there are
17:29three beds and they are bunk beds.
17:30>> Okay, let's pack up. We're putting our
17:32suits back on because we can only get to
17:34the cabin by boat.
17:40Pour, pour.
17:46>> Back in the day, trappers often had to
17:48struggle through difficult conditions.
17:50It was the same in our case. You choose
17:52the widest spot, because then you have
17:54the best chance that it is
17:56>> uh
17:57>> shallower.
18:02hell.
18:03Wait, take
18:06>> care, stuff is falling out of your
18:07backpack. Watch out, if you tilt too
18:09much, everything will fall out of your
18:11backpack.
18:19We are arriving, ladies and gentlemen,
18:21at this small cabin. We will be spending
18:23this evening just like trappers. After a
18:26hard day of hunting.
18:28We've hunted three foxes, a couple of
18:30ducks, and one reindeer on top of that.
18:33We're walking tired. We crossed the
18:35river and it's time to go home.
18:38Securing cabins against bears is
18:40standard in Svalbard. They have a great
18:42sense of smell and it happens that they
18:44break inside in search of food.
18:46This is the vestibule.
18:48We have firewood here, we have a picture
18:51of a bear here, we have a saw here, we
18:53have here, uh, another, uh, another saw
18:55.
18:56We have here, uh, an axe, an axe.
18:59We have more wood here, but this is the
19:01vestibule. I'd like to invite you to the
19:03bedroom now.
19:04This is where we'll be sleeping. One,
19:06two, and three. And ladies and gentlemen
19:09, here is also our kitchen.
19:12Here is also our, where is that stove?
19:15I don't see it. Aha, here is the stove.
19:17Here is our kitchen. We'll be heating
19:18things up on the stove here. And what’s
19:21nice? And what is this in this book?
19:23>> Entries from polar explorers who stayed
19:25or arrived here.
19:26>> Oh, awesome. We'll have to add our names
19:29there as polar explorers. We reached the
19:30cabin. The first thing we had to do was
19:33, of course, food. And for that, we'll
19:35need a fire.
19:37We'll probably burn some of this wood in
19:39the fireplace, right?
19:41>> We need to make pizza.
19:42>> The pizza has to be thin, right? Because
19:44if it's too thick, it won't cook,
19:46goddamn it, on the top. And you want to
19:48fry it, like, in a pan?
19:50>> Well, we'll have to cover it from the
19:52top too.
19:56Here we go, ladies and gentlemen, now
19:59with the sauce.
20:00Well, you don't even need to spread it
20:02here, it's so beautiful. This pizza will
20:04be, ladies and gentlemen, well
20:07in a class of its own, the so-called
20:09ketchup pizza. Ladies and gentlemen, for
20:12Arctic conditions, I think it's really
20:1410 out of 10.
20:15>> How do you know it's done inside? Ready
20:16,
20:17>> man.
20:18>> Okay, the dough is raw on top.
20:22>> Everything is clear. Well,
20:24>> everything is clear. It's hard, you're a
20:26man of little faith. Don't you want even
20:28more of that ketchup?
20:29>> I can now. Let's add some.
20:34Okay.
20:36>> Damn, I don't want to correct you, you
20:38know?
20:38>> But it seems to me it might be raw in
20:40the middle, right?
20:41>> Well, it'll still be there for a moment
20:43, right?
20:43>> And I would have just made four small
20:45flatbreads instead of one big one.
20:46That's what I meant.
20:47>> Oh well, it's probably too late for that
20:49now, right?
20:59No way, it smells awesome. No, I won't
21:02tell you guys. It smells awesome in a
21:04place like this.
21:06It cuts pretty well.
21:08I'll take this piece. Oh, here on the
21:10side.
21:15>> Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.
21:18>> Awesome.
21:20Is it hard?
21:20>> The worst thing is, you can never trust
21:22him, right? Alright, the dough is raw on
21:25top.
21:27The dough is raw on top. Yeah, there's
21:30that soggy spot,
21:31>> but I think it's not that bad.
21:32>> But is it a soggy spot or just
21:34undercooked, because there's a
21:35difference between soggy and not fully
21:37done, like, not raw. No.
21:38>> It's a bit raw, but
21:41>> it's good.
21:42>> Seriously, it's good. Hey, I think you
21:44can't eat the crusts.
21:46>> It's best to eat the softest things.
21:48They are the best.
21:51>> Is it seriously going to be good? You'll
21:52seriously say it's good. And I don't
21:54even think there's a soggy spot there.
21:55>> Somewhere it's thin enough to eat. There
21:57are thick parts somewhere. Probably not
21:58.
21:59>> My stomach hurts from the pizza.
22:00>> Mmm.
22:01It's actually alright. Considering how
22:03it looks inside.
22:04>> It's alright. No.
22:06>> Even if it doesn't look like it. It's
22:07already past midnight. This is the right
22:09time to decide who sleeps where. There
22:11are three beds. No. The winner chooses.
22:14That would be me. Ready?
22:15>> Three, four.
22:17Okay. Thank you.
22:18>> Alright. So? Are you ready to sleep on
22:20the top bunk? To suffocate?
22:22>> Yeah.
22:22>> Three, four.
22:24>> Okay.
22:26>> All settled.
22:31>> I think the middle one convinces me the
22:33most.
22:35Go ahead,
22:35>> lay down there at the bottom. I can't
22:37straighten my legs like that.
22:39>> Oh, it's tough,
22:40>> isn't it? It's fine. My head still has
22:42enough room there.
22:43>> So what now? Is it hard? I thought you
22:45said you wanted the very top. Uh.
22:46>> No, the very top is out, definitely out
22:49.
22:49>> But seriously from this side, man, there
22:51are places here, you know, from
22:53Pomerania to Rzeszów; we once did a trek
22:55here on the peak, we did a hike to the
22:57northern fjord. Like I told you, a buddy
22:59fell into the water, he submerged, and
23:01his gear, backpack, and tent were there
23:04, so we had nowhere to sleep because the
23:06plan was to sleep in the tent, so we
23:08crashed in a trapper's cabin. It was an
23:10emergency situation, because we had
23:12nowhere to sleep.
23:14We went further to the 79th parallel,
23:16because we wanted to mark a spot on the
23:18map to say we reached it, and being
23:20polar explorers, we came back that far
23:23and set up in this cabin to sleep.
23:26One person on the floor and two people
23:28on a corner bench.
23:29And on the corner, at the height of the
23:31corner, there were windows just about
23:33like here, and the bench was like where
23:35you're sitting, right? So, effectively,
23:38you were lying down with a window right
23:40behind your back.
23:42The guys were on Spitsbergen for the
23:43first time, so they weren't really alert
23:45to all those sounds and so on, and you
23:47could hear some strange shuffling around
23:49the huts.
23:51I was listening, I remember, to "50
23:53Shades of Grey." Read by Joanna
23:55Koroniewska on my headphones, but the
23:57shuffling woke me up somewhere there.
24:01I open my eyes and behind the guy
24:03sleeping on the bench, a bear's muzzle
24:05is looking at the guy through the window
24:07.
24:09My heart starts pounding right here.
24:13I move slowly from the bed and say to
24:16the guy: "Hey, Michal, Michal, but
24:19Michal, Michal, get up very, very slowly
24:22."
24:23Very slowly.
24:25And he’s all sleepy, "But what, but what
24:27?"
24:28"Get up very slowly, because there's a
24:30bear behind you."
24:32"Oh, what?""What?" The bear stood up, it
24:35broke free. And that bear jumped onto
24:37the window, looked, and looked. It soon
24:39turned out there was a second bear, his
24:41little brother at the other window, and
24:43on top of that, the mama was there too.
24:47So three bears circled our hut and it
24:49turned out the door wasn't locked, just
24:51a regular handle.
24:54And I have it recorded somewhere, when
24:56one bear approaches the door.
24:59We banged on the door.
25:01And it ran away.
25:02Later we had to run out and fire shots
25:04into the air to scare the bears, and
25:06what's most interesting, they went in
25:08the direction we were supposed to head
25:10back the next day.
25:12So we were heading back with our eyes
25:14wide open.
25:14>> After pizza and Tomek's stories, it's
25:16time to sleep. We need to rest well
25:18because tomorrow we have a whole day in
25:20the field.
25:26Good morning.
25:28Or maybe good evening.
25:30>> What, 8:00? What, 10:00? Probably.
25:33>> It's already 9:00. That's heavy.
25:35>> Coming right up. Damn, sleep score 66.
25:40But good, that headphone status is good
25:42. Good sleep, just short.
25:45No, at first it was hot as hell, later
25:48it was a bit less hot, but nice.
25:52It was nice sleeping. Nice.
26:03Alright, ladies and gentlemen, we're up
26:05. I think I'm the latest one.
26:07The guys woke me up, told me to get up
26:09quickly and pack.
26:11Here we have the notes.
26:13We reached the cabin at the end of the
26:15world.
26:16Full of ambition, we started a fire in
26:18the stove.
26:20The pizza dough grew a lot on the way.
26:23Sauce, cheese, ham, ready to eat.
26:26>> Don't overdo it with the sauce. Ketchup
26:28, ketchup. But okay,
26:29>> we're finishing our stay at the
26:31trapper's cabin. We're heading back to
26:32the station, because another day of
26:34demanding research awaits us.
26:36Today we will perform, let's say, our
26:39opus magnum of our scientific activities
26:41.
26:43We're going with Kuba, who has been here
26:45the longest, to the Sven glacier.
26:48>> Time to see for ourselves what is
26:50happening with glaciers today. We're
26:51going to Svenbreen.
26:52>> This is a glacier that Kuba has been
26:55studying since 2007.
26:57To understand what we're talking about,
26:59two other glaciers in the same bay.
27:02Elsa and Ferdinand have lost over 96%of
27:05their volume since 1938.
27:08Not a third, not half, 96%.
27:12Oh, how hungry for science and knowledge
27:14I am today. Let's find out today. Maybe
27:17we'll discover a Yeti.
27:23>> And we have to listen to Twardy today,
27:25because everything that happens today
27:27might be on the final quiz. Not too bad
27:29. Not
27:30>> too bad.
27:30>> At the end of our stay at the station,
27:32we will have to pass an exam testing our
27:34Arctic knowledge with Twardy. That's why
27:36we have to be even more careful during
27:38today's research. Well, for me, Sven is
27:40like a family member, you could say
27:42we've known each other for quite a long
27:45time. I like to think of myself as being
27:47a bit like his doctor.
27:49Only, unlike what a real doctor can do,
27:52I can only diagnose, but I can't cure
27:54the illness he's suffering from.
27:58But he, and all the other glaciers in
28:00our area.
28:02Global warming explained to a
28:04ten-year-old, I'd compare it to wrapping
28:06the planet in an ever-thicker blanket.
28:09The principle is very similar.
28:13It's primarily about a layer not letting
28:15heat escape to the outside.
28:18That's why we're warm under a duvet,
28:20because the duvet insulates that heat,
28:22keeping it by our bodies. And greenhouse
28:24gases do exactly the same thing with the
28:26heat that should escape from Earth into
28:28space, but it doesn't escape as much as
28:30it should.
28:31That's why it's getting warmer and
28:33warmer on our planet, because this layer
28:35of greenhouse gases is getting thicker.
28:38It is most surprising that these changes
28:40are progressing so quickly.
28:41>> This is how glaciers live in these
28:43difficult times of climate warming, here
28:45on Svalbard, where the rate of warming
28:48is one of the fastest in the world.
28:50>> We have something called Arctic
28:51amplification.
28:55And this Arctic amplification is a mix
28:57of various factors that result in the
28:59Arctic actually receiving more radiation
29:01due to ozone holes and similar things.
29:06A ton of factors that cause these
29:08changes to be felt much more here.
29:11>> To understand the scale we're talking
29:13about, we can compare it to Greenland.
29:15Svalbard's glaciers cover 32,000 square
29:18kilometers, Greenland's 1.7 million, 50
29:21times more. And yet in 2024, Svalbard's
29:23contribution to sea level rise was
29:26comparable to the contribution of all of
29:28Greenland. 50 times smaller area, yet
29:30the same effect. Furthermore, in a
29:33single season, Svalbard melted roughly
29:35as much ice as all the glaciers in
29:36Switzerland combined. That is a truly
29:38alarming amount. I have a photograph
29:41here from 1908.
29:42Taken exactly from the spot where we are
29:44standing. Do you want to see?
29:46>> Of course.
29:48>> This is it.
29:51This is it.
29:53This is precisely that large, swollen
29:55glacier that had reached nearly its
29:57maximum size at that time.
30:00Of course, now there is no trace of it
30:03left.
30:03The last patches of ice are melting
30:05somewhere between the boulders; this
30:07glacier has already ceased to exist.
30:10Is it possible to stop climate change?
30:15At this moment, we only know that we
30:16have likely gone a bit too far, that
30:18even if we were to minimize what humans
30:20produce right now—I am talking about
30:22pollution, carbon dioxide, and similar
30:24things—we still wouldn't be able to stop
30:26what is already underway.
30:29It is already an avalanche.
30:30>> What we see on Svalbard is not just
30:32happening in the Arctic. Here, the
30:34changes are simply the fastest and most
30:36visible, but they are occurring all over
30:37the world, including in Poland.
30:39Svalbard's glaciers are a small fraction
30:41of the ice melting today. Together with
30:43Greenland and Antarctica, they are
30:44raising sea levels, and therefore the
30:46Baltic Sea as well. Along the Polish
30:47coast, the shoreline recedes by an
30:49average of about half a meter per year,
30:50and since the 1950s, the average
30:52temperature in Poland has risen by over
30:542 degrees. Walking further, we
30:55encountered a truly interesting
30:57phenomenon. These are whale bones.
30:59>> That’s right, those are whale bones. So
31:01what are they doing here? Maybe it's
31:03>> far away,
31:04>> at least a kilometer and a half, maybe
31:06more,
31:07>> to the coastline. So what are these
31:09bones doing here?
31:09>> I know.
31:10>> Well.
31:10>> Well, it used to be the sea, and simply
31:12, you know, the water went away. And
31:14>> after all, we were measuring the land
31:16uplift.
31:18>> The earth is rising because it was
31:19compressed
31:21>> by a glacier. The glacier disappeared,
31:24and this land is simply beginning to
31:26expand. We are standing here, ladies and
31:28gentlemen. But in that case, these bones
31:30must be very old.
31:32At least a few thousand years.
31:34>> Really?
31:34>> Yeah.
31:35>> Are you serious? But can bones last that
31:37long?
31:38Well, we are in a cold climate, so the
31:40degradation and decomposition of bones
31:42is very slow.
31:43>> That's wild, honestly.
31:45I thought bones would, you know, maybe
31:47last 200 years and that would be it. No.
31:50>> Well, not here. There aren't too many
31:52bacteria here. Okay. That's
31:54>> also true. Chemical processes are very
31:56slowed down; for most of the year,
31:58everything is frozen solid like in a
32:00freezer, so the bones can survive for a
32:02long time.
32:02>> Maybe they were building the pyramids
32:04when this whale decided it was time to
32:06go to heaven. To Saint Francis.
32:08>> We kept walking until another thing
32:09appeared that sparked my curiosity.
32:11>> That is not a bird.
32:12>> And what is it called?
32:13>> How is it not a bird?
32:15>> Gru
32:15>> it actually is. Hey, it really is a bird
32:18. Why are they spread out like that?
32:22They aren't moving because they think
32:23they still have their summer feathers,
32:25and if they have their summer feathers,
32:26they are unnoticeable because they blend
32:28perfectly into the landscape, and they
32:30don't move so that you don't see them.
32:33But I guess they haven't realized they
32:34have white feathers now and we can see
32:36them from afar. But interestingly, it’s
32:38the same with Bengal tigers.
32:41Since the animals they hunt, well, they
32:43perceive orange as green.
32:47It’s funny how embarrassed the tigers
32:48would be if they knew we see them in
32:50orange.
32:51They think they're hidden, and we see
32:53them, you know, quite clearly.
32:54>> Finally, we reach our main goal. This is
32:57a place Jakub has been working on for
32:59nearly 20 years. How
33:00>> do you like it?
33:01>> It’s really cool. Yes, it's nice; we are
33:04basically at its foot, so this is just
33:06the tongue. Yes.
33:08>> Yes. This is the snout, the snout
33:10>> of the tongue. In the past, of course,
33:12it would have reached closer to us.
33:13Right about where we are. The glacier
33:15reached here around 1990.
33:19It probably won't be a surprise if I say
33:21that among the most visible effects of
33:23climate change in Svalbard and across
33:25the Arctic is the retreat of glaciers.
33:27>> Slowly, slowly it’s retreating.
33:29>> Yes. This one isn't retreating
33:31particularly fast because it is
33:33relatively thick. Notice that it is
33:34quite convex. And the bedrock too. The
33:36bedrock.
33:37Notice that we are at a higher elevation
33:40now, the snout is below us, so the
33:42ground slopes downward, and that
33:44supports a slower recession of the snout
33:46,
33:48>> because I'm curious how thick it is
33:50there, let's say in some places, like
33:52where the fog starts.
33:54How thick could it be there?
33:57About 100 meters, so it is not a thick
33:59glacier.
34:00The thickest glaciers on Svalbard are
34:02well over 500 to 600 meters.
34:05These smaller glaciers, like the one
34:07we're on, are in the range of 100 to 200
34:09meters maximum.
34:10>> When I first arrived, it wouldn't even
34:12fit in my frame.
34:13>> It’s somewhere over here. No
34:14>> well, it has retreated. No point in
34:16arguing. It has retreated.
34:18>> No need to talk around it, it has
34:19retreated, right?
34:20>> It was here, now it's there, and that's
34:22it. Yeah.
34:22>> It is retreating. You, this is literally
34:24below that, right? There's a difference
34:26, isn't there? There's a difference,
34:27isn't there?
34:27>> The glacier snout was here in 1990. In
34:30>> '90, I am.
34:31>> Oh, holy cow. As for the thickness
34:34>> to those black rocks
34:36>> up at the top,
34:37>> which are currently
34:38>> at the top.
34:39>> To the upper ones. Yeah.
34:40>> The upper ones. Alright. Okay. Okay.
34:43>> That was the thickness of the ice.
34:44>> Oh, wow. retreating glacier fronts,
34:47expanding bays, expanding fjords, the
34:50creation of new beaches, new coastlines
34:53, and entirely new ecosystems.
34:55This is the most visual change,
34:57something that speaks to the human
34:59imagination.
35:02But what is important here in this
35:04context, and for the sake of scientific
35:06honesty, should be added, is that even
35:08without human influence, the glaciers on
35:10Svalbard would be smaller today than
35:13they were 100 years ago.
35:16We had a Little Ice Age back then.
35:19The glaciers naturally grew to their
35:21quite considerable size for purely
35:23natural reasons.
35:27But what man adds in the form of carbon
35:29dioxide and other greenhouse gases into
35:31the atmosphere makes these glaciers much
35:33, much smaller today than they would be
35:35without our involvement.
35:42I first came to Spitsbergen in 2007 and
35:45climbed the glacier; its front rose
35:47exactly from this spot with a relatively
35:49steep ice slope.
35:55In nature, it took about 1,000 to 1,500
35:57years for the global average temperature
36:00to rise by 1 degree.
36:03What man does by adding greenhouse gases
36:06—industry, agriculture, transport—is to
36:09raise the temperature by 1 degree, not
36:12in 1,000 or 1,500 years, but in 100
36:15years, which is a 10-times faster pace.
36:18The pole is drilled into the ice. I
36:20drilled it last year. It didn't even
36:22stick out above the ice. It was 7 cm
36:25below the surface. Yes.
36:27>> Yes. So that's how much ice has melted
36:30in the last three months.
36:32>> Three months?
36:33>> Yes.
36:34>> And these are the three months when the
36:36most of it melts,
36:37>> right? Well, because there is
36:38practically no melting in the other
36:40months. Because, well, we have solid
36:43frosts here of minus 10, 15, 20, 30.
36:46Sometimes it even happens.
36:50We only have about a meter and a half of
36:52this pole left in the ice, so if we
36:54don't drill more next year, it will all
36:56melt out and we will lose the
36:57measurement continuity.
37:01So we have to drill a new hole.
37:03>> Okay.
37:04>> And put a new pole in its place.
37:06We have a note.
37:08The point is called S20.
37:12We need to have a dozen or so such
37:13points all over the glacier so that we
37:15can calculate the total mass change with
37:18Jakub.
37:19We are now drilling holes in the ice so
37:21we can put measuring sticks in there.
37:23>> Dude, you know when your old man wakes
37:25you up on a Sunday at 8:00 AM because he
37:27has work for you. I swear, we're not
37:29drilling holes in the ice, right? That
37:31the old man gets pissed, right? That
37:32something isn't working out, right? I'll
37:34be shining it soon. And the ol-
37:40The situation is that we drill a meter,
37:42then we pull it out, add a section, and
37:44we can go down to 4 meters here.
37:51>> Do you still teach any classes at the
37:52university during the season, or how
37:54does that work?
37:55>> Yes, of course.
37:56>> Maybe the password "patec" will get you
37:58a grade boost on some exam. Or a grade
38:01penalty with the password "patec". And
38:03we'll consider some kind of bonus.
38:05Professor Jakub, is Piotr Twardowski a
38:07good candidate, could he be a good PhD
38:10student?
38:11>> I'm impressed by his skills when it
38:13comes to drilling. You can tell he
38:14hasn't just drilled one hole,
38:16>> he's drilled plenty, right?
38:17>> That drill is like an extension of his
38:19arm. 100 times better than
38:21>> Oh, look at that.
38:23Vertical, sir.
38:24>> After drilling all the holes, we're
38:26heading to another spot deep in Sven,
38:29where Jakub set up a station 15 years
38:31ago.
38:32It collects data every 10 minutes on all
38:34the most important weather parameters.
38:38>> I think it's a bit like planting a tree
38:40, isn't it? The first year, the second
38:42year, there's nothing, right? But after
38:4420 years, you can finally find some
38:46shade, right? Thanks to such an
38:47automatic weather station, scientists
38:49know where the energy melting the ice
38:51comes from. Sensors measure temperature
38:53, humidity, wind, and solar radiation.
38:56And from that, it's possible to
38:57calculate whether the glacier is being
38:59melted by the sun or, for example, warm
39:01air.
39:02And this one here, on this gate, has a
39:04sensor installed that constantly
39:06measures the distance to the ground.
39:11And this is used to monitor how much
39:12snow is on the glacier at any given
39:14moment.
39:16And once the snow melts, how much ice is
39:18lost.
39:19So here we have an automatic ice
39:21measurement.
39:22>> Research, research, research. It makes a
39:25person hungry. We're going to head down
39:27and make our way to our base. When we're
39:29in a place like this, at every step you
39:30can encounter various strange things
39:32related to research.
39:34These are small greenhouses that imitate
39:36global warming.
39:39We have one plant here for comparison
39:41next to another, and we'll know what
39:43happens to the plant if the temperature
39:45is about half a degree higher on average
39:47, because that's about how much warmer
39:48it is near the greenhouse.
39:52And listen, a fun fact. There are
39:54probably tons of things like this.
39:56Ladies and gentlemen, we've reached the
39:58station. Today's science lasted 8 and a
40:00half hours in the field. We've arrived,
40:02ladies and gentlemen, with a stone. I'm
40:04taking it. I'll throw it, man. D
40:07>> 10 skips.
40:08>> Three.
40:08>> 10 skips.
40:16>> I got two.
40:17>> Okay, but honestly, I know this is a
40:19challenge, because if not for
40:21>> it flew like crap.
40:23>> I threw it far so it would go over the
40:25waves.
40:25>> After a hard day in the field, we spent
40:27the evening peacefully resting. We had
40:30to be ready for the next day, because an
40:32exam was waiting for us then.
40:37There's also a quiz today, Twardy. We
40:39have to read the book. Here are all the
40:41books by all the professors and
40:43scientists.
40:45>> Oh, you know what, Tomasz, don't show
40:47your private collection here.
40:50>> Time for the exam. Let's see how much we
40:52remembered from our whole visit to the
40:54station.
40:54>> If we fail, we'll have to stay here for
40:57a whole year. Joking time is over. It's
40:5911:02 PM.
41:02Colloquia have been prepared for us here
41:04.
41:06We thank our teaching staff very much
41:08for teaching us and preparing these
41:10beautiful tests.
41:12>> Whether we were taught, we shall see.
41:14>> Of course we were taught.
41:15>> Guys, you have 10 minutes,
41:17>> time starts now.
41:18>> You have to sign it.
41:19>> Describe how to sign it exactly,
41:21>> you don't even know the first one,
41:22>> old man. That was
41:24>> Oh, and the second question. That is a
41:26boss question. The second question is:
41:28how many jars were eaten in a week?
41:30Nutella days, that's 7 days.
41:32>> And I don't have to imagine it, because
41:34Mr. Jakub taught us that.
41:36>> Taught what?
41:36>> You're not gonna find out a damn thing,
41:38buddy.
41:43>> Question: "What is permafrost?""A. A
41:46frozen leaf.""B.""A brand of
41:48freeze-dried food.""C. Frozen ground,
41:50with a closed' u 'in general.""And D. A
41:53character from an adult cartoon."
41:56Anyway, a fun fact here, I didn't manage
41:58to stump the polar explorers, but
42:01Antarctica versus the Arctic. Do you
42:03know why, do you know where Arctic and
42:05Ant-Arctic come from? Arctic is a polar
42:08bear, and Ant-Arctic is anti, right?
42:11There is no polar bear.
42:12>> And there are no polar bears in
42:14Antarctica, but they are in the Arctic.
42:16>> Seriously? That's the point.
42:17>> Okay, I finished the first one. Will
42:20there be any bonus points?
42:21>> No.
42:21>> We ask for them to be checked. Indeed.
42:23>> Ladies and gentlemen, first question.
42:26Describe how a glacier is formed.
42:28Mr. Jakub Potecki said that snow falls
42:31in the valleys and
42:33>> it collects in them,
42:35>> snow collects in them, avalanches, blah
42:37blah.
42:41Over the years, this snow gets crushed
42:44and pressed.
42:46And that's how a glacier is formed.
42:50Let's check Mr. Piotr's then.
42:56>> As a result of snowfall and its settling
42:58over the years.
43:01>> No, well that's how you answered. No,
43:03not completely. Let Mr. Jakub get half a
43:06point.
43:10Juice.
43:11>> And let Mr. Piotr get 0.25 of a point
43:18>> due to excessive,
43:20>> okay,
43:21>> shall we say, thriftiness.
43:24As a result of snowfall over decades,
43:26centuries, and so on, the snow undergoes
43:29a certain compression.
43:32It metamorphoses from snow into firn.
43:35Next, the firn undergoes a process of
43:38transformation into glacial ice.
43:41All the air bubbles are squeezed out.
43:43Air bubbles. The atmosphere is cut off.
43:47Its density reaches at least 850 kg per
43:50cubic meter, and then we are dealing
43:53with glacial ice, and so on.
43:57Question number five. Which group of
43:59polar explorers is the coolest, and why
44:01exactly polar explorers?
44:05Piotr Twardy claims that polar explorers
44:08are the best group of scientists,
44:09because, well, because they deal with
44:11the second best field of science right
44:14after vulcanizers,
44:21>> volcanologists.
44:23But
44:25>> the order has changed slightly here.
44:28Mr. Jakub writes to us: "Polar explorers
44:30from the AMU from the Polish station
44:32located furthest to the north." Applause
44:35. And that is a wonderful answer. One
44:37point for Mr. Jakub,
44:39>> but one for Mr. Piotr as well. Please
44:41tally the points then, gentlemen.
44:43>> Yes, yes. We will do it.
44:45>> Let's do it independently.
44:46>> Yes. We are really proud of our students
44:48. You guys did it. Congratulations.
44:51>> I predict a very good result.
44:53>> Thank you very much. We thank you,
44:55>> Mr. Piotr, Mr. Jakub. It was a great
44:57pleasure. We are satisfied. We made it.
44:59Ladies and gentlemen, time to celebrate
45:01. So let's go keep an eye on the
45:03sausages. Nothing to do but celebrate,
45:05Piotr. High five, we made it.
45:07>> Congratulations.
45:08>> And after the tough colloquia, we would
45:09go out in front of the station for
45:11sausages. Take a look. We even have some
45:13Polish ones here.
45:17Just add a touch of ketchup, a touch of
45:19mustard, and I think this is the
45:21northernmost Polish grill.
45:26The last day after the holidays.
45:29>> The sausage tastes good.
45:30>> The crust.
45:33>> The crust, right?
45:35Pink on the inside, a bit darker on the
45:37outside, but delicious.
45:41And so we end our adventure at the
45:43Polish polar station. But that's not the
45:45end of our Svalbard adventure, because
45:47in the next episode we will visit an
45:49abandoned Soviet town.

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