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Complete IELTS Bands 5 6 5 Workbook Mark Harrison — Transcript

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0:00complete IELTS bands 5 to 6.5 workbook
0:05by mark Harrison published by Cambridge
0:09University Press this recording is
0:12copyright track 2 unit 1 you will hear
0:20an interviewer asking a member of the
0:22public for his views on the city first
0:26you have some time to look at questions
0:281 to 5 you will see that there is an
0:36example that has been done for you on
0:38this occasion only the conversation
0:42relating to this will be played first
0:47hello we're conducting a survey about
0:51what people think of this city I wonder
0:54would you mind answering a few questions
0:55I'm in a bit of a hurry
0:57well it won't take long just a couple of
1:00minutes of your time will okay but I
1:04haven't been living here for long so I
1:06might not be able to answer some of your
1:08questions that's not a problem we're
1:10looking for views from a range of people
1:13could I just get a few details first
1:15okay I guess well first of all which age
1:19group do you fit into 18 to 24 25 to 30
1:25for a 35 to 50 I'm 28 so that's the
1:30middle one of those what was it 25 to 34
1:34yes okay that's me
1:40the man is aged 28 and in the 25 to 34
1:45age group so 25 to 34 has been written
1:50in the space now we shall begin you
1:55should answer the questions as you
1:57listen as you will not hear the
1:59recording a second time hello we're
2:06conducting a survey about what people
2:08think of this city I wonder would you
2:10mind answering a few questions I'm in a
2:13bit of a hurry well it won't take long
2:16just a couple of minutes of your time
2:17will okay but I haven't been living here
2:21for long so I might not be able to
2:23answer some of your questions that's not
2:25a problem we're looking for views from a
2:28range of people could I just get a few
2:31details first okay I guess well first of
2:34all which age group do you fit into 18
2:38to 24 25 to 34 35 to 50 I'm 28
2:46so that's the middle one of those what
2:48was it 25 to 34 yes okay that's me
2:52and how long have you been living in
2:55this city I've only been here for three
2:57weeks and it's my first experience of
3:00this country at all I've come here to
3:03work on a six-month contract right so
3:06it's all pretty new for you yes I'm
3:09still getting used to it right so where
3:12did you live previously
3:13I'm from New Zealand I lived there all
3:16my life before I came to Britain I
3:18really I haven't met anybody else from
3:20your country before no well there are a
3:23few of us here okay
3:25perhaps I'll meet some more while I'm
3:27doing this now the next question is
3:30occupation did you say you came here for
3:33work yes that's right
3:35I'm a lawyer my firm has sent me here to
3:38gain some experience of practicing law
3:40in an international context so I'm here
3:43to learn really sounds very interesting
3:46yes I'm already learning a lot but
3:48things are very different here from back
3:51at home
3:52now what area of the city are you living
3:55in I'm in an apartment in waterfall Road
3:58that's in countin oh okay let's see
4:02how's that spelt see
4:05oh you and D o N that's right isn't it
4:09it's Oh n at the end not en isn't it yes
4:13that's right and your postcode if you
4:16can remember it just the first part will
4:18do that's C v26 okay thanks and now I
4:29want to ask you for your views on
4:30various aspects of living here first of
4:34all public transport is the public
4:37transport system adequate for you hmm
4:40well it's hard to say when I've used it
4:43it's been fine but I don't use it all
4:45that often I cycle to work everyday and
4:48that's usually how I get around in my
4:51free time too so I'm not sure I can
4:54comment really on that particular issue
4:57no improvements to suggest then no I
5:01don't have enough experience to do that
5:03okay
5:04now sports facilities do you do much
5:08sport yes I do
5:09it's my main interests outside work and
5:12I've got no criticisms there as soon as
5:16I arrived I joined a cricket club a
5:18friend back home who'd lived here for a
5:20while told me about it and I've made
5:23lots of friends there already
5:24apart from that do you think there are
5:26enough facilities yes as far as I can
5:29see I use the public swimming pool
5:32regularly I found some very good tennis
5:35courts and the fitness centre is fine
5:38too I've been able to carry on doing all
5:41the sports I'm used to doing at home
5:43what about entertainment is this
5:47adequately provided or is the city
5:49lacking in something well coming from a
5:51pretty small town I've been amazed at
5:54what's on offer here there are so many
5:56things to choose from in the evenings
5:58and at weekends I don't think I'll have
6:01time to go everywhere I'd like to while
6:03I'm here
6:04I've already been to some excellent
6:06restaurants I've been to the cinema a
6:08few times I've been to all sorts of
6:11places there seem to be loads of things
6:13to do what about cleanliness and litter
6:17do you have any views on that well to be
6:21honest I've been pretty surprised about
6:23that
6:23before I came for some reason I'd had
6:26the impression that it would be a pretty
6:28dirty place certainly compared with
6:31where I'm from you know I was expecting
6:33a crowded city with litter and rubbish
6:36all over the place and sure there is
6:38some litter and it could all be a bit
6:40cleaner but actually it's not at all bad
6:43in that respect okay and now what about
6:47crime and the police force what are your
6:50views on that aspect of life in this
6:52city
6:53well I haven't been here long enough to
6:56form much of a view a colleague at work
6:58had her car broken into and some things
7:01stolen and she reported it to the police
7:04but there wasn't much they could do
7:06about it
7:06apart from give her a crime number so
7:09that she could claim on her insurance
7:11I don't know how common that sort of
7:14thing is here nothing's happened to me
7:17so far that's all I can say perhaps I've
7:21just been lucky or perhaps crime isn't a
7:24major problem I don't know but this
7:26crime everywhere isn't there all over
7:28the world and in the countryside as well
7:31as cities okay well I've got all the
7:34information I need for the survey and
7:36I've ticked the right boxes thanks for
7:39taking the time to answer the questions
7:41no problem
7:46track 3 unit 2 you will hear a speaker
7:52introducing a conference first you have
7:55some time to look at questions 1 to 10
8:03now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
8:09hello and welcome to the conference as
8:12you know it's called health and fitness
8:16in the workplace and the name speaks for
8:19itself we're here to discuss issues that
8:23can affect employees and of course
8:26therefore the companies and
8:28organizations they work for in planning
8:33the programme for this conference we've
8:35taken into account the answers that you
8:38gave us in our questionnaires of course
8:42some of the issues we cover will be more
8:45relevant to some of you than to others
8:48but we think we've included all the main
8:51ones that you indicated are important to
8:54you now the whole subject of health and
9:00fitness in the workplace is something
9:03that didn't get much attention not that
9:05many years ago companies and
9:08organizations focused purely on the jobs
9:11that people were doing and any
9:13assessment of them concerned how well
9:16they were doing their jobs and how their
9:19work fitted in to the overall operations
9:21of the organization anything that might
9:25be regarded as a personal issue wasn't
9:29part of the company's relationship with
9:31its people it was none of their business
9:36well of course that's all changed and
9:39companies and organizations have come to
9:42realize that it's people's health and
9:45fitness are very much their business and
9:48that's not just in the obvious ways such
9:52as the number of days off sick that
9:55employees have there are also
9:58psychological factors and there is
10:01considerable evidence that a fit and
10:03healthy person does their job better
10:06than someone who doesn't maintain a good
10:09level of health and fitness if you're
10:13emphasizing
10:14these things at your workplace you're
10:16creating an atmosphere that enables you
10:19to get the very best out of your people
10:23we are very much hoping that our program
10:26here at the conference will be both
10:29informative and entertaining the
10:32emphasis here is going to be not so much
10:35on the theory but on the practical side
10:39what can you do in your roles to promote
10:43health and fitness in your workplace now
10:47some of you may think you're already
10:50doing as much as you can but I promise
10:54you that you're all going to learn
10:56something new
10:57we've got speakers here who are going to
11:00tell you things you've never heard
11:02before and you should leave here at the
11:05end of the conference with all kinds of
11:08ideas for things you can introduce at
11:11your workplace but we're not going to be
11:15just talking to you and telling you
11:17things one of the great things about an
11:21event like this is that it's a great
11:23opportunity to share information so in
11:27every session there will be a slot for
11:29people to talk about their own practices
11:32and experiences what initiatives have
11:36worked for you and which ones haven't
11:39been so successful we can all learn from
11:42each other and that's one of the aims of
11:45this conference okay
11:52now let's
11:54move on to some details about the
11:56conference and what will be happening
11:58where let me just briefly take you
12:02through the map that you've all got in
12:05your welcome pack right here on the map
12:10we've marked all the sessions that are
12:12taking place this morning and you've
12:15already indicated which ones you'll each
12:18be attending for those of you going to
12:21the session on setting up a fitness
12:24center at work you go out of the main
12:28hall here through those doors turn right
12:33at reception and go along the corridor
12:36to the tailor room which is on your left
12:42you'll get lots of good advice there on
12:45the possibilities and costs of a
12:48workplace fitness center the talk on
12:53healthy eating schemes is in the Martins
12:56suite for that you need to go out of
12:59this hall the other way through the
13:02doors at that end and that takes you
13:06straight through to the Martins suite if
13:10you're keen to introduce healthy eating
13:12schemes in your canteens and restaurants
13:15or to improve ones you've already got
13:17you'll get lots of really good ideas
13:20from that session now those of you
13:26attending the session on transport
13:28initiatives you're in the fender room to
13:33get there you need to go out of those
13:35doors that bring you out opposite
13:38reception turn left and left again into
13:44a corridor the fender room is the third
13:48door on your right the session will
13:52cover everything from how to encourage
13:55people to walk or cycle to work to car
13:59sharing schemes for those of
14:03who've signed up for the workshop on
14:05running sports teams that will take
14:08place in the gibson suite the whole
14:12issue of organizing company teams
14:15recruiting people for them encouraging
14:18people to take part in them whatever
14:21their sporting ability taking part in
14:24competitions all that will get covered
14:27in the workshop you'll find that if you
14:31go out of here turn right at reception
14:35and then write again the first door you
14:40come to on the left is the gibson suite
14:46finally if you need any more information
14:48or have any queries while the conference
14:52is going on you'll find me in the
14:55conference coordinators office from here
14:58that's to the left of reception and
15:02along the corridor past the entrance
15:05hall if you keep going along the
15:09corridor you'll find my door at the end
15:12on your right please come and see me if
15:16there's anything you want to ask or find
15:18out okay let's get started
15:22I hope that you all enjoy truck for unit
15:313 you will hear a student talking to her
15:34tutor about a piece of work she has done
15:37first you have some time to look at
15:40questions 1 to 10
15:47now listen and answer questions one to
15:50ten right Beth let's have a look at your
15:55dissertation well I think it's a pretty
15:59good piece of work Thanks communication
16:03skills in the workplace good choice of
16:05topic Thanks
16:07now I see that you decided to focus on
16:10certain sectors yes I felt that jobs
16:14involving interaction with the public
16:16would be my main area so obviously the
16:20retail sector had to be in there
16:22sure but you didn't just focus on the
16:25obvious ones like that did you no I
16:28wanted to look at a variety of sectors I
16:32felt for example that banking would
16:35probably lead to the same sort of
16:37results as retail and what about call
16:40centers yes of course that seem like an
16:43obvious place to go initially but I
16:46decided to spread the focus away from
16:49interactions involving customers and the
16:52goods and services they buy seemed
16:54sensible so that led you to the idea of
16:57tourist guides yes that's a very
17:00specific area of communication dealing
17:05with different nationalities the skills
17:08involved in that are very interesting as
17:10you describe them yes and that led me to
17:12think about the work of translators and
17:15interpreters well that might be the
17:18starting point for a whole other piece
17:20of work yes
17:22no the research you did for this was
17:24generally very impressive thanks though
17:28a bit more on the academic research
17:30that's been done into this area would
17:32have been good well I went more for a
17:36personal approach here rather than
17:39rehashing other people's work or
17:41focusing mainly on the theories about
17:44how people communicate yes and it worked
17:47well it would have been good if you
17:50could have filmed people in action and
17:52then analyzed the videos I know but
17:54there were practical issues there
17:56so I settle for watching people in
17:59action and making notes on what they
18:02were doing and of course there were the
18:03interviews - yes it's very interesting
18:07to compare what people think they're
18:08doing with the way they're actually
18:10communicating I was very struck by that
18:13aspect and your analysis from watching
18:16people in action was very effective - I
18:18found it fascinating to do that
18:21yes that comes across it would be
18:24fascinating to get data on the outcomes
18:26of these interactions to whether the
18:29desired outcomes were achieved I know
18:31and that would be something I'd love to
18:33look at if I knew how to go about it now
18:43looking at the content of your
18:45dissertation I felt your division in two
18:48sections was the right one focusing on
18:50specific types of interaction in these
18:52contexts Thanks
18:54now your first section is on dealing
18:56with complaints this is an obvious area
18:59for something on this subject but I felt
19:02that this section had some really
19:04original thinking on your part yes I
19:07tried to ignore this standard points
19:09that are usually made and come up with
19:12something fresh and my research led me
19:15in those directions the collaborating
19:17with colleagues section made for
19:19interesting reading - but I didn't feel
19:22that your conclusions there were really
19:24backed up by the research you did oh I
19:27felt that they were I try to illustrate
19:30everything with examples perhaps some
19:34weren't as relevant as others yes I
19:37think that's right
19:38you made some pretty strong assertions
19:40but I wasn't sure they could be
19:42justified by the examples okay but the
19:47evidence for my conclusions in the
19:49interacting with managers section was
19:51pretty powerful wasn't it yes and most
19:55of the research in this general area
19:56doesn't focus on this particular issue I
19:59think your conclusions there point
20:01something that causes all sorts of
20:03trouble in organizations and companies
20:05but that isn't given enough attention I
20:08agree it's something that train
20:10program should be covering but they
20:12don't know the giving instructions
20:16section was very well-put-together I
20:18thought yes this is one where language
20:20accuracy and coherence are the main
20:22issues and you came to very clear
20:25conclusions on that this is a really
20:27effective section with general points
20:30illustrated by lots of examples and a
20:32conclusion that made logical sense now
20:41finally let's have a quick look at your
20:44overall conclusions ok now you've
20:48included quite a bit in the main body
20:50about writing skills but in fact you see
20:54listening skills as being a much bigger
20:56issue yes as I say there people don't
21:00pay enough attention to what other
21:02people say to them and this leads to all
21:04kinds of communication problems and the
21:08other big issue is grammatical accuracy
21:10isn't it well up to a point but as I say
21:15there are lots of instances where this
21:17is less of an issue than formal language
21:20when people are in situations where this
21:23is required there are often at a loss
21:25and end up not making much sense
21:28yes as you make clear well Beth this is
21:32a good piece of work well done Thanks
21:38truck five unit four you will hear an
21:42expert giving a talk about blogs and
21:45blogging first you have some time to
21:48look at questions 1 to 10
21:55now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
22:01okay I'm gonna talk today about blogs
22:05and blogging though I'm assuming you're
22:09all familiar with what a blog is let's
22:12just start with a definition perhaps the
22:16simplest definition is that a blog is a
22:18type of website in the form of a journal
22:21of one sort or another it consists of
22:25posts new material or entries that are
22:28arranged in chronological order with the
22:31most recent post at the top of the page
22:34now what are the typical characteristics
22:37of a blog well blogs are usually written
22:42by one person
22:43they are usually updated regularly and
22:46they are often though by no means always
22:49about one particular topic that topic
22:53might be the bloggers own life as many
22:56blogs or personal Diaries but there are
22:59blogs on just about any topic you could
23:02think of there are political blogs news
23:06blogs blogs about a particular hobby etc
23:09etc now most blogs are not monologues
23:14because they allow readers to make their
23:16own comments on what appears in the blog
23:19or to add their own information to it in
23:22this way people get into contact with
23:25each other learning from each other
23:28sharing ideas perhaps making friends or
23:31even doing business with each other
23:34wherever they are in the world
23:36although blogs are very much part of
23:39modern life and there are literally
23:41millions of blogs on the web the history
23:44of blogging is a pretty short one there
23:48is some disagreement over what the first
23:50blog was but many people reckon it was
23:53an online diary started by a student
23:56called Justin Hall in 1994 his site was
24:01called Justin's home page and he later
24:05called it links from the under
24:06around at that point the word blog
24:10didn't exist nor websites like his
24:14started to spring up in the form of
24:17regularly updated online journals on
24:19various subjects with links to other
24:22websites and forums the people to
24:25contribute their personal opinions in
24:291997 someone called yourn Barger first
24:33used the term weblog to categorize this
24:37kind of website when he launched his own
24:39website robot wisdom in 1999 a blogger
24:44called Peter Mayer Holtz jokingly broke
24:48this word up into we blog and therefore
24:52invented the term blog pretty soon
24:56everyone called the site's blogs and the
24:59people writing them bloggers okay now
25:08let's move on to how to run a blog and
25:11what I'm going to do now is to tell you
25:14what I think is the best approach to
25:16workflow with a blog first of all you
25:20need to decide on the frequency of your
25:23blog posts some people do several a day
25:26which is great if you can keep it up
25:29others one a day once a week might be
25:33enough but the key question is what the
25:36readers of your blog expect they need to
25:39know when they can expect to see a new
25:42post on the blog so whatever schedule
25:45you decide on it's important to stick to
25:48it when you're going to do a post start
25:52by reading material to find out what's
25:54being discussed in friends blogs or in
25:57other blogs related to the topic of
25:59yours that way you can take these things
26:03into account to ensure that your blog is
26:05bang up to date then start composing
26:11your blog post if you're doing one that
26:14involves research and links open a file
26:17for storing the sources of your
26:19information
26:20and the links you're going to put in the
26:22post also consider using pictures these
26:26can make your blog much more attractive
26:29than one that's just text if you use
26:32photos from the web
26:34make sure you cite the source in your
26:36blog when you've completed the post add
26:39some tags if you don't have the kind of
26:42software that enables you to build them
26:45into the post add them at the bottom
26:47tags are really important for search
26:50ability they can get you new readers who
26:54find your blog via the tags if you think
26:58this is a particularly good post and
27:00you're really proud of it announce it by
27:03sending links to it on social networking
27:05sites together with a very brief summary
27:08of what it's about then check your blog
27:12statistics to see how many people are
27:15reading and responding to your blog find
27:19out who's blogged about your post and
27:21reply to them and give them a proper
27:24reply rather than just saying thanks
27:28after you've done all that get up your
27:31own blog and comment elsewhere remember
27:34that you're not the only person blogging
27:37and putting out new material there are
27:39lots of others doing the same and you
27:41should show them some respect by giving
27:43them comments and feedback on their
27:45posts where you feel it's appropriate
27:48well that's just some advice on being a
27:53good blogger blogging's obviously a
27:56major thing now in the world of
27:58electronic media and it's anybody's
28:00guess how it will develop in the future
28:06track 6 unit 5 you will hear a man who
28:11is interested in doing voluntary work
28:13connected with the environment talking
28:16to a woman who works for an organization
28:17that runs environmental projects first
28:22you have some time to look at questions
28:241 to 10
28:30now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
28:36hello how can I help you
28:39well I've come in because I want to
28:41volunteer for one of your environmental
28:44projects I read something about your
28:46organization in the paper a few days ago
28:48and I thought I'd like to get involved
28:50ok that sounds good
28:52what's your name Ryan okay Ryan thanks
28:56for coming in I'm Hannah now let me
29:00start by telling you something about our
29:03organization and then we can have a look
29:06at a few projects that might interest
29:08you after I found out a bit about you
29:11fine
29:12right well as you know we are called the
29:16volunteer agency and that pretty well
29:19explains what we do we recruit people
29:23for a wide range of projects a lot of
29:27our work concerns environmental projects
29:29and at the moment we've got a hundred
29:33and thirty thousand volunteers working
29:35on these projects
29:37what sort of environmental projects are
29:39they well for example if you wanted to
29:43go abroad one of our big projects
29:46involves gathering information that is
29:49used for the protection of marine and
29:51forest environments volunteers on that
29:54do diving all collect biodiversity data
29:58on tropical rainforest species sounds
30:02exciting but I think I'd rather stay
30:04here at least to start off with ok well
30:09here in our own country we've got a big
30:12project aimed at clearing up litter in
30:14rural areas the aim of this is to get
30:17everyone involved in making sure their
30:19local environment is clean and tidy yes
30:23I've seen adverts for that
30:25another project involves looking after
30:28the National Cycle Network keeping the
30:32routes safe and attractive for cyclists
30:35this is part of a bigger scheme
30:37concerned with developing sustainable
30:39transport systems all
30:41across the country interesting now if
30:44you want to do something in the city
30:47rather than the countryside within
30:50cities we also have the city farms
30:53projects which involve working with
30:56people plants and animals Oh what are
31:00those are they real farms how do they
31:03work
31:04well yes they're real farms and they're
31:08an example of a project that relies
31:10almost entirely on volunteers on other
31:14projects you might be working alongside
31:17salaried people but with these almost
31:20everyone is unpaid in fact many of our
31:24projects have very few if any paid staff
31:27yes that's what I thought well do any of
31:31these things sound particularly
31:33appealing to you well as I say I wasn't
31:37thinking of going abroad
31:38and I'm not sure that any of those is
31:41exactly the sort of thing I'm really
31:42looking for sorry yes that's okay
31:46there are lots more things I can tell
31:48you about I'm sure we'll find a project
31:50that's right up your street yes I hope
31:54so okay well let's have a look at a few
31:57other possibilities right well one thing
32:06that might suits you is a scheme called
32:08wildlife link there are 47 branches of
32:12this around the country with over 24,000
32:16active volunteers and it's involved in
32:19all aspects of nature conservation its
32:22aim is to protect wildlife in all
32:25habitats across the country things you
32:28can do there include looking after
32:30nature reserves taking part in community
32:33gardening and carrying out surveys of
32:36wildlife species tell me are you keen to
32:40be outdoors yes I am and that does sound
32:44like the sort of thing I might be really
32:45interested in okay well here's another
32:49project that you might like the sound of
32:51this one's aimed at young people right
32:54tell me
32:55about that one it's called wildlife
32:57watch and involves organizing groups for
33:00young people getting them to explore and
33:03learn about their local environment
33:06there are over 300 groups and around a
33:10hundred and fifty thousand members of
33:12those groups as well as running those
33:14groups and going out with them there is
33:17a need for volunteers with
33:18administrative skills is that the sort
33:21of thing you might fancy maybe but I
33:24think I'd probably prefer to be more
33:26hands-on doing physical work okay
33:29well then the organization called action
33:33Earth might be the one for you they've
33:36got a total of 908 projects involving
33:40over 18,000 volunteers they do all sorts
33:44of things from planting trees to
33:47constructing fences and walls and
33:50collecting litter their aim being to
33:53improve the local environment in all
33:55sorts of ways how does that sound I
33:58might well be interested in that okay
34:00look I'll give you some leaflets and
34:03contact information and you can have a
34:06think about it all that sounds like a
34:08good idea
34:08Thanks
34:13track seven unit six you will hear a
34:18manager in a museum talking to the staff
34:20about machines that are going to be put
34:22into the building first you have some
34:25time to look at questions one to ten
34:32now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
34:38okay now what we need to discuss next is
34:43vending machines now that the building
34:46has been completely refurbished and
34:48we're going to be reopening we should
34:51think of what kind of machines we need
34:53these have two functions of course they
34:56provide services for visitors and they
34:59raise money every time someone buys
35:02something from the Machine we raise a
35:04little more money well first of all a
35:08cash machine seems like a good idea
35:10so that people can get some money to
35:13spend while they're in the building and
35:15this will help to keep down queues in
35:18the gift shop if everyone is paying with
35:20cards that can go in the entrance hall
35:24but we thought about putting it on the
35:26front wall outside the building but
35:28decided against that now we've also
35:31decided to install a ticket machine for
35:33the individual exhibitions in the
35:36various parts of the building this will
35:38take some pressure off the ticket office
35:40and reduce the number of people hanging
35:43about in the entrance hall it'll be a
35:46simple device you select the exhibition
35:49and then pay for it in cash or by card
35:53and it'll be right next to the reception
35:56desk with a sign above it so that people
35:59can clearly see it when they arrive now
36:03the next machine lots of people might
36:06not approve of a games machine for
36:09children to use I know that this might
36:12not seem like the right sort of thing to
36:14have in a museum but a constant
36:17complaint we get from visitors is that
36:19their visit is spoiled by the sound of
36:22bored children running around the
36:24corridors and shouting and generally
36:27disturbing the atmosphere if we put a
36:30couple of these in the Visitor Centre
36:33well away from the exhibition halls
36:35it'll keep some of them occupied then
36:39there's the question of a drinks machine
36:42well we want as many people as possible
36:44to buy our own food and drink in the
36:47cafeteria and restaurant but at the same
36:50time visitors will want something to
36:52drink when they're going around the
36:54museum and are not near to either of
36:57those places we thought a good place for
37:00this would be by the lifts on the first
37:03floor as people go up and down from one
37:06exhibition to another and of course
37:08that's also right at the top of the
37:10stairs now the last thing is the drinks
37:18machine that we're putting in the staff
37:20room as you'll be using this brand new
37:24state-of-the-art machine pretty
37:25frequently I thought I'd just run
37:28through with you how it works so here on
37:31the screen I've put up a picture of it
37:34and I'll just tell you all how it works
37:38well it's pretty big and you may be
37:41surprised to hear that it can store as
37:43many as four hundred and ninety five
37:46drinks products so there'll be plenty to
37:49choose from and it won't need refilling
37:51too regularly right well it's got a
37:55glass front here and behind it all the
37:58drinks of course the drinks come in
38:01bottles and cans and there of course
38:04refrigerated now this machine has an
38:08interesting feature that I'm sure will
38:10entertain you all when you've chosen and
38:13paid for your drink there's a special
38:15rapid pickup mechanism that grabs your
38:18drink and places it into the receiver
38:20here which is illuminated so you can see
38:24your drink even if it's dark in here and
38:27that's not all through the glass front
38:30you can actually see the mechanism
38:32working there's a visible moving arm
38:36that gets and delivers the drink and you
38:39can see that happening now that's not
38:43just to make the machine interesting to
38:45look at while you're buying a drink it's
38:47got a serious advantage to what it does
38:51is to quickly and safely move the drink
38:55with
38:56out it being shaken at all so it won't
38:59bubble up or spill when you open it now
39:03to the business of how you buy a drink
39:05how it works is that you choose the
39:09drink you want from the menu here and
39:11then type in the code for that drink
39:14you'll see the code in front of each
39:16drink then the price of the drink will
39:19be displayed here and you pay for it you
39:23can do that with coins or by card and
39:26you can order up to ten products at a
39:29time for example if you're getting
39:32drinks for a group of visitors or
39:34colleagues so as I say it's the very
39:38latest in drinks machine technology and
39:41I hope you'll all be pleased to have it
39:44right next I'm going to move on to talk
39:49about truck eight unit seven you will
39:56hear two students talking about a
39:58presentation that one of them is going
40:00to give first you have some time to look
40:03at questions one to ten
40:10now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
40:16hi Maya how are you getting on with your
40:19presentation oh hi jack it's going
40:23really well after a slow start what's it
40:27about again well the general topic area
40:30is human relationships and we had to
40:33choose a specific area within that so
40:36what have you chosen lifelong
40:39friendships mmm interesting what led you
40:42to choose that well it occurred to me
40:45that there's been a lot of research on
40:47how people form friendships and even
40:50more on marriage and partnerships but
40:53there's not much on this particular
40:55topic so I thought I could do something
40:58a bit different by focusing on this
41:00particular aspect sounds like a good
41:02idea how have you been doing your
41:05research well mainly by personal contact
41:08I realized that my parents have a number
41:12of lifelong friends and of course I've
41:15known them for years so I thought I'd
41:18start off by seeing what they had to say
41:20hmm sounds reasonable but that's only a
41:23very small sample isn't it yes but I
41:27thought I'd callate the results from
41:29that small sample so that I could
41:31compare them with more general
41:33conclusions from research in the area a
41:36good idea how did you get on when you
41:39try to get information from your
41:41subjects well I started off by giving
41:44them a questionnaire I spent quite some
41:47time working that out deciding what
41:50aspects of their friendships I wanted
41:52them to focus on and then I handed it
41:55out to them and well it didn't work out
41:59too well I kept asking for them back and
42:03they kept saying they hadn't had time to
42:05do them or hadn't quite finished them
42:08and eventually one or two of them
42:10admitted that they were having trouble
42:12knowing what to put oh why is that they
42:15just couldn't analyze their friendships
42:17in that cold way on paper in nice neat
42:21paragraphs or by ticking boxes I
42:24realized then that they all felt that
42:27way so I had to abandon that approach
42:30what did you do instead personal
42:33interviews I adapted my questionnaire
42:36and sat down with each person and talked
42:38to them I got them to agree to my
42:41recording these interviews that way I
42:43could focus on the way the interview
42:45went rather than having to write notes
42:47all the time and then I went through the
42:50recordings and that worked out well yes
42:52I got all the information I needed it
42:56was a small sample as I say but it was
42:59possible to get some general conclusions
43:01from them about their lifelong
43:03friendships and then you compared this
43:05with research data yes there's not a lot
43:09of that but I managed to locate some
43:11academic research in the area and how
43:14did that compare with your findings
43:16remarkably similar actually so my sample
43:20proved to be pretty representative there
43:23were one or two disparities here and
43:26there but in general the research I was
43:28able to locate pretty much confirmed
43:30what I found myself hmm now when you do
43:39your
43:40how have you organized it well obviously
43:44I have given that a lot of thought and
43:47the various stages of the presentation
43:50are linked to the aspects I focused on
43:53when I was talking to my subjects so
43:55obviously I start with how the
43:57friendship was first formed for example
44:00how old the people were where they met
44:03how they met that kind of thing
44:05how will you present that I've created a
44:09table with the various headings and the
44:11percentages of my subjects whose
44:13friendships started in the various ways
44:16okay what comes next
44:19well I've looked at the effects on the
44:22friendship of various developments in
44:24the friends lives
44:25the first category I've called change of
44:28location and that deals with what
44:31happens in the friendship if one or
44:33other of the friends goes to live
44:34somewhere else what about if they don't
44:37change the place where they live but go
44:39to work or study somewhere else
44:41well that's included in my data in that
44:45category in a couple of separate tables
44:47hmm what then okay
44:50well then I've looked at what happens to
44:52the friendship when one or both of the
44:55friends get married I got the subjects
44:58to say simply whether marriage meant
44:59that friendships got less close closer
45:02or stayed much the same how have you
45:05presented that data that's a pie chart
45:07okay what other aspects of the
45:10friendship have you focused on well the
45:13next one concerns personality I asked
45:17people to tick boxes for their friends
45:19personality when they first met and then
45:22how they would describe the same person
45:24now how did you compare the answers
45:26there yeah that was tricky to work out I
45:30looked for patterns of change one
45:34finding from that was that many people
45:36who were described as relaxed at the
45:38beginning of the friendship got
45:39categorized as stressed right now
45:42so for the presentation I picked out the
45:45most extreme changes that I found not
45:48every single change mmm sounds
45:50interesting any other categories yes
45:53two more I thought it would be
45:56interesting to compare how much people
45:58had in common in terms of political
46:00opinions as their friendship progressed
46:02over the years did they both change them
46:05or did one person change and if so did
46:09this cause tension or disagreement
46:12between them I've constructed another
46:14pie chart for that and the other
46:17category yes I thought another key area
46:21concerned what the people have in common
46:23and whether they continue to have those
46:26things in common
46:26I've categorized this as shared
46:29interests
46:30and I've looked at any changes that tend
46:33to happen over the years one thing I
46:36found for example was that men's
46:38shared passion for certain sports
46:40doesn't change at all over the years
46:42whereas their musical tastes do all
46:47sounds great I'm sure it'll go well when
46:49you do the presentation Thanks I hope so
46:55track nine unit eight you will hear part
47:00of a lecture about the history of jeans
47:03first you have some time to look at
47:06questions one to ten
47:13now listen and answer questions 1 to 10
47:18okay today we're looking at contemporary
47:22fashion icons as part of the module on
47:25the history and development of fashion
47:27and perhaps the best place to start with
47:31this is with a garment that everybody in
47:33the world knows about and either wears
47:36or has worn jeans
47:39now of course jeans are often synonymous
47:42with the word denim for the material
47:45they're made from wear to both these
47:47terms come from well there isn't
47:51universal agreement on either of these
47:53things but the story begins in Europe in
47:56the 1500 s the general belief is that
48:00the word jeans comes from Genoa in Italy
48:04where sailors wore clothes made from a
48:07material called Jean the word denim is
48:11generally considered to come from France
48:14at roughly the same time it is thought
48:18to have evolved from sayers denim a kind
48:21of material produced in the French town
48:23of NIEM these two fabrics were different
48:28in important ways denim was stronger and
48:32more expensive than Jean and denim was
48:36woven with one colored thread and one
48:38white thread while Jean was woven with
48:42two colored threads to start with the
48:46cloth for both of them was a mixture of
48:49things by the 18th century however it
48:52was made completely from cotton and it
48:56was dark blue because it was dyed with
48:58indigo which was taken from plants in
49:01the Americas and India denim and Jean
49:05remained two very different fabrics and
49:08by the late 19th century it was denim
49:11that had emerged as the most popular and
49:14widely worn denim was used for workers
49:18clothes for example those worn by
49:21workers on plantations because it was
49:24very
49:24strong and it lasted for a long time
49:27Jean was used for lighter clothes
49:31eventually of course the word jeans
49:34would come to be used for clothes made
49:36from denim but that's much later a key
49:42event in the history of jeans was the
49:451848 Gold Rush when gold was found in
49:49California and thousands of gold miners
49:52rushed there to find it and make their
49:55fortunes they wanted clothes that were
49:58strong and didn't tear easily enter a
50:02man called Strauss he moved to
50:06California from New York and started a
50:09business supplying work clothes his
50:12first name was Leo that's el e o
50:19it to Levi now the miners in California
50:24were experiencing a problem with their
50:27work clothes the pockets tore away from
50:31them very easily
50:32they just weren't strong enough or well
50:35enough attached in 1872 a man called
50:40Jacob Davis wrote to Strauss about an
50:43idea he'd had this was for metal rivets
50:47to hold the pockets and the rest of the
50:49garment together and he offered Strauss
50:52a deal to use this idea in the clothes
50:55he was supplying Strauss accepted the
50:58offer and started to make work clothes
51:01with these metal fasteners made of
51:03copper they weren't called jeans at this
51:06time that term didn't come into being
51:09until the 1960s they were sold as waste
51:13overalls and made with denim in 1886
51:19Strauss added another feature to these
51:22clothes a leather label to emphasize how
51:26strong the garments were this showed a
51:29pair of these trousers being pulled
51:31between two horses the message was that
51:35they were so strong that even this could
51:38not cause them to tear by the 1920s
51:42because of their reputation for
51:44toughness Strauss's waist overalls were
51:48the most widely used workers trousers in
51:51the u.s. now up until the 1930s jeans
51:57were purely and simply work clothes but
52:01Hollywood changed all that and they made
52:04the journey to being fashion items the
52:07roots of this lie in the cowboy movies
52:09of the 1930s Cowboys often wore jeans in
52:14these movies and American men wanted to
52:18dress like them in their free time at
52:21this point jeans are a holy American
52:24thing the Second World War in the 1940s
52:28took them abroad as American soldiers
52:31wore them when they were off-duty this
52:34introduced them to the wider world but
52:37their real popularity as a fashion item
52:40really starts in the 1950s when they
52:43caught on with young people this was
52:46because they became the symbol of the
52:49teenage rebel this completely new type
52:53of young person emerged in American
52:55films and TV programs that were enormous
52:58ly popular with teenagers teenagers
53:02didn't call the clothes waist overalls
53:05they gave them a new name jean pants and
53:08pretty soon this got abbreviated to
53:11jeans in the 1960s jeans were the
53:16standard kind of trousers worn by
53:19students in Western countries and they
53:21were the top fashion item young people
53:25adapted them in all sorts of ways
53:26turning them into embroidered jeans by
53:29sewing brightly colored designs onto
53:32them and all sorts of styles emerged one
53:35of the main ones being flared jeans with
53:38bottoms that got wider and wider as they
53:40went down right now I'm going to move on
53:46to look at what jeans symbolized both in
53:49Western countries and in non-western kin
53:52at that time but first of all does
53:56anyone have any questions

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