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CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT (PART 1) — Transcript

by Kathleen Bobadilla · 7,136 words · 1,258 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:02Ayan. Hello everyone.
0:04Good day, good afternoon, good evening,
0:06whatever it is the time of the day
0:07watching this for cognitive and physical
0:11development in childhood. Hi. Ayan. So,
0:15uh by this time that you are watching
0:17this, I hope that it's not because meron
0:19tayong exam or meron tayong ico-comply
0:21na task, but it's really because you
0:24want to learn uh and paraayuwi,
0:29no.
0:30maitala na natutunan natin for this
0:33season. So we talk about childhood
0:35person. When we say childhood
0:41a time when children grow
0:44so fast, no? Grow grow fast physically
0:48and mentally. Physically they become
0:50taller, no? Stronger and more active.
0:55Tapos mas sobra talaga grabe yung
0:57improvement nila when it comes to their
1:00motor skills no yung movements nila
1:04running jumping playing as those small
1:07movements na tinatawag yung writing
1:10growing using seas source o yung mga
1:14fine motor skills ayan kitang-kita na
1:17talaga and they also become more
1:19independent in doing activities like
1:22eating. they would want to themselves
1:24already. Ah para bang kaya na talaga
1:27yung kay kayangkaya na talaga nila yung
1:30stuff nila. Ayun. So cognitively
1:34naman children become better at
1:36thinking.
1:38Uh
1:40at at one one day they are just saying
1:42mama dada they're bubbling. And then
1:45after a few months or year kung year ang
1:50ano ang tatakbo makikita niyo talaga na
1:52ah grabe yung evolution ng kanilang
1:55thought process at yung kanilang manner
1:58of expression. So they're able to
2:00remember and solve problems. Mas
2:03nagi-increase yung vocabulary talaga
2:05nila and they can now um convey ideas
2:09and receive ideas more clearly as they
2:11also begin to understand things in a
2:13more logical manner. So all in all when
2:16we say this season is about development
2:21as well it's important to understand
2:23that it is where they they develop the
2:27physical and thinking skills they need
2:29para ma-prepare sila sa schooling stage.
2:32Ayan. they need to become more
2:34independent and successful
2:37no in certain stages or in certain task
2:41para mas um maging prepared din sila sa
2:46outside world and sa social world na
2:48tinatawag. Okay? So let's begin.
3:00On your screen you see uh the table of
3:04motor development. So it presents the
3:06milestones of motor development in early
3:09childhood showing that um
3:14merroong approximate age na 50 and 90%
3:17ng children ay kaya ng i-perform yung
3:20mga skills na nandito sa first column.
3:24Okay. So pag sinabi natin na motor
3:27development, it refers to the um
3:33pag-acquire nila ng abilities no yung
3:36progressive acquisition ng abilities
3:39when it comes to body movement. pati na
3:41rin diyan yung coordination
3:43dahil ah habang nagde-develop yung
3:47nervous system ng muscles,
3:50nervous system nervous system muscles no
3:54at ah yung capacity nila to ah to
3:59estimate no yung lalim layo yung
4:03perceptual abilities nila ay syempre nag
4:08naging complex din yung movement nila
4:10So dito sa 50%
4:13column it indicates the age by which
4:16about half ng can perform the skill
4:20while yung 90 naman is the age in which
4:25most children can perform it. So itong
4:29mga figures na to show us that motor
4:32development generally it follows a
4:35predictable sequence. Although may ilang
4:38mga children na they could reach it
4:40earlier than the normal or later than
4:43the normal. Okay? So during the first
4:47year of life, yung mga children they
4:49acquire several important foundational
4:52motor skills na tinatawag or motor
4:54abilities. First is yung rolling over.
4:58Yan. Typically nandiyan na yan at 3.2
5:00months no for 50% tapos 5 5.4 months for
5:0690% ganun lang siya ii-interpret.
5:09Okay? So kung mapapansin niyo no ah
5:15itong mga
5:17motor development na to
5:20it develops from
5:24a simple to increasingly complex
5:27sequence. or man a manner no uh so yung
5:32infants they first develop yung control
5:35over basic body movements like yung
5:37rolling sitting then nagpo-progress sila
5:39into standing
5:41no
5:43walking followed by yung kanilang fine
5:46motor and coordination skills. So itong
5:50mga ages na to ay mga approximate lamang
5:53po.
5:54Rather than saying na strict deadline,
5:56you have to know that this are
5:58approximation.
5:59Okay? So yung mga developmental
6:01psychologist they recognize that
6:03children develop at different rates kasi
6:06motor development is influenced by
6:08biological maturation.
6:12Okay? So ang sabi natin kahit gaano
6:14kahit gaano mo siya turuan kung hindi pa
6:16siya biologically mature hindi mo
6:18maipipilit
6:20no na tumayo ang isang bata. So kasama
6:23din no nagp-play din ng role yung
6:26practice
6:28course and kung may opportunity siya to
6:30move yan yung environmental conditions
6:33and syempre yung individual differences.
6:37So
6:38kung titingnan niyo ong table na to take
6:40it as a guide to typical developmental
6:43patterns rather than ano a must naetable
6:47na dapat sundin ng isang bata.
6:51So on the screen also youd see the six
6:53major approaches to understanding
6:55cognitive development in them side. So
6:58sa kada approach ay merong iba-ibang
7:00explanation sa kung bakit at paano
7:05nage-evolve ang capacity ng isang bata
7:08to think, to learn and to change amang
7:11sila ay tumatanda. Okay? Yun yung
7:13simplest na ano natin dito ah
7:16pinaka-explanation.
7:18And then
7:20sabi nga natin instead na tingin ang
7:23development from only one perspective we
7:26always make use of different approaches
7:29ba to examine behavior to examine
7:32personality and syempre sa learning.
7:35Meron tayong anim diyan where when we
7:38say yung behaviors approach katulad din
7:40ito nung ano nung theory theoretical na
7:44perspective na diniscuss natin the other
7:46time yung nasa continuum ng nature to
7:49nurture.
7:51So when we talk about behaviorous
7:52approach ang focus nito ay yung learning
7:55mechanisms of learning yung pneumonics
7:57na ginawa natin last time na PCSO. So
8:00primary interested in observable
8:03behavior rather than yung mga internal
8:05mental processes. So they say that
8:08children learn through conditioning. You
8:11remember terms na naka-link natin doon
8:14dito ay yung reinforcement, punishment,
8:17conditioning, observation.
8:20Okay. And then when we talk about the
8:22psychometric approach, ito ay mas
8:24ma-expond kapag nag-psych assessment na
8:26kayo sa higher years. Um this focuses on
8:29measuring individual differences in
8:31cognitive abilities. Ang ginagamit natin
8:34ay mga standardized test to quantify
8:37that abilities related to intelligence
8:40like reasoning, yung memory, problem
8:42solving. So may mga tools daw po na
8:45ginagamit. Tapos mayon silang uh depende
8:49pa sa tool 'no kung ano 'yung ginagamit
8:51nila na construct in defining
8:55intelligence. Kanin 'yung theory. Okay,
8:59that's more on the technical side as
9:00well. We have um Pia Jan approach. It's
9:05based on the word of of course John Pia
9:08J.
9:10sa um there is a qualitative change in
9:15the thinking of children.
9:19propose that yung children they do not
9:22simply know more as they grow rather
9:25there is a change in the way we think
9:30ba uh
9:33cognitive development for PJ occurs as
9:37children
9:39actively construct knowledge and adopt
9:41their mental structures to their
9:44experiences
9:46' ba tapos We also have
9:51information processing approach.
9:54Okay. So ano naman po ito? Ang view nito
9:56ay yung mind daw natin is somewhat like
9:59a system. Merong process. May receiving,
10:03may processing, may storing and may
10:05retrieving ng information. So ang focus
10:07nito are more on the what we call
10:10attention, perception,
10:13memory, learning, problem solving. Okay.
10:16So you find sa mga researcher na
10:18gumagamit nitong approach na to, ang
10:20question ay how does a child's attention
10:24become more efficient with age or paano
10:27ba nag-i-improve yung capacity natin to
10:30remember or how does a child learn to
10:33solve
10:36increasingly complex na mga problem?
10:40Halimbawa
10:42ba as children develops no they
10:45generally become better at paying
10:46attention to relevant information while
10:49ignoring destructions.
10:51Okay? So yung KPJ kasi yung information
10:55processing approach niya
10:58ay iba no? Sa sa approach na to ah ang
11:04focus ay changes in specific cognitive
11:08process rather than iyung mga broad
11:10distinct stages na katulad nung kay John
11:13Pia J.
11:15And then we have the cognitive
11:17neuroscience approach where ang focus ay
11:21yung brain and nervous system. It tries
11:24to identify ain sa mga brain structure
11:26at neural processes ang involved sa
11:30memory, sa attention, sa language, sa
11:32problem solving.
11:34So it actually sees that children's
11:38cognitive abilities are influenced by
11:41the brain and brain maturation. and
11:44neural development.
11:47Okay. So ito highly strong ang
11:49biological foundation. And then we have
11:52the social contextual approach where it
11:57emphasizes the environment and social
11:59relationships.
12:00So most likely nandito silaotski
12:04ba. So itong mga to
12:09ay mga approaches that gives us
12:11different perspectives.
12:14Okay?
12:16Pero to say na this is the best is the
12:19best perspective
12:22it's limiting. Okay? Kasi ang goal na
12:26nitong mga approaches na to is to
12:28provide different but complementary
12:30explanations of development. They
12:32complement each other. So if the
12:34behaviorist approach asks how
12:37experiences change behavior no through
12:40conditioning psychometric approach it
12:43ask how cognitive abilities differ and
12:45how can it be measured
12:48Pia J
12:50ang question naman dito ay
12:55paano nagbabago ang ating quality of
12:57thinking as we age
13:00sa information processing approach naman
13:02exam It examins naman how children take
13:06in
13:07no remember and use the information that
13:12they have.
13:14Tapos sa cognitive neuroscience naman
13:17ang tanong ay paano ba nasu-support ng
13:19brain ng cognitive development?
13:22Tapos sa ah social contextual approach
13:26paano nga ba nakakaapekto ang
13:28environment
13:30at yung mga social relationships natin
13:35no? So it's a complex complex process
13:38itong pag-unawa sa cognitive
13:40development. Laging meron pa ring
13:42interaction ng biology ' ba ng
13:46experience ng social context.
13:50So isa to sa mga common questions ano in
13:55the cognitive aspect. Why can't we
13:58remember
14:00our infant memory?
14:03May infant memory sila. Ba't hindi natin
14:05naaalala?
14:07Okay. So when we say infant memory in
14:09debsite, it pertains to how infants
14:12learn, recognize and retain information
14:14from their experiences. So sa pananaw ni
14:17P J itong early events daw kasi na to ay
14:22not retained or lasting kasi yung brain
14:26natin are not yet is not yet
14:28sufficiently developed para mag-score ng
14:32longterm
14:34memory and retrieval.
14:37Pero para kay Freud sabi niya yung early
14:39experiences is actually scored
14:43but it may later
14:46be accessible
14:48no at certain situations kapag
14:51emotionally distressing kasi ang
14:54nangyari naalala mo naman daw pero it's
14:56repressed.
14:59Okay. But um most recent researches na
15:04nakita ko and from the book, it's also
15:07sinasabi na ah ang infant memory from an
15:12evolutionary developmental perspective
15:14suggest that memory abilities develop
15:16gradually as they become useful for
15:20adapting to the environment na
15:23tinatawag.
15:25Halimbawa ah
15:28yung infants daw they can actually
15:31recognize familiaregivers
15:35routines and learn from repeated no na
15:38experiences. Kaya nga sabi nila infants
15:40love um
15:43'yung paulit-ulit repetitive na mga ah
15:47gawain nila like alam nila gusto nila
15:49'yung
15:52babasahan sila ng book sa gabi
15:54consistently or maliligo bago matulog.
15:57They recognize that and they find
15:59comfort in that. So even though they may
16:02not form conscious no or yung talagang
16:06nare-recall nila na memories that can be
16:09recalled sa later life. They could still
16:13form
16:15no?
16:18And yung function na yon ay parang
16:22nire-recognize pa din ng body. May ganon
16:25silang mga assumptions. Okay? Kasi ang
16:28infant memory daw is present already in
16:32uh early development.
16:35Okay?
16:37Yan. So it says here naman sa beers
16:40approach. Research using oper and
16:41condition techniques has illustrated
16:43that intense memory processes may not
16:46differ fundamentally from those of older
16:48children and adults except that their
16:50retention time is shorter and memory is
16:53more dependent on encoding cues.
16:56Moreover studies have found that just as
16:59with adults memory can be aided by
17:01reminder. So simply put no um iyung
17:05infants can remember things just like
17:07older adults. Ever yung memories da
17:09natin it do not last as long no? And
17:14they often needs or reminders to
17:16remember something. Halimbawa, if a baby
17:19learns that kicking makes a toy move,
17:21the baby may remember this and kick
17:23again later. And if the baby is shown
17:25the same toy or place in the same
17:27situation, the memory is easier now to
17:31to be recalled, no? So ang pinaka
17:34concern natin dito, meron na silang
17:37memory pero yung kanilang memory is
17:39actually shorter and it depends and it
17:42needs more reminders or cues. kuha niyo
17:46no.
17:48So we also have the concept of
17:50intelligence. Ayan.
17:53So in the csych intelligence could mean
17:56a lot no actually wala pa ngang
17:59scientific consensus on ano yung
18:01pinaka-correct na definition ng
18:03intelligence. But yung intelligence
18:07pero, maraming mga professional ang
18:09mag-a-agree on some basic criteria and
18:12they would say that yung intelligence
18:14refers to the ability to acquire, to
18:17remember and use knowledge, understand
18:19concepts and relationships and solve
18:21problems. So it allows children no to
18:25learn from their experiences and apply
18:28what they have learned to new
18:29situations.
18:31And when we define intelligent behavior,
18:33ang sinasabi ay it's goal oriented kasi
18:36it helps children work toward an gusto
18:39nilang mangyari like they're learning a
18:42new skill or completing a task. Tapos
18:44intelligence daw is also adaptive as it
18:47enables the children to adjust their
18:50behavior based on sa mga changes sa
18:53environment. Halimbawa, may isang bata
18:55natutunan niya na pag hinawakan mo 'tong
18:58object na 'to na mainit, magkakaroon ng
19:00pain. So pwede niyang maalala
19:03yung experience na to at i-avoid na niya
19:06yung mga hot objects kasi nagkakaroon
19:09nga siya ng painful experiences.
19:11So it demonstrates kung paano ba na
19:15susuportahan ng intelligence yung
19:17learning no? Yung pag-adopt natin sa
19:20surrounding at problem solving. Kaya ang
19:22isang bata daw na matalino ay kayang
19:24mag-adopt
19:26when placed in certain situations. Okay?
19:33Ayan. Here are some no na mga tools na
19:36ginagamit
19:37for assessing
19:39toddler development. Infant and Thunder
19:41Development. You have the Bailey scales
19:44of infant and Thunder Development and
19:45iyung home na tinatawag observation for
19:48measurement of the environment. Yan
19:51marami pa yan ah usually focusing on
19:54adjustment, on certain competencies in
19:57uh developmental areas. Okay?
20:03Ayan. So we note also that intelligent
20:07well educated parents may be more likely
20:09to provide a positive stimulating home
20:12environment as well as gen for high
20:15intelligence. Here are the seven aspects
20:17of early home environment that help
20:19prepare children for schooling. Ito daw
20:22yung in-encourage siyang mag-explore ng
20:25environment. Hindi ung laging kinukulong
20:27no pinabawalan sobra-sobra mentoring in
20:31basic cognitive and social skills. Sila
20:34daw ay sine-celebrate no ang
20:37developmental advances.
20:39Yung ano naman
20:42malamang kaya niyang magawa. Hindi
20:44ganon. They really celebrate and give
20:46emphasis to it. Guidance and practicing
20:48and extending skills. Protection from
20:51inappropriate disapproval. Teasing and
20:53punishment. communicating richly and
20:56responsively and guiding and limiting
21:00behavior.
21:03So we say na all these factors are
21:08associated with high intelligence among
21:11infants and toddlers.
21:14Okay.
21:18We have the concept of early
21:21intervention. So when we say early
21:23intervention it refers to the systematic
21:27planning and provision ng therapeutic
21:29and educational services to support yung
21:32mga infants, yung mga toddlers na may
21:36most likely difficulties or
21:38developmental needs. So ito kasama dito
21:42yung mga families no mga professionals
21:45to help them understand and respond to
21:47the child's needs. So ang pinaka-goal is
21:49to provide appropriate support as early
21:52as possible so that children can develop
21:54their abilities, non, new skills,
21:57participate more effectively in everyday
22:00activities. Halimbawa ang isang toddler
22:02ah nagpapakita na siya ng delay sa
22:04speech niya, no? So pwede siyang
22:07magpa-therapy
22:08while yung mga magulang naman ay
22:10tinuturuan sa kung paano ia-apply yung
22:13mga techniques o activities sa bahay
22:15para mas ma-encourage yung
22:16communication. So it's wrong to say na
22:19dahil hindi siya nagco-communicate may
22:20autism na agad. It takes ano tedious
22:24assessment para masabi na ang isang bata
22:27ay ah may concern. Okay? So usually we
22:32use early intervention techniques to
22:34assist them also.
22:38>> So I'll give you a reading homework. I
22:40want you to read about this. Yung
22:43further emphasis. Alam ko familiar na
22:45tayo sa assimilation, accommodation and
22:47schema from a different subject. I want
22:50you to look at the six stages of sensory
22:53motor intelligence.
22:55But I'll discuss yung I think 2 3 4 yan
23:00primary secondary
23:03yan and tertiary also yan. So in PJM
23:06theory no knowledge that is obtained
23:10from sensory perception and motor
23:12actions
23:14involving
23:16objects in the environment
23:19no is important.
23:22Okay.
23:24And that is during the sensory motor
23:26stage.
23:30So yan. Look at this. In the PN approach
23:35infants learn about the world through
23:37sensory motor activities. So PJ
23:41described three types of circular
23:43reactions that show how individuals
23:45gradually developing behaviors through
23:48yung mga paulit-ulit na actions nila. So
23:51we have primary circular reactions. It's
23:54around 1 to 4 months. So yung infant no,
23:57they would repeat an action that involve
24:00his or her own body because it provides
24:02an interesting or pleasurable result.
24:06Yan. For example, yung the baby sucks
24:09the his or her thumb tapos na-enjoy
24:12niya. So isa-sock niya ulit. Okay. So
24:16that's repeated. Tapos we have secondary
24:20circular reactions around 4 to 8 months
24:24and the infant repeats actions that
24:26produce an interesting effect sa
24:29kanilang environment. Halimbawa yan a
24:32baby accidentally
24:34shakes uh
24:37the rattle tapos narinig niya yung sound
24:39and then he repeatedly shakes it para
24:42mag-sound ulit. But that is an example
24:44of a secondary circular reaction.
24:49Okay. And then we have the tertiary
24:52circular reaction around 12 to 18
24:55months. Yung infant dito no ah they
24:59would intentionally
25:04do an action to observe different
25:08results. Ito ay nago sign na siya na
25:12meroong um
25:16experimentation na even at an early age.
25:20Sabi kasi ng iba wala pa daw isip yang
25:22mga yan. Meron na po yang isip yan. So
25:26for example ano ano pa a thunder drops a
25:29toy from a different height or position
25:31titingnan niya kung anong mangyayari.
25:34So ang pinakapalatandaan
25:36natin dito ay
25:39pag primary, I do something to myself.
25:44Ay ano na nakikita ko na ay uulit-ulitin
25:48ko to kasi na-enjoy ko yung sensation.
25:50Saary, I do something to make something
25:53happen. Saary, what what would happen
25:56kaya if I do something differently? So
25:59on your screen, okay na tayo sa baby
26:02baby socking tapos baby enjoys the
26:05socking activity. Dito naman sa
26:07secondary circular reaction, the baby
26:09cush. So pag nag-push siya, makikita
26:12niyo yung smiling face. ba dito naman ah
26:15meron siyang toy9 niyang laruin yung iba
26:18ng ibang iba-ibang way yun mga duck ba
26:21pag inapakan niya yung duck nags-squeak
26:23pag ini-sque niya nags-squit pa rin ' ba
26:28kita niyo yan so that isally circular
26:31reaction around 12 to 18 months the rest
26:34pakituloy-tuloy po ang pagbabasa
26:39ah we have the term habituation so In de
26:43website when we say habituation sa mga
26:45infant it happens when they become less
26:50interested or responsive sa isang
26:52stimulai after seeing it repeatedly.
26:55Yung bird na lang. [tawanan] Ayan
26:57[nililinis ang lalamunan] lazy scare
26:58throw. So sa umpisa ay matatakot yung
27:02mga ibon sa scarecrow
27:05no.
27:06So
27:09na-habitu na sila, it becomes less
27:12um
27:14scary
27:16doon sa stimulus o sa scarecrow. So pag
27:20sinabi nating this habituation, it
27:22occurs when the infant's attention
27:24increases again after a new or change
27:27stimulus.
27:29Okay. So that's the concept of
27:32habituation and dishabituation.
27:35So when we say habituation pwede natin
27:38sabihin na kita ko na 'to humil ako dito
27:42kumbaga para yung mga laruan ng aking
27:44bulilit yan. So ni-rotate ko siya kasi
27:47nahabitu siya. Yes. So in the first 2
27:51days nakalabas yung mga blocks niya. So
27:54after 3 days iki-keep ay after 2 days
27:56iki-keep ko yun. Iba naman no. So this
27:59habituation hopefully happens. So
28:02something has changed sa aking mga toys.
28:04So I'm interested again maglalaro ulit
28:06ako.
28:08And
28:10yan ito. Ayan this
28:14I ask you to be familiar. Although meron
28:19akong mga particular slides for this for
28:22the key developments of the sensory
28:25motor stage. Yan. Pakibasa na lang po,
28:29paki-pause and paki internalize. Okay.
28:34And then
28:37categorization
28:39naung in-expect natin, no? And for the
28:43causality um activity
28:47yan. So we also have the talk about
28:50prefrontal cortex. It is known to
28:53develop more slowly than any other part
28:55of the brain. Yan. So during the second
28:58half ng
29:01unang taon natin sa mundong ibabaw no,
29:04we see that the prefrontal cortex
29:09begin and iyung mga associated sa other
29:12brain circuit begin to develop the
29:14capacity for working memory. So if you
29:17remember or if you're familiar with the
29:20prefrontal cortex it's located behind
29:23the forehead. So ito yung tumutulong no
29:26sa ating mga executive functioning like
29:30thinking, planning,
29:32um problem solving. Tapos yung working
29:35memory, yun yung ability natin to
29:39hold and use information briefly.
29:42Like inaalala mo yung ah numbers habang
29:46nags-solve ka ng math problem. So ang
29:49working memory natin ay merong limited
29:51capacity if you remember from ITP. So
29:54pwede tayong ma-overwhelm no kasi we can
29:58handle only a particular uh limitation
30:03when it comes to holding uh memory or
30:06holding an information. No, when it's
30:10too much, sinasabi natin nag-information
30:12overload tayo.
30:15So because yung prefrontal cortex
30:17develops gradually, no, yung working
30:20memory also develops over time. So it
30:23may
30:25it may be the reason bakit yyung mga
30:27children become better at understanding
30:29yung object permanence as they
30:33transition from the sensory to the
30:35preoperational stage. Okay, if you
30:38remember again object permanence is
30:40knowing that an object still exist kahit
30:42hindi nila ito nakikita.
30:45Okay? And then we also have guided
30:47participation. I hope naalala po ninyo
30:50ito. Yan eh. Adult's participation in a
30:54child's activity helps structure it and
30:57bring the child's understanding of it
30:59closer to the adults. So we learn from
31:02interactions with caregivers.
31:05That is the social contextual approach.
31:08Yan language language development is
31:10also part of the cognitive development
31:13no in childhoods. So it's a
31:15communication system based on words and
31:17grammars. So mayon tayong sequencing ng
31:20early language development.
31:22Okay. So, how do they communicate habang
31:25hindi pa sila ka uh verbal or kae
31:30expressive or kasing ah ano ba to
31:33wellverse sa pagsasalita? We have or
31:36they have what we call the prelinguistic
31:38speech. This is crying, coing, bobbling
31:43and accidental and deler deliberate
31:45imitation of sounds without
31:46understanding their meaning. Yan.
31:50So pero ang debate pa dito anong mauna?
31:53Sinong mas mahal nila? Mama papa hindi
31:56siya doon naka-bas. Wala siyang basis na
31:58kung sino yung mas mahal mo yung una
32:00mong masasabi no. Yan. So we get to
32:04understand first that every language ay
32:07merong sariling system of sounds.
32:10No so at first infants can discriminate
32:14the sounds of any language.
32:17Okay? Y. We have i-note natin that the
32:21process of sound discrimination
32:22apparently begins in the womb. Alam na
32:25nila yung different sounds.
32:28Nare-recognize na nila to. I remember
32:30nung ako ay nagbubuntis, I always listen
32:32to
32:33pamer kayo doun sa Clare theo na sound.
32:36Ayun pag ganun yung tugtog ko
32:39sipa si baby. Tsaka yung ano ba 'to? Ah
32:44you're my honey bun sugar. Pampiampiampi
32:47forgot the title. Gustong-gusto niya
32:49yun. Tapos no, we have phonims. The
32:53smallest units of sound and speech. For
32:55example, the word dog as the phons. D a
32:59g dog ' ba. Tapos ah it's expected no
33:05yung the average pages their first word
33:08sometime between 10 and 14 months
33:11initiating linguistic speech. Meron na
33:14siyang meaning yung mga words na
33:17sinasabi niya. Kasi for the first few
33:18months pwedeng ah 3 months 2 months
33:21nagsabi siya ng mama hindi pa niya
33:22pinatutungulan yung mama o mememling
33:27coing mga wala pang meaning na words
33:31pero ayan may agag yung linguistic
33:34speech ay nandiyan it's meron na siyang
33:38gustong sabihin sao so I can't really
33:40remember exact word ni ni aking baby no
33:45nung siya'y unang nagsalita kita. But
33:47now na may mga utos na siya no like
33:54yung toy daw niya na dog ay dedede ma.
33:57Wawaw memem yan. Wow kung una niyang mga
34:01sound memem. Pero meron na siya na
34:05tinatawag na two word sentences.
34:08Ayan telegraphic speech.
34:11Yan. Ayan. Holo phrase is a single word
34:14that conveys a competon. Halimbawa ams
34:16am kakain daw siya. One word complete
34:19kakain. Telegraphics speeches the use of
34:23two word sentences like ah wawa memen.
34:29Um mama mimin. H dedede daw siya sa mama
34:33niya ganon. Or ah
34:37ano pa ba? So far 'yun pala yung naalala
34:38ko anyway. But yeah, so toddlers usually
34:43do this or show this no between 18 to 24
34:46months. Very important ong telegraphic
34:49speech kasi it means that the child is
34:53or the todler is learning to communicate
34:56their thoughts already and that's later
34:58on magiging mas complex na matututo na
35:00siya na mag-form ng sentences niya. So I
35:03want you to read through this one. Very
35:05important terms I na ma-encounter niyo
35:09rin sa mga practice test natin.
35:13Okay. Let's talk about the physical and
35:15cognitive development in early child.
35:18So the physical changes between 3 and
35:226le
35:24a very important stage in a child's
35:26development. They transition from
35:29toddler to a child.
35:34So mas ag child na siya mas
35:37proportionate na yung body structure
35:38niya. Mapapansin niyo mukha na siyang
35:42bata talaga. Meron kaming expression
35:44hindi na siya hindi na siya infant no
35:46baby na siya. Hindi na siya baby no
35:49toddler na siya. Hindi na siya toddler
35:51no. Child na siya. Hindi na siya child
35:54no dalaga na siya. And you see the
35:56transitions. Yun. Kitang-kita kasi sa
35:59physical aspect. So here very
36:01significant very important din yung
36:04sleep sleep in early childhood
36:08yan children in early childhood sleep
36:11about 11 hours at night and gradually
36:14takes fewer daytime naps kumokonti yung
36:16nap nila from that before na natutulog
36:19sila every 2 hour pakunti siya ng
36:21pakunti habang lumalaki sila so note
36:24niyo lang na yung sleep habits it
36:26differs across cultures. Some children
36:29they sleep when they feel tired, no?
36:32While yyung iba may sleep schedule
36:34talaga sila na sinusunod. I remember
36:36before kami um we-sleep at 1:00 in the
36:40afternoons. Kailangan gising kami ng
36:424:00. Minsan pini-pake namin yung sleep
36:44na yun kasi hindi pa kami pagod yan. So
36:47kailangan tine-tayor din no sa anong
36:50meron sa home environment para maging
36:53fit sa activities no at saka sa mga ah
36:57routines siguro
37:00para maging effective siya. Anyway. So
37:03sa sleep problems naman, common dito sa
37:06age na to yung waking up at night and
37:08yung nananaginip no ng kung ano-ano lalo
37:13pag pagod sila. So pwedeng namamana rin
37:17ito. Tapos isa rin sa mga problem
37:21during this stage is what we call the
37:23anuresis. It's the involuntary urination
37:26during the sleep. So it is common in
37:28younger children pero it usually
37:31improves as they grow older. So between
37:35age 3 and 6 yung mga bata na to they
37:37experience very important physical
37:39changes
37:42at kailangan itong ma-support ng healthy
37:45nutrition, good nutrition and rest as
37:49well. Kasi pasok din dito yung kanilang
37:53rapid brain development.
37:55So during early childhood sa early years
37:58yung brain continues to develop rapidly.
38:01Yung frontal lobe natin no becomes more
38:04developed and it's now could support
38:07planning attention self-crol and goal
38:11setting na tinatawag.
38:14Okay. So at the same time
38:18continues. If you remember in your um
38:21genetic science ba or biofis biis fis no
38:27it helps nerve signals travel more
38:29quickly and efficiently. So because of
38:32this development they become more uh
38:35better cooperative no in following
38:37instructions completing task so by this
38:41time they become more skilled in gross
38:43motor activities like running jumping
38:46climbing dios ko po balancing
38:50um shooting throwing so kung mapapansin
38:53niyo rin sa mga toy may mga
38:54naka-indicate na mga 3 plus 18 months
38:57plus 6 months 0 plus yan so may mga appr
39:01age appropriate din kasi ng mga toys. So
39:03for the Filipinos, no, yung Filipino
39:06Children yung
39:08yung brain and water development natin
39:11is talagang kitang-kita na influenced by
39:14both genetic and environmental factors.
39:16So mahalaga yung ano yung kino-consider
39:20din natin yung culture
39:22no at saka yung interaction surrounding
39:26that Filipino child. Okay? Wala. Gusto
39:30ko lang din emphasize that culture
39:32matters in raising a child.
39:36Tapos check out this gross motor skills
39:38difference 4 5. Sabi ko sa inyo sobrang
39:41different yung mga nagagawa nila. Ah I'm
39:46surprised with with my bulit no si Zia.
39:51Um from 12 months to 13 months to 14
39:55months talagang rapid iyung development
39:57niya not only physically.
40:00But also yung mga words niya, yung mga
40:02naa-achieve niya na mga milestones.
40:04Amazing lang ng development ng tao.
40:08Yan. Ito na yung binabanggit ko sa inyo
40:10yung issues also nutrition, obesity, no?
40:13And overwmth overweight overwhelmed
40:15overweight in early childhood. So yung
40:17childhood obesity ay nag-i-increase no
40:21yung cases nito nagi-increase among
40:23preschool in the recent year. So common
40:25factors daw include yung less physical
40:28activity, laging nakahiga, laging
40:30nakaupo and more sedentary activities.
40:34Tapos yung kinakain syempre yan
40:37kailangan ideally no ideally ay hindi
40:41sila kumakain ng maraming process and
40:43jump foods no mga high calor and process
40:46food could actually
40:49um
40:51make them at risk of developing
40:53different uh health problems later in
40:57later life. Okay. Pero hindi rin natin
41:00masisi kasi ano nga bang reason bakit
41:02tayo kumakain ng mga instant foods?
41:04Bukod sa mura ito. madali itong
41:07i-prepare eh paano kung dalawa yung
41:09parents na working 'di ba? So
41:13yan gusto kong i point out also that
41:16itong mga health problems na ay mga
41:19patterns na to during early years ng
41:21ating buhay could also affect not only
41:24their physical health but it also lead
41:27on to affecting their psychological
41:30health like it could affect your
41:31selfestem kung sila ay magiging obese ba
41:35and affect your social relationship. So
41:37iyung pag-encourage sa healthy eating
41:39and regular physical activity and active
41:42play from a a very early age can support
41:46not only uh development but iyung
41:49healthy growth ng ating mind no ang
41:53brain yan and other dimensions of the
41:57self.
42:00The PN approach the preoperational child
42:042 to 7 years old characterized by the
42:06expansion of symbolic thought.
42:10Check this out. Pakicheck out one by
42:13one. Ano yung mga kaya nila gawin during
42:16early childhood?
42:18Yan. Theory of mind. Ano mga example
42:21dito? If tama ang aking pagkakaalala.
42:25Yan. Paki-check ito ha. I can pause this
42:28video and then read through this one.
42:31Ayan. So introduce ko ong three mountain
42:35task ni John Pia J. No, this is a
42:39classic experiment to assess iyung
42:41cognitive development in children.
42:43Specifically yung ability nila na makita
42:45yung perspective ng ibang tao. So sa tas
42:48na 'to 'yung bata no ay pinapakitaan
42:51siya ng tatlong mountain.
42:53Okay? Tapos mayroong doll na nakaharap.
42:58acrossya
43:01they are asked to describe what the doll
43:03would see from its perspective. So to
43:07Pia J ang isang preoperational child
43:09typically sabi nga natin 2 to7
43:12nagde-demonstrate siya ng egocentrism
43:15when they are unable to describe the
43:17mountain from the doll's point of view.
43:20So when we say egocentrism
43:22the limitation cognitive limitation ito
43:24where the child has difficulties see in
43:27the perspective of other people.
43:30So itong inability to take on a point of
43:34view ng ah ibang tao is a characteristic
43:39ng pre-operational stage as outlined sa
43:43theory ni cognitive cognitive
43:46development ni BJ no. So as children
43:49progress through the different stages,
43:51they would now develop yung decentration
43:54na tinatawag o yung makakita ng
43:56perspective ng ibang tao. Kuha
44:00egocentrism
44:02no? Okay. Or
44:06only
44:08perspective from our own
44:13pero magde-develop din yan.
44:15We also have uh seeing
44:19no uh
44:22that this particular
44:26uh clay let's see could be like this
44:28could also be like this and could also
44:30be like this
44:33and the saliant test I want you to watch
44:36this. Okay the saliant test has a video
44:40sa YouTube. I would ask you just to
44:43watch it and easy naman iyon. So ang
44:46Sally test naman experiment naman ito
44:49test theory of mind.
44:52Okay? So itong test na to involves a
44:55story where si Sally ayan places a toy
44:59in a basket.
45:02Okay? Tapos umalis siya.
45:06While she's gone, si Annog niya yung toy
45:08to a different location. So yung bata
45:12ngayon tatanungin saan hahanapin ni
45:15Sally yung toy kapag bumalik siya. So
45:18kapag yung bata daw ay may theory of
45:20mind na nakikita niya na yung
45:22perspective from other point of view no
45:26sasabihin niya that Sally will work for
45:27the toy
45:30no in the original location kasi hindi
45:32naman siya aware doon sa naging change
45:35no sa location nung toy. So ang test is
45:39na to is crucial in evaluating a child's
45:42ability to understand and attribute
45:45mental states to others which is a very
45:47important component kapag nag-i-interact
45:49tayo sa ibang tao.
45:52So kapag hindi daw ah nakita yung ah
45:58perspective
46:00taking from yung perspective taking sa
46:02ibang tao yung perspective of others in
46:04the saliant test it's often an
46:07indicative or indication na merong
46:09kulang pa kulang pa yung theory of mind
46:14ng isang bata which is typically
46:16observed no in certain developmental
46:19concerns.
46:20Okay,
46:22search niyo yun. Very nice to ah yung
46:26concept na ito. The theory of mind.
46:29Ayan. Tapos another concern is our IQ
46:34scores fix measures of inborn
46:36intelligence. So mind you, no IQ scores
46:40are not fixed measures of inborn
46:42intelligence. They only reflect a
46:45child's performance on a specific task
46:47compared to their fears at a particular
46:49time.
46:51Nakuha po. Nakuha po no? Parang nung
46:56bata to ano to eh high to eh. Yan. So
47:00does it mean na um pag tumanda siya
47:04mame-maintain na rin po ito? Maraming
47:08mga factor na pwedeng mag ah play ng
47:10role in between.
47:13Okay? We have environmental sabi nga
47:16natin socioeconomic influences,
47:20family environment
47:23and intelligence is not solely
47:25determined by genes. We all know that.
47:29at each shape by the environment and
47:31other factors. So maraming research ang
47:34nagsasabi na a supportive home
47:36environment iyung warm parenting
47:39stimulating activities can positively
47:41affect the cognitive development of
47:44economically disadvantaged children.
47:48So talagang may role ang nurture and
47:50intelligence.
47:53Yan here sa language development
47:55nabanggit ko naman sa inyo kanina na
47:59language talaga ay nagbabago na-expand
48:03significantly
48:05and it becomes more complex
48:08more and more no everyday especially
48:10during early childhood so we have
48:12private speech
48:15an emphasize ko to it's a normal
48:17occurrence assisting children in
48:19transitioning to selfreulation
48:22lecting their cognitive development and
48:25we also have
48:27fast mapping rapid learning and recall
48:31of new words or concepts with limited
48:33exposure followed by gradual refinement
48:36through additional context and exposure.
48:40So ito yyung mga nagaganap during early
48:43childhood reading ulit task nots for
48:47this. Okay. expect that this will come
48:51out somewhere.
48:56Sige.
48:59Brain development in 6 to 11. If you
49:04see, I covered different ages na rin ng
49:07childhood. Kaya childhood yung nilagay
49:08ko doon sa title. So sa middle childhood
49:12faster more efficient information
49:15processing and increase ang ability to
49:18ignore distracting information.
49:20Yan tapos yung motor skills continue to
49:23improve in middle childhood
49:26ba. Ito yung kadugtong nung kanina natin
49:28kung makikita niyo
49:31iba na no
49:35complex na ang movement.
49:42And here very important na rin yung
49:43tinatawag na rough and tumble play. Yan.
49:47It's an active play that involves
49:49running, chasing, wrestling, playing,
49:52fighting,
49:54and physical contact. It appears in many
49:56culture suggesting na an important uh
50:00part ng child development. So ang mga
50:03boys they tend to engage in rough and
50:05tumble play more often than girls.
50:09No although may mga individual
50:10differences pa rin pero generally mas
50:13talagang
50:15ah
50:16yung play ng boys ay different.
50:19Okay? So yung rough and tumble play
50:22actually helps children develop physical
50:24coordination. the strength no and motor
50:27skills. So itong play na to, it's not
50:30just play for no reason but through play
50:33they learn skills like taking turns,
50:36following rules.
50:39Yan. So
50:41it's important to note lang din na yung
50:42rough and tumble play is different from
50:45real aggression because children
50:47generally enjoy this play and understand
50:51that it is just play.
50:54Okay.
50:59Obesity and body image. Ayan around 6 to
51:0211 no. Ano na ba ang concern dito? May
51:05body image na rin kasi ba by around this
51:08time nagde-develop yyung feelings nila
51:10about how they see and uh feel
51:14about themselves and their own body
51:16appearance. No mas noticeable na to
51:19during middle childhood particularly
51:22among girls. So negative body image may
51:25affect a child's selfestem
51:28and eating habits syempre ay
51:30nagco-contribute dito. So may mga risk
51:33factors dito no ng obesity.
51:37Yan
51:39screen
51:44yan. So we have heredity
51:49aside from peace.
51:51So we have family history.
51:54Um children more likely to be overweight
51:57if mayong close relatives na overweight
51:59din for nutrition
52:02yan intake ng sugar processed food
52:04inactive lifestyle laging nakaiga.
52:06Laging nakaupo
52:08yan.
52:13How do we manage this?
52:16Parents, schools, doctors and community
52:19should work together to help children
52:22maintain a healthy and yung treatment,
52:25yung intervention should start should
52:27start actually early. Dapat naka-focus
52:30sila ng developing a healthy habits, not
52:32just losing yung weight.
52:36screen time no limit screen time it
52:39could lead them to make to ano to just
52:43keep setting down
52:46computer laptop no tapos this children
52:52should be encouraged to eat healthier
52:55food choices and provide nutritious meal
52:58yan so talagang at an early stage ay
53:01pino-promote na dapat or tinuturuan na
53:03sila how to make healthy eat
53:07physical decisions
53:09yan and encourage natin yung physical
53:11activity like walking, playing and
53:14sports with family and friends. Most
53:16likely this also one of the reasons
53:18hindi tinatanggal ang physical education
53:20no sa ating curriculum.
53:23Yan. The goal is to promote longterm
53:26healthy lifestyle. Read this no. This is
53:28a very interesting research
53:32no though though this ano pa ah early
53:362010 pa to pababa ginawa ' ba ah title
53:39nito do Barbie dolls affect girls body
53:42image? So if you remember kung hindi
53:45kayo familiar no Barbie is the best
53:47telling fashion doll globally but her
53:49body proportions are unrealistic
53:52noan
53:55and unattainable potentially promoting
53:59healthy beauty standards. So uh research
54:02indicates that exposure to Barbie can
54:04negatively impact yung body image ng mga
54:10girls your selfestem
54:13with girls as young as five to six
54:15experience low body esteem after
54:17exposure. Pero yung mga older girls daw
54:207 to 8 show no direct on of yung effect
54:25ng Barbie sa kanilang body image
54:26suggesting that they may have
54:28internalized the ideal thinnness as part
54:30of their identity. So some studies
54:32suggest that girls outgro this Barbie
54:34thing seeing her as unrealistic no
54:38parang nagpo-promote ito ng body
54:40dissatisfaction pero ah ayan see you see
54:43here no longitudinal
54:46research is needed to determine the
54:48lasting impact of fashion goals like
54:50barbon body image. Baka ma-consider niyo
54:52to sometime when you do research in the
54:54near future.
54:58Yan. Ito 'yung cognitive development
55:01no'nung cognitive advances natin apprx
55:04approximately 7 to 12
55:07yan spatial relationships and causality
55:118yearold Ella stars intently at the map
55:13the star means we are here ship point so
55:16that must mean the store is here kita
55:18niyo iyung spatial ability
55:21can sort objects na into category shape
55:25color or both mas advance na So kaya din
55:28naman yan sa earlier stage pero mas kaya
55:30na nila ngayon. Inductive and deductive
55:33reasoning. So when we say deductive it
55:35starts with a general statement about
55:38something
55:42general to specific tapos specific to
55:44general.
55:47Yan.
55:49If one neighbor's dogs barks and another
55:51neighbor's dog bark barks then the
55:54conclusion might be that all dogs bark.
55:56Inductive reasoning must be tentative.
55:58However, because it is always possible
56:00to come across new information such as a
56:03dog that does not bark. Yan. Are you
56:05able to see this? Are they are they able
56:08to process it? Yan.
56:11If the duuctive reasoning is if the
56:13belief is that all dogs bark and a new
56:16dog comes along, it could be reasonable
56:18to conclude that the do that the new dog
56:20will also bark.
56:21barkingbking
56:23ang ating concern today inductive and
56:25deductive reasoning
56:28believed that the children in the
56:29concrete operation stage of cognitive
56:31development only used
56:34inductive reasoning
56:38and we also have conservation
56:42okay in the preoperational stage ng
56:45development
56:47children are focused on appearances at
56:49may difficulties sila with abstract
56:52concept. So in solving various types of
56:54conservation problems, children in the
56:56stage of concrete operations can work
56:59out the answers in their head alerty.
57:02Yan we have identity, reversibility and
57:04the center.
57:08Yan. Conservation is this. May iba-iba
57:11tayong types ng conservation.
57:17Number and mathematics by age 6 or 7.
57:20Many children can count in their hands
57:22heads. They also learn to count on. To
57:26add five and three they start counting
57:28five and then six on and then go on to 6
57:317 and 8. It may it may take two or three
57:34or more years for them to count down for
57:35subtraction but by age 9 most children
57:39can count can count up and down.
57:43So may mga sa psychometric approach no
57:45may mga tools kayo na mae-encounter sa
57:49psych assessment. Ito mga
57:52ah standardized test na nagme-measure ng
57:56individual individual individual
57:58intelligence
58:00no for school age children. We have the
58:03wetchler intelligence scale for
58:04children, the whisk yan and the alls
58:08what is Lenon schoolability test. So
58:10meron kasing mga age appropriate din na
58:13mga ah test. May mga test na para lang
58:16sa preschool. Merong mga test na pwede
58:19mula adolescent stage. Merong pang-adult
58:22lang. Okay.
58:25Influences on IQ although nabigyan ko na
58:27rin siya ng overview. Nabanggit ko naman
58:30na
58:32a lot of things play on affecting the
58:35development of IQ.
58:39Yan. Sabi pa ng schooling seems to
58:41increase tested intelligence.
58:44Read through again um Howard Gardeners
58:47multiple intelligence
58:53and STB Stern birdarchic
58:57theory of intelligence.
59:03Yan si Robert Stberg
59:06sabi niya kasi meron sabi niya may
59:07tatlong
59:09ah dimension ano ng intelligence. We
59:14have the practical, analytic and
59:15creative.
59:17Um Stornberg agreed with Gardner na yung
59:21traditional IQ test does not capture all
59:25uh that it means to be an intelligent
59:27person. meron siya. Ito yung proposal
59:29niya yung Triarchic theory kasi yung IQ
59:32test daw na meron na nag-e-exist back
59:34then nung panahon nila, ignore helps
59:37people produce intelligent answers to
59:40fully assess how intelligent people are.
59:43So sabi yung researchers must consider
59:45iyung practical context in which they
59:47perform, yung age nila, iyung culture,
59:49historical period. Paano sila
59:51mag-respond creatively to new task, yung
59:54analytic strategies nila. So yung mga
59:56individuals who who are intelligent
59:59according to Robert Stberg
1:00:02no are those who
1:00:06are able to carry out logical thought
1:00:08process efficiently no and able to solve
1:00:13both yung mga novel and familiar
1:00:17problems at kaya nilang mag-adapt sa
1:00:19environment.
1:00:21Yan.
1:00:24Okay. And then the child in the school
1:00:29I'll pause the ano the session muna here
1:00:32yan para ah makabwelo muna tayo. Okay. I
1:00:36will continue with another uh session
1:00:41with you and where we will talk about
1:00:43the child in the school.
1:00:46yung
1:00:47educating children with special needs
1:00:51and talk about the psychosocial
1:00:53stages ofment
1:00:56for childhood
1:00:58thank you everyone I hope that you learn
1:01:00something today please make that you the
1:01:04instructions for
1:01:07this particular lecture
1:01:09Bye.

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