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CNS 2023: Daniel Schacter, PhD, "On the Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience: Memory Research ..." — Transcript

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0:02good afternoon everyone and welcome to
0:05this the to CNS at 30. our special
0:10Symposium to commemorate the society's
0:1330th anniversary
0:15my name is Patty reuter Lorenz and along
0:17with my Symposium co-organizer Ron
0:20Mangan we've enjoyed supporting and
0:23participating in CNS since its founding
0:26for many of us Old-Timers it's hard to
0:29believe that it's really already been 30
0:31years
0:33but no matter how old they make you feel
0:35anniversaries are a time to celebrate
0:38so we hope you'll be joining us for
0:40tonight's dance party and for the
0:42special appearance of Pavlov's dogs
0:46and anniversary is also an occasion to
0:48take stock of where we've come from
0:50where we are now and where we might be
0:53headed
0:54which is the spirit of today's symposium
0:57but first
0:59even though we're running a little
1:00behind I want to take a little trip with
1:02you down memory lane
1:04I'm sure to many of you cognitive
1:07Neuroscience seems like such an
1:08essential discipline that it's hard to
1:10imagine
1:11when it didn't exist
1:13to the contrary many of us remember when
1:16the science that we were doing didn't
1:18have a name
1:20the birth of cognitive Neuroscience
1:22changed all of that
1:23an interdisciplinary field uniting
1:27psychology the neurosciences computation
1:30and even philosophy with the shared goal
1:33of understanding how the human mind
1:34works
1:36indeed the founding of cognitive
1:38Neuroscience was intentional and
1:40carefully executed
1:42its name arose in the late 1970s in that
1:46legendary cab ride on the Upper East
1:48Side shared by George Miller and Mike
1:50zanega
1:52then came several major initiatives
1:54launched by Visionary leaders including
1:56Mike kazanaga Mike Posner Steve coslin
1:59and others with the generous support of
2:01the Sloan McDonald s James S McDonnell
2:05foundation and the Pew Foundation
2:07these initiatives included a small
2:09grants program for individual
2:11investigators and funded centers for
2:14cognitive neuroscience at universities
2:15and institutions across the U.S Canada
2:18and Europe
2:20another crucial element was establishing
2:23a dedicated publication venue the
2:25Journal of cognitive neuroscience
2:28the first issue was published in 1989
2:31and 35 volumes later the Journal of
2:34cognitive Neuroscience continues to be
2:35our Fields Flagship Journal
2:37thanks to our excellent science
2:40our long-standing partnership with MIT
2:43press and the leadership of the founding
2:45editor Mike kazanaga followed by Mark di
2:48Esposito who served for 17 years and the
2:52journal's newest editor Brad Postell
2:56but arguably one of the most crucial
2:59elements of the fields founding was
3:01brain camp
3:03this fabulous intensive two-week summer
3:05Institute has educated generations of
3:09cognitive and neuroscientists fostered
3:11lifelong friendships and spawned many
3:14new collaborations
3:16first known as the McDonald's summer
3:18Institute in cognitive Neuroscience the
3:20inaugural meeting took place at Harvard
3:22in 1988.
3:23then Mike kazanaga turned the summer
3:26Institute into the iconic program it has
3:28become holding it at Dartmouth College
3:30UC Davis and then Santa Barbara
3:33of course every five years there's been
3:35the Tahoe summer Institute which
3:37produced the many volumes of the
3:39cognitive neurosciences
3:41tremendous thanks to the McDonald Pew
3:43and cowboy foundations and especially
3:45NIMH and Nida for their generous Support
3:48over the many years
3:49but nevertheless it took only a few
3:52insta Institute cohorts to realize the
3:55overwhelming enthusiasm for the new
3:57field of cognitive neuroscience
3:59the need for a professional organization
4:01and annual meeting were undeniable
4:05and with that realization the cognitive
4:07Neuroscience Society was born our first
4:10meeting was held in 1994 at the Fairmont
4:12Hotel here in San Francisco a venue that
4:15we rapidly outgrew
4:17and here we are 30 meetings later
4:19running late but still growing strong
4:23of course the society is our membership
4:25and we're grateful for your attendance
4:28for your sharing your best research and
4:30for making the new discoveries that move
4:31our field forward
4:33we also owe a debt of gratitude to Keith
4:36Kate treathaway Tara Miller and her team
4:39and the way the meetings have been
4:41organized for many years our program
4:44committee for this year's Symposium the
4:47Symposium committee the poster and
4:49awards committees just thank you for for
4:51your support
4:53so now let's turn to our symposium
4:57this Symposium will reflect on our
4:59scientific Roots highlight the state of
5:01the art of cognitive Neuroscience
5:02research and forecast some future
5:05directions for our field
5:07we're very fortunate today to have some
5:09of the of our own Fields luminaries
5:11speaking with us Dan schachter and
5:14Marlene Berman have each been recognized
5:16by the society's Fred cavlie award for
5:18distinguished career contributions in
5:20cognitive neuroscience
5:23and Nicholas Turk Brown and Adriana
5:25Galvin have each been recognized for
5:27their outstanding early career
5:29contributions to cognitive Neuroscience
5:31with the young investigators award we're
5:33grateful and honored that they've agreed
5:35to talk about their research and to
5:37share their perspectives on the fields
5:39okay so our first talk is going to be
5:42given by Dan schachter the William R
5:45King Junior professor at Harvard
5:49among many other contributions in
5:51accolades Dan is a member of the
5:53National Academy of Sciences was on the
5:55CNS founding committee and this has been
5:58a long-standing long time member of the
6:00governing board and the title of this
6:02talk which will be up soon is on the
6:05emergence of cognitive Neuroscience mem
6:07on the emergence of cognitive
6:09neuroscience
6:11memory research as a case study
6:19[Applause]
6:23all right thank you Patty for
6:26inviting me to participate in this very
6:28timely important Symposium it is hard to
6:32believe it's been 30 years I was at that
6:34first meeting and it is mind-boggling to
6:37think that we're celebrating a 30th
6:40Anniversary I guess not as mind-boggling
6:42to be struggling with PowerPoint still
6:4430 years on
6:46uh it does happen so what I'm going to
6:49do today is talk a little bit I'm I'm
6:51very much part of the past part of this
6:53Symposium I'm going to give a very
6:55condensed historical uh overview of some
6:59developments in memory research that I
7:01think reflect more broadly on the
7:02emergence of cognitive Neuroscience as a
7:05field and I'm using memory research as a
7:07case study in the title
7:10um I'll be talking about some work I've
7:12been involved in and also more broadly
7:15about other other kinds of work but I
7:18think more talk about the history of
7:20memory research we need to at least
7:22briefly go all the way back to the 1880s
7:25that constituted a critical decade in
7:28the history of memory research everybody
7:30knows about Herman ebbinghaus and his
7:34studies of himself back in 1885 the
7:38groundbreaking volume of memory that
7:40title memory that contained the first
7:42systematic experimental analysis all
7:45kinds of interesting find things the
7:46forgetting curve and so forth so that
7:49was kind of what we might in retrospect
7:50call a cognitive experimental cognitive
7:53behavioral approach
7:56possibly less well known to some is that
7:58in that same decade and that's why I
8:00think it was such a critical decade
8:02Theodore rebeau the French psychologist
8:05published three years before ebbinghaus
8:08his volume on diseases of memory which
8:10brought together as kind of a compendium
8:13of all the clinical cases of memory
8:16disorders following brain damage that he
8:18was able to pull together in the
8:20literature Not only was it a compendium
8:22of cases he also articulated I thought
8:25in a very clear way and in a way that
8:28foretold later developments how studying
8:30memory breakdowns after brain damage
8:32could inform basic understanding of
8:34normal memory function so he said if in
8:37the normal condition of the organism the
8:40different forms of memory are
8:41independent then it's natural that if in
8:45a morbid state it is brain damage one
8:47disappears the other should remain
8:49intact kind of the logic of
8:51neuropsychological inference that were
8:53all familiar with that's driven a lot of
8:57a lot of work in our field and and Robo
9:00had it back in 1882.
9:03however uh if you track what happened
9:06after these two uh groundbreaking
9:08developments in the 1880s with very few
9:12exceptions I would argue having studied
9:15this somewhat that the experimental
9:16cognitive approach pioneered by
9:18ebbinghaus and the Brain oriented
9:20neuropsychological approach uh pioneered
9:22by semen proceeded largely on Parallel
9:25tracks and there were there was a
9:27literature in both areas fairly
9:28substantial a lot of it in German but
9:30they preceded largely in parallel tracks
9:33I'll say one exception comes from the
9:36work of someone who I've written about
9:38quite a bit a German biologist by the
9:41name of Richard semen who published two
9:44books in 1904 and 1909 where he proposed
9:47the notion of the engram as a biological
9:50substrate of memory and tried in these
9:53books to link mnemonic phenomena at
9:56psychological and biological levels
10:01Simmons work was largely on recognize
10:04for decades after after that work was
10:07published more recently he has come into
10:09the recognition that I think he deserves
10:12uh Sheena Jocelyn and her colleagues
10:15published a really nice article Journal
10:17of Neuroscience 2014 that they call
10:20Heroes of the engram where they mention
10:22uh they mentioned salmon as well as some
10:26other people who who I have to at least
10:28mention by name in a talk like this have
10:31Penfield Lashley James McConnell Richard
10:34Thompson I won't have time to say more
10:36about them but I do want to say more
10:38about another one of the heroes of the
10:40engram in this Jocelyn and all article
10:44and that of course is the uh amazing
10:48Brenda Milner still going strong at 104
10:51years of age turning 105 in July I
10:54believe we all know about her pioneering
10:57work with Scoville on the patient hm and
11:01characterizing a novel than novel
11:04amnesic deficit after medial temporal
11:07lobe renewable removal and I would argue
11:10that this is one of the one of two
11:12developments in the 1950s that propelled
11:15the subsequent development of cognitive
11:17Neuroscience the other one we heard
11:20about the famous taxi ride in George
11:22Miller I would go back to Miller's Magic
11:24Number 2 7 plus or minus two paper which
11:28was focused on short-term memory and led
11:31to uh you know a dramatic explosion of
11:34research on in the cognitive psychology
11:36of short-term memory but I would also
11:39try to argue that with only a few
11:41exceptions and there were exceptions
11:43particularly in work on the relationship
11:45between short-term and long-term memory
11:47but with very few exceptions cognitive
11:49and neuropsychological or
11:51neuroscientific approaches to memory
11:53proceeded largely in parallel for most
11:56of the next 25 years
11:58okay now I want to move up to October
12:001971 9 and talk about a conference that
12:04probably relatively few people here know
12:07about some of you may know about it it
12:09was organized by the late Laird Cermak
12:12who was of course a neuropsychologist at
12:15the Boston VA Hospital published a lot
12:18of important work uh on characterizing
12:21the amnesic syndrome and he organized a
12:24conference on human memory and Amnesia
12:26at the beautiful Lake Maureen in Vermont
12:28in an attempt to build Bridges between
12:31cognitive psychology and neuropsychology
12:34Neuroscience slash approaches to memory
12:37and that conference had a lot of
12:41luminaries in the field sort of a who's
12:44who list of both cognitive psychologists
12:47and neuropsychology and Neuroscience
12:49with two exceptions I put a yellow
12:50asterisk next to the names of Neil Cohn
12:53and myself we were lowly graduate
12:55students at the time not luminaries uh
12:59and we were brought to this conference
13:00fortunately by our advisors Neil Cohn by
13:03Larry Squire Myself by Engel tolving and
13:07so we got to sit in with all these big
13:09names and it was a it was an amazing
13:11conference a lot of discussion and
13:14interchange not only of specific
13:15phenomena but how could we move the
13:18field forward in a way that increased
13:20interaction between the cognitive
13:22psychologists and the neuropsychologists
13:24and neuroscientists alert Cermak asked
13:27us to write book chapters there was a
13:29book some of you may know it edited
13:30volume human memory and Amnesia came out
13:33in 1982 and I'll just quote from Laird's
13:37preface which I I think was uh again a
13:40prophetic he said there during the
13:42height of New England's annual foliage
13:44demonstration across fertilization was
13:46begun that promised to eventuate in as
13:49bright a future of interdiscipline
13:51interaction as the environment itself
13:55and I think Laird was largely uh going
13:58to be correct there Lair didn't mention
14:00the golf match in which I took on him
14:02and Bill tolving and Mars moskovich and
14:05beat them all on their best ball
14:08and then endl insisted that we go out
14:10the next day and then I give them one
14:12stroke on their best ball because it
14:14wasn't fair and uh they they We we
14:17played to a draw that day uh in any case
14:20going forward uh the topic of the
14:23sociable forms of memory was one of the
14:25main focal points of discussion at the
14:27conference
14:28and it subsequently became an issue of
14:31intense common interest that generated a
14:33lot of crosstalk among cognitive
14:35psychologists neuropsychologists and
14:36Neuroscience and I would argue this was
14:38very important in developing a cognitive
14:41Neuroscience of memory now this focus on
14:43dissociable forms of memory by 1979 was
14:47not novel we already knew for example
14:49from the work of Sue corkin with hm with
14:52Brenda Milner some of it that hm despite
14:56his severe
14:57deficit in Remembering his experiences
15:00could nonetheless show normal
15:02acquisition of motor skills what was
15:04this was this some Oddity of motor skill
15:06learning or something broader we also
15:10knew about the really fascinating
15:12important work from Warrington
15:14wisecranson in England showing that when
15:17you gave him severely amnesic patients
15:20certain kinds of memory tests they could
15:22seemingly paradoxically exhibit robust
15:25and even normal memory for example if
15:28they saw a list of words including porch
15:30they could later identify the word porch
15:33with less help from a fragmented version
15:36of it than if they had not seen the word
15:38before what did this mean there were
15:39various interpretations of it so there
15:43was this background and we were
15:45discussing a lot of those things at that
15:46conference and then I think moving
15:48forward what we saw is a deeper
15:51exploration into some of these issues so
15:53for example coming out of Larry Squire's
15:55lab there was the important science
15:58paper 1980 Conan Squire where they
16:02showed that amnesic patients learning of
16:05new skills was not restricted to the
16:08motor domain but extended to the
16:11interesting case of reading mirror
16:13inverted script using some techniques
16:16that had been developed by the cognitive
16:18psychologist Paul Kohler's at Toronto
16:21that was one important development out
16:23of the Squire lab then in some
16:25collaborative work with Peter Graf and
16:27George mandler they were able to really
16:29clear up what was going on with
16:31Warrington and wisecrants phenomenon
16:33showing that there were conditions under
16:36which amnesic patients could exhibit
16:38normal relatively normal memory
16:40following a study of a word list if you
16:43gave them a three-letter word beginning
16:44and just asked them to write down the
16:46first word that popped to mind as most
16:48of us know if you gave them that same
16:50cue and asked them to think back to the
16:51study episode remember that episode they
16:55would exhibit impairments so we're
16:57starting to get a good handle on some of
16:59these issues that were known but hadn't
17:01really been explored meanwhile on the
17:04cognitive side there were also
17:06developments on this dissociable forms
17:08of memory
17:10uh idea so Larry Jacoby and Mark Dallas
17:13published in a very important paper in
17:151981 Jep General uh showing that levels
17:19of processing manipulations that we knew
17:21from a decade of research had very uh
17:24strong effects on standard recognition
17:26memory
17:27tests had little or no effect on
17:31identifying a briefly flash word and the
17:33priming effect that occurred as a result
17:36of Prior exposure occurred seemingly
17:38independently of Prior study
17:40manipulations it was a pretty shocking
17:43observation at the time tolving myself
17:45and Heather Stark were really interested
17:48in some of this work coming out of the
17:50Warrington and wisecrants sort of Lane
17:53and we devised the study of word
17:56fragment completion priming and normal
17:58subjects trying to see could we see an
18:01analogous dissociation to what had been
18:03observed in amnesics and I'm a little
18:06hesitant to present a 40 year old slide
18:09here but it's a
18:11hey
18:13um it's still it still exists data still
18:15exist and one of the most interesting
18:17findings from that study was that while
18:19recognition memory from one hour to one
18:22week of course declined as ebbing house
18:24would have expected the priming effect
18:26on a fragment completion test so having
18:28studied a word you're now given
18:30incomplete fragments and you're trying
18:31to identify the word you get a big Boost
18:34from prior study but the magnitude of
18:36that boost did not change between one
18:38hour and seven days we thought that was
18:40pretty cool at the time little did we
18:42know that David Mitchell years later
18:45would track down subjects who had been
18:46in one of his priming studies uh 17
18:49years later when undergraduates are now
18:5140 years old and he found evidence of
18:54preserve priming over 17 years with both
18:56pictures and words while all of these
18:59dissociations were generating a lot of
19:01discussion how do we think about these
19:03uh phenomena what's the best way of
19:05theoretically conceptualism
19:07conceptualizing them some people were
19:10focusing on the idea that there were
19:11multiple memories systems involved
19:14separate memory systems for procedural
19:17learning for priming versus standard old
19:20recall and recognition other people were
19:22saying no we should think about that as
19:25think about those dissociations as
19:27reflecting different measures operating
19:28within fundamentally the same system
19:30then in 1985 Peter Graf and I published
19:34some work on new work on amnesic
19:37patients and it was there that we
19:39introduced the distinction between
19:41implicit and explicit memory and the
19:44idea there was that we wanted to use
19:46descriptive terms to try to capture the
19:49key elements of what was going on in
19:52these two areas of study explicit memory
19:55reflecting conscious recollection of a
19:57past experience implicit reflecting
19:59non-conscious effects of uh of Prior
20:02exposure on past experience so going
20:06forward that and the similar distinction
20:08from Squire declarative and
20:10non-declarative memory helped to
20:11organize the literature without
20:13necessarily hiring someone to make a
20:15commitment to one point of view or the
20:16other
20:17meanwhile cognitive Neuroscience is
20:20starting to emerge as a topic in the
20:22field so in 1984 Mike casedica edits the
20:26handbook of cognitive Neuroscience I
20:28didn't put Mike's picture up there
20:29because everybody knows what he looks
20:31like and he's sitting right there he
20:32doesn't need a picture
20:34um
20:34as far as I know this is the first time
20:37the term cognitive Neuroscience appears
20:39in a book title Mike can tell me that
20:41I'm wrong but I wonder what if there is
20:44an earlier uh example of that so it's
20:47it's really in the air now in 1984 1986
20:50Joe Ledoux and Bill Hurst put together
20:52an interesting volume mind and brain
20:54dialogues and cognitive Neuroscience
20:56they paired up a cognitive psychologist
20:58and a neuroscientist on a variety of
21:00topics I wrote the cognitive chapter on
21:03memory I was paired up uh with uh with
21:05Mike Gabriel from the University of
21:07Illinois we went back and forth and had
21:09some interesting exchanges on how could
21:11we most productively move forward
21:14um well now there are other developments
21:17in the 1980s that are obviously crucial
21:20the fuel changing pet study from
21:23Peterson Fox Posner Minton and rayco
21:26published
21:27in 1989 showed that now we could use a
21:33functional neuroimaging to study
21:35cognitive processes that really
21:37obviously set in motion a lot of
21:39important things uh in our field related
21:41to experimental design and linking up uh
21:44brain and mind that I don't need to
21:46elaborate on and as Patty mentioned in
21:491989 uh Json published its first issue
21:52so things are really starting to move
21:54now we get the first pet evidence of
21:58activation of the hippocampus in normal
22:01humans from a study by Squire at all in
22:05in 1992
22:07so one of the points I want to make out
22:09of this is that many of the issues that
22:11were discussed among 1980s early 90s
22:14memory researchers who attempted to
22:16bridge cognitive and neural levels of
22:18analysis were what I would call wear
22:20questions where issues regarding brain
22:24regions linked to particular forms of
22:25memory is the hippocampus for example
22:28selectively involved in explicit
22:30declarative or spatial memory on the one
22:32hand versus implicit non-declarative or
22:34non-spatial memory on the other what
22:37about recollection versus familiarity
22:39we're all familiar with the literature
22:40on these topics what cortical or
22:42subcortical regions subserve priming or
22:44procedural learning what role does
22:46prefrontal cortex play in episodic
22:48encoding and retrieval and I would argue
22:51that these kinds of where questions were
22:54very well suited to study with patent
22:57fmri neuroimaging of course in
22:59conjunction with cognitively
23:01well-informed paradigms and Concepts I
23:03think all that coming together was one
23:06of the reasons why AI the field started
23:08to advance pretty rapidly one nice
23:10example of this comes from the early
23:12Toronto pet studies of encoding and
23:15retrieval tolvin Craig moskovic and
23:18others were using a pet now pairing it
23:22up with well-defined cognitive paradigms
23:24cognitive constructs derived from
23:27earlier
23:28research in cognitive psychology and
23:31Reporting some interesting differences
23:32between left and right frontal lobe
23:34activation during encoding and retrieval
23:38so by the time the first CNS meeting
23:40which I guess was 94 not 93. the field
23:44was I think was poised to incorporate
23:47functional neuroimaging into studies
23:48focused on distinguishing among forms
23:51and processes that comprise memory and
23:55related questions that have fueled the
23:56development of memory research over the
23:58past 30 years the Advent of of event
24:02related fmri later in the 90s I think
24:05accelerated the development of This
24:07research by not only providing greater
24:10flexibility and experimental design some
24:13of us remember when you had a really
24:14just do violence to your cognitive
24:16Paradigm to make it fit a blocked design
24:18and pet or fmri that was no longer
24:21necessary and also allowing researchers
24:24to link changes in bold activity to
24:26subjective aspects of memory by sorting
24:29brain activity based on subjective
24:32response they're men probably nowadays
24:34hundreds of examples of this I think one
24:37nice one came from Eldridge at all their
24:39Nature Neuroscience 2000 paper where
24:41they paired up an event related fmri
24:44study with the remember no technique uh
24:47developed by tolving where following
24:51study of a list of words in addition to
24:53asking people whether they recognize the
24:56word as being old from the list or new
24:58you would have them make a judgment do
25:00you remember specific details about the
25:03prior occurrence do you just know it
25:04happened is it just familiar to you they
25:06asked whether hippocampal activity
25:08during retrieval specifically was
25:10related to our responses and indeed they
25:13provided evidence that that was so
25:16so all of these developments I think
25:18then led to the kind of taxonomies that
25:21were all familiar with I took this from
25:24Ward's 2020 textbook
25:26Mangan and gazanaga have a similar
25:29taxonomy where we might disagree on some
25:32of the details of this but if you squint
25:34a little bit probably most people will
25:36say uh yeah as a Forks Mark first
25:38approximation to different kinds of
25:41memory that's at least
25:43acceptable if not a final answer and I
25:46think that came out of the all those
25:48lines of research some of which were
25:50inspired by that Lake Mori conference
25:53okay my last five minutes I want to try
25:55to make a briefcase that now something
25:57similar has happened
26:00in the tradition of research related to
26:04the pioneering early work of Sir
26:06Frederick Bartlett
26:09so as we know
26:11um Bartlett in his famous 1932 book
26:14reported all kinds of interesting memory
26:16distortions that people made when they
26:18remembered stories led to his conclusion
26:21famous conclusion that memory appears to
26:24be a fair of construction rather than
26:26reproduction
26:28um
26:29Bartlett's work was ignored for a while
26:31but cognitive psychologists picked it up
26:33in the 60s and 70s and they published
26:35numerous aspects on constructed numerous
26:38studies on constructive aspects of
26:40memory during that time but there was
26:43very little going on in neuropsychology
26:45or Neuroscience from this constructive
26:48perspective that was pretty much if not
26:51purely largely a cognitive Enterprise
26:53but that began to change in the 1990s so
26:58what happened well I think one important
27:00development was the Advent of the source
27:02monitoring framework
27:04introduced by Marcia Johnson her
27:06colleagues an importance like bulletin
27:08paper in 1993 this Incorporated
27:11cognitive data and Theory as well as
27:13neuropsychological observations on a
27:16variety of patient populations and got
27:18people thinking about more constructive
27:20aspects of memory in relation to brain
27:24activity
27:26neuropsychological studies were starting
27:28to reveal some very striking memory
27:30distortions so work from Alan Parkin
27:33from my lab uh
27:36reported extremely high pathologically
27:40high levels of false alarms in patients
27:43with specific kinds of frontal lobe
27:45damage that in both of those papers we
27:47try to relate to cognitive constructs
27:50regarding constructive memory there were
27:52some very interesting work on
27:54confabulation in brain damage and
27:56amnesic patients coming from Arman
27:58schmitter and his colleagues from Mars
28:00moskovich that was linking up some very
28:03interesting cognitive constructs with
28:06evidence of fluorid memory Distortion in
28:10these patients mikra verify and I began
28:12on a series of studies of memory
28:15Illusions in amnesic patients so we're
28:17starting to see the emergence of more at
28:20least neuropsychologically oriented work
28:22on constructive memory
28:25um another important development from a
28:27paradigmatic point of view was the
28:29Advent of the Paradigm I'm sure we're
28:32all familiar with the false recall and
28:33recognition of semantic Associates
28:35Paradigm that Roddy rodiger and Kathleen
28:39McDermott published on in 1995 where
28:41they rediscovered and expanded on
28:44earlier work by dece
28:46I assume that most people are familiar
28:48with this Paradigm you can read what's
28:50going on on the slide the point I want
28:52to make is that this gave people with a
28:54cognitive Neuroscience orientation a way
28:56of of reliably inducing a particular
29:00kind of robust false memory for example
29:02in the fmri scanner so now you could go
29:06in and start asking questions about
29:07brain activity related to true and false
29:10memories and so neuroimaging and Herb
29:13studies use this procedure to examine
29:15neural correlative true versus false
29:17memories my lab was involved in this we
29:20did work with pet with Tim Curran Eric
29:23Ryman uh with Randy Buckner event
29:26related fmri a collaboration with Marcia
29:29Johnson looking at some irk correlates
29:31so by 1998 uh Wilma kutsal Ken Norman
29:36and I were able to write an annual
29:37review psychology article on the
29:39cognitive emerging cognitive
29:41Neuroscience of constructive memory
29:43there was enough activity over the
29:46previous decade for us to try to put
29:48forth some ideas related to Marsha
29:50Johnson's earlier work going forward a
29:54decade Donna Addison and I extended this
29:56cognitive Neuroscience of constructive
29:58memory concept uh to how we think about
30:01the role of memory and Imagining the
30:03future the idea that some of these
30:05constructive aspects of memory that
30:07result in memory Distortion might
30:09actually be good things if you're trying
30:11to use memory in a flexible way to
30:13imagine novel future events and we and
30:16others showed striking similarities in
30:18brain activity when people were asked to
30:20remember past experiences and imagine
30:22future experiences this is from our
30:25paper in 2007 showing a default Network
30:28midline regions showing that common
30:30activation and others did as well
30:33Kathleen McDermott's lab with Carl
30:35Spooner published some related work and
30:37in that same year of 2007 we had
30:40important work from Eleanor McGuire and
30:42Demis hassebus showing that amnesic
30:44patients there are amnesic patients at
30:46least have difficulty imagining novel
30:48scenes led to their important construct
30:50of scene construction Randy Buckner her
30:53and Carol published a very nice
30:56integrative article on self-projection
30:59uh and the brain and that work has
31:01really moved forward over the last 15
31:03years again extending this notion of
31:05cognitive Neuroscience of constructive
31:07memory and I'll just conclude by briefly
31:09mentioning two other related
31:11developments one is the body of work on
31:15reconsolidation that came out of the
31:18early study with
31:20non-human animals from Joe Ledoux lab
31:23led by Karim Nader and Nader and his
31:26colleagues as this work evolved extended
31:29the concept of reconsolidation linked it
31:32up with uh the cognitive constructs
31:35going back to Bartlett about how memory
31:37can change as a consequence of retrieval
31:39and reconsolidation perhaps giving a
31:41neural underpinning to that so again an
31:44expansion on this notion of cognitive
31:46Neuroscience of constructive memory and
31:49my last slide or second at the last
31:53slide I'll show as another important
31:55annual review paper from Morris mosque
31:57vigil and nadell Roberto cabeza and
31:59Gordon Whitaker on their work on how
32:02episodic memory transforms over time
32:06with relation to what's going on in the
32:08hippocampus in the neocortex again
32:11filling in an important piece of the
32:12puzzle and I think ultimately giving us
32:15a lot a lot of insight into again these
32:19early ideas of Bartlett his famous quote
32:22here another one of his famous quotes
32:23that remembering is not a re-excitation
32:26of fixed lifeless and fragmentary traces
32:29it's an imaginative reconstruction or
32:32construction I think a lot of this work
32:34in cognitive Neuroscience has helped to
32:36enrich our understanding of this
32:38fundamental insight okay thank you for
32:41your attention
32:42[Applause]

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