Critical Thinking in Western Civilization — Transcript

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1. 0:06now let's talk about critical thinking
2. 0:08in the western civilization
3. 0:12actually critical thinking is spread to
4. 0:14europe in the middle ages
5. 0:18and
6. 0:20it happened thanks to
7. 0:23muslims who
8. 0:26who translated the greek heritage
9. 0:30and transferred it to highgroup via the
10. 0:34via andalusia or
11. 0:37or andalus which is known today as spain
12. 0:41and portugal in europe in the 15th and
13. 0:4416th century a separation took place
14. 0:47between
15. 0:49the state authorities and the religious
16. 0:52authorities
17. 0:54at that time critical thinking became
18. 0:57the only method by which scientists at
19. 0:59that time approached intellectual
20. 1:02uh legal religious and societal issues
21. 1:07in england the english philosopher
22. 1:10francis bacon
23. 1:12noticed that leading the mind to delve
24. 1:14into the fields of knowledge
25. 1:16uh
26. 1:17depending in its natural inclinations is
27. 1:21unsafe
28. 1:22in his books he emphasized the
29. 1:24importance of experimental study of the
30. 1:27universe
31. 1:28in that sense he put the basis
32. 1:32for modern science and his books were
33. 1:35the first written work about critical
34. 1:38thinking in europe his revolutionary
35. 1:41ideas uh influenced a lot of
36. 1:44scientists at that time for example
37. 1:48johannes kepler in astronomy
38. 1:51galileo galilei and isaac newton in
39. 1:54physics mathematics and engineering also
40. 1:56in france
41. 1:58the french philosopher rene descartes
42. 2:00devoted most of his work to the study of
43. 2:03mathematics and natural sciences he said
44. 2:07since i was young i received a number of
45. 2:10uh
46. 2:11irrational unreasonable opinions that i
47. 2:15used to consider right
48. 2:17and it is necessary to put
49. 2:20a new set of pieces
50. 2:23if we want to have
51. 2:25firm lasting signs after that he
52. 2:27declared his most famous philosophical
53. 2:30statement cogito ergosome
54. 2:33and that means and that means i think
55. 2:37therefore i am
56. 2:39at that time the card made a radical
57. 2:42change in the basis of science and
58. 2:45philosophy actually he had remarkably
59. 2:48influenced the way of thinking
60. 2:50in europe uh in the 17th and 18th
61. 2:54centuries one of the notable examples of
62. 2:57those who
63. 2:59were influenced by the cards
64. 3:02was the german uh
65. 3:05scientist or german philosopher
66. 3:08emmanuel
67. 3:09kant who uh emphasized that all of our
68. 3:12knowledge starts with uh the senses or
69. 3:16uh the senses which are the first source
70. 3:20of knowledge then
71. 3:23it moves to
72. 3:24the understanding which is the second
73. 3:27source of knowledge
74. 3:28and
75. 3:29then it ends up in
76. 3:32the mind which fulfills the judgment
77. 3:36function in 1900 there was a new start
78. 3:39of a revolution in natural sciences the
79. 3:41theory of relativity by albert
80. 3:44einstein broke the basic frame
81. 3:49of newton's physics
82. 3:51together with
83. 3:52the theory of quantum by max planck
84. 3:57formed
85. 3:59the two main stays of modern physics in
86. 4:02the field of education both william
87. 4:05sumner and john dewey had influential
88. 4:09ideas in education and social reform
89. 4:12finally we can't forget patron russell
90. 4:16who is considered the undisputed
91. 4:19philosopher of the 20th century
92. 4:22his concept of critical thinking
93. 4:25comprises both legal and ethical aspects
94. 4:30he was totally convinced that the access
95. 4:33to knowledge
96. 4:34is not impossible at all yet it may be
97. 4:37arduous or very difficult in the
98. 4:40beginning
99. 4:41he also defended the freedom of thought
100. 4:43and the independence of scientific
101. 4:45research
102. 4:46in addition to that he disputed with
103. 4:50those who called for solid education
104. 4:53systems which encourage the herd
105. 4:56mentality
106. 4:58actually in the time being critical
107. 5:00thinking is becoming an essential
108. 5:02curriculum for students of different
109. 5:05disciplines in all international
110. 5:07universities
111. 5:10that is the end of this chapter thank
112. 5:12you very much