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Chemistry Lecture 5 For General Chemistry and InOrganic Chemistry — Transcript

by Jan Bernel Padolina · 2,887 words · 561 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00May record.
0:04Ayan. Okay, guys. Hello. Uh, chapter
0:07five.
0:09Okay. Early atomic theory and structure.
0:14Ayan.
0:16So, ayan. Lightning occurs when
0:21electrons no
0:24move to neutralized
0:27charge difference between the storm
0:29clouds and earth no so basically no ah
0:34yung paggalaw ng lightning no ah it's
0:39the electron flowing no ayon so
0:43electricity is uh made when electrons
0:47move from one location to another. Okay
0:53yan. So yan po diyan gawa ang ating
0:56lightning no. Ayan.
1:00Okay.
1:02Now for this uh chapter the outline are
1:05the following. First we discuss DPON's
1:08model of atom. Second electric charge.
1:12Third subatomic particles of atom.
1:16Then uh nuclear atom isotopes of
1:19elements and atomic mass no
1:22okay the early models of atoms okay were
1:28developed no by the Greek even pa nung
1:31panahon pa ng mga Greek no okay um
1:37okayocless
1:40proposed matter was composed of four
1:44basic elements. So si MP Duklas daw he
1:48proposed that matter no. Okay. Ito yung
1:52ano tawag dito [sumisinghap] ah similar
1:55doun sa ano sa Avatar no yung Avatar
1:58Legend of Ang no? Yung earth, air,
2:02water, fire 'di ba? Oh ayun. So ito no.
2:07So sabi ni epidocles ang matter daw ay
2:10gawa lang sa apat na element. No ayan.
2:16Agree ba kayo dito? Agree.
2:23Wala. [tawanan] Okay. Thumbs down kung
2:25thumbs up kung agree yan ah. Agreated.
2:28Okay. So hindi no. Hindi po no. Hindi
2:32yung earth is I mean yung elements no
2:35yung matter. It's not made of this no.
2:38Ayan
2:40o. Kung pipili kayo anong anong bender
2:42kayo?
2:44Earth ba? Air, water or fire?
2:50Ah okay. O pili na ng element. Okay.
2:53Siba e. Maraming water. Ah ako hulaan
2:56niyo kung anong bender.
3:00Oh ito na yung akin. Sagot ko.
3:03Yan low yan. [tawanan]
3:08Low bender.
3:10I know bendalo no. [tawanan]
3:14Joke lang ha. Bendalo
3:19[sumisinghap]
3:20o. Democratus proposed matter was
3:24composed of small indivisible particles
3:29atoms. Ayon. So si Democratus naman ang
3:32proposal niya is meron daw
3:36ah tawag dito indivisible particle na
3:40kung tawagin ay atom no or atomus. Okay.
3:45Atom
3:47could combine in different ways giving
3:50rise to diversity of compounds we
3:52observe, no? So ayun. So ilang ilang
3:56ilang Greek philosophers na ang meron
3:58tayo. So si Empedocles, Democratus
4:03and then we have Aristotle. Si Aristotle
4:05naman na philosopher also supported
4:10theory.
4:12Atomic theory was not fully accepted
4:15until 2000 years later. So ang tagal ng
4:19panahon no ah bago um
4:24ma-discover no yung yung atom na alam
4:27natin ngayon no. Ayan.
4:31Okay.
4:36So in the early no 1800s, ayan Dalton's
4:41theory proposed ayan elements are
4:45composed of small indivisible particles.
4:48Si ano si Dalton daw no John Dalton ah
4:53yun sinuportahan niya yyung ano
4:55statement nung Greek philosopher no si
4:57ano Democratus na ang meron daw tayo na
5:03smallest indivisible no particles ay
5:06atoms. Ayan na. So may idea na tayo kung
5:08ano iyung atom.
5:10Okay. Atoms of the same element are
5:13identical in mass and size. Pareho daw
5:18no? Atoms of different element in their
5:22mass and size. So tama siya dito. So
5:30okay tama 'to
5:32no? May yang concept ng atom. Tama rin
5:36'to. Tama 'to no yan.
5:40Compounds are formed by combining two or
5:43more atoms of different elements. So
5:46totoo naman to ano? Nagco-combine talaga
5:49sila to form ah compounds no. Ayan.
5:53Atoms combined to to form compounds in
5:56simple no whole number ratio. So pwede
6:01no? Atoms of two elements may combine in
6:06different ratios leading to formation of
6:09different compounds no so maganda ong um
6:13theory no ni Dalton no.
6:16Ayan. So nasimulan na. Alam na natin na
6:18may small particle with different mass
6:21and size. No ayan. Now illustrating
6:25Dalton's model of atom. Ayan.
6:30Atoms are individual particles which are
6:32different in each element. Noan.
6:38Atoms combined to in fixed ratios to
6:41form compounds. No? So yung law of ano
6:44uh
6:47multiple proportion no? Ayan. Tapos yung
6:49ano rin um yung kaninang law no
6:54definite composition no. Ayan.
6:58Okay. So, most of Dalton's theory
7:00remains valid until today. So, imagine
7:03plus no anong year si Dalton? 1800s pero
7:08um 200 years no nakalipas
7:13until ngayon no? Alam pa rin na ah ganun
7:15pa rin no? Hindi pa nade-debunk yung
7:17kanya no.
7:19Uh revisions no to Dalton's theory. Ito
7:22na may mga revisions.
7:24One elements can be decomposed under
7:28certain condition, no? Okay. Totoo rin
7:31to no? Um may mga elements that can
7:36decay, no? May tinatawag tayong half
7:38light. Kung hindi man decay, no, they
7:41can be separated, no? Nuclear fusion,
7:46no? Ayan.
7:48Not all atoms of the same elements have
7:51identical mass. Okay? Kasi may tinatawag
7:53tayong isotopes. Okay? So o na medyo may
7:57mga ano na revisions, no? Ayan. Atoms
8:01are not indivisible no?
8:05Atoms are composed of subatomic
8:07particles. So ano pala pwede pa siyang
8:09ma break into subatomic particles. Okay.
8:17Okay. Now um
8:21electric charge
8:23property of electric charge charge may
8:26be either positive or negative. Opposite
8:32charges positive and negative attract
8:35while like charges no both negative or
8:38both positive would repel. Charge may be
8:42transferred from one object to another
8:46by contact or induction.
8:49The force of attraction between charges.
8:53Okay. Ito yyung F. F is the force no is
8:58related to the distance. between
9:00charges. Alam niyo ba to class sa
9:02physics iyung formula na to?
9:06Familiar.
9:09K is constant.
9:12Yung Q1 is the charge of your first
9:15particle. Then yung Q2 is the another
9:18charge
9:20of the particle. And then
9:23yung R sung
9:26yung distance.
9:28Ayan.
9:32Okay
9:35yan. So don't worry hindi ko naman siya
9:37iaano kasi physics yan eh ha. Pinakita
9:40lang na papaano siya pwedeng
9:42ma-calculate no yung force
9:45ah attractive force or repelling no
9:48force. Ayan pinakita lang sa equation.
9:51Okay.
9:53Discovery of ions. Sino naka-discover ng
9:56ions? No'no? It was Michael
10:02Jackson. No, hindi joke lang. Si Michael
10:04Faraday, no? Ayan.
10:08Michael Faraday. Who is he? No, he is an
10:12English
10:13scientist who discovered
10:16electrolytes.
10:18No ayan.
10:20Sige nga class. Ah nakainom na ba kayo
10:23ng electrolytes?
10:26Ah sino sa inyo nakainom na ng
10:28electrolytes
10:30o anong brand ng electrolytes ninyo?
10:39Gay to Raid o ayan oh. Hindi ko alam
10:42'yung brand na 'yan. Viva Light. O sige.
10:44O gate raid is as an example no of um
10:50tawag dito energy drink na electrolyte
10:53no. Ayan. Okay. Ayan. Pocari, sweat.
10:57Ayan. Gatorid. Ayan. Example 'yan. Tama
11:00'yan 'no. Okay. Meron ding nabibili no
11:03sa drugstore. 'Yung ilalagay mo sa ano
11:08sa water no? Para siyang tablet na
11:12nare-desolve. No. May ganon
11:15no. Uh Faraday also discovered some
11:19compounds
11:21decomposed in water into their elements.
11:25These elements were attracted to either
11:28negative positive charge electrodes in
11:31the solution meaning they are no longer
11:34neutral no thischarge elements are
11:39called
11:40ions o na ions
11:45yan
11:48so yung mga ions daw okay
11:52example no'no a light bulb
11:54close when ions
11:57are present in salt water solution. So
11:59nakakapag ano siya nakakapag-power siya
12:02ng bulb no? O lang yung meron no?
12:06Meron ka lang positive
12:09t's meron ka lang negative no? Yan.
12:21Okay, ito na Arhenius, another
12:25scientist. So sino naka-discover class
12:27ng ano ng electrolytes? No. So it was
12:32paradise, no?
12:36Now, another scientist Arenius,
12:41okay, propose ions
12:44are atoms
12:47that carry a positive or negative
12:49charge. So ito tama no? Hindi yung ions
12:52hindi lang siya
12:54particles. These are actually atoms.
12:58Okay. Papaano ba nagkakaroon ng ano ng
13:02ah ions no? Okay. Ah if there's changes
13:08in the amount of electrons, no? For
13:12example class, yung sodium ba meron
13:16siyang isang electron. Kapag ka 'yung
13:17isang electron na yon tinanggal natin sa
13:20kanya
13:22no' so this would turn
13:26positive charge.
13:30Ah ta's yung CL kanina 'di ba binigyan
13:31natin ng additional na electron this
13:34would turn negative charge. Bakit? Kasi
13:38yung amount ng proton
13:42is hindi na equal with the amount of
13:46electron.
13:48Gets niyo class?
13:50Mas mataas yung proton, what will
13:52happen? Positive or negative
13:56ang charge nung atom?
14:00Ayun, correct. Pag mas mataas ang
14:03proton, it would turn. Mas mataas to '
14:05ba? Halimbawa
14:08ito lamang ang proton mo. So it would
14:10turn positive. Paano kung mas mataas ang
14:13electron?
14:15Oh, what will happen? It will turn
14:18negative, 'di ba?
14:22Okay, gets niyo class. Ayan.
14:29Okay. Um, ayan.
14:32Na dissociates in water producing
14:37Na+ and Cl-
14:41Yan.
14:42Based on Faradays and Arhenius work,
14:46Stony another scientist tatlo na sila
14:50proposed the electrons
14:53was a fundamental unit of electricity
14:56associated with atoms.
14:58And another scientist JJ Thomson
15:02later experimentally confirmed the
15:06existence of electrons. No, ayan.
15:16Subatomic parts of atom, no?
15:21Ayan, a single atom.
15:25Okay. A single atom
15:27is as tiny.
15:34Ayan. is as tiny as
15:371 to5
15:41nan.
15:43Ayan, nakita niyo?
15:45Plus, ang pinakamaliit na capacitor no
15:49sa isang processor
15:52I believe nasa 2 nanometers na. No?
15:56Makikita niyo class yung mga processor
15:59meron silang by generation ano ah
16:01mine-measure yung kanilang ano ah size
16:04no yan. So 2 nanometers yung last ko
16:07nakita no. So ibig sabihin malapit na
16:10tayo kahit papaano no sa size ng atom.
16:14Ayan
16:15because atoms are so small determining
16:18the presence of subatomic particles was
16:21very difficult. No? However, in 1900s,
16:26okay,
16:29scanning tunneling microscope image
16:32shows an array of copper atoms, no'?
16:36Ayan. So, may STM dito, no?
16:45Okay. So,
16:47teka teka teka.
16:49Okay.
16:51A crooks tube no permit generation
16:55of cathod ray okay which are streams of
16:59electron no
17:02so iyung catodrclas ang example nito is
17:05yung mga sinaunang TV ha yung
17:09cato drubes TV um yung itsura ng TV dati
17:13yung may may ano may machine sa likod
17:17paano ba yung may malaking ano
17:21part dito sa likod. Ito yung screen '
17:23ba? Screen
17:26t's may machine sa likod. T's once you
17:29touch the screen parang minsan
17:30makukuryente ka 'di ba? Yan.
17:36So a catode ray tube no the stream of
17:39electron passes between the electrodes.
17:42So may electrodes ka no? May negative
17:46positive. In the middle you have
17:50electrons flowing no
17:55electron beam is deflected by both
17:58electric and magnetic field no ayan
18:08okay so ito yung electrons natin
18:12a particle with negative charge no
18:16okay assign
18:18relative charge is - 1. Electrons have a
18:21very small no size. Ito po yung size ng
18:24electron.
18:25Ay sorry sorry ito pala yung masson.
18:29This one is the size. Ayan. Then protons
18:34particle with positive charge assigned
18:36is positive 1.
18:39Okay? Protons protons are much larger no
18:42in terms of mass no.
18:46Okay.
18:48Ah. Mm. Done ang done ang electron no?
18:50Mas malaki siya sa electron.
18:53Okay.
19:02Okay. Ito naman tayo. Ah, Thomson's work
19:05no demonstrated that atom is composed of
19:09smaller charged particles. No, Dalton's
19:14theory of atom then had to be revised,
19:16no? So, in Thomson,
19:20ah ang sabi ni Thomson, no, you have the
19:22atom, itong dilaw and then there are
19:25negatively charged. Yan, itong mga to.
19:30Okay. Negatively charged particles
19:33embedded to a positively charged atomic
19:36atomic sphere, no? So sabi niya, ito daw
19:39ito daw yellow is positive. Then itong
19:42mga nakadikit,
19:44okay, are negative, no?
19:50Ayan.
19:55Okay.
19:58Ayan. So
20:03ah ito to to um
20:07cut ions ands
20:10can become ions by gaining or losing
20:13electron no so iyung sodium when it give
20:16up electron it become cut ion no iyung
20:20chlorine receiving electron would become
20:23an ion no ayan
20:26so yan po Ha? Okay. Now, what about um
20:30neutron? No, what's the purpose of
20:32neutron? The last subatomic particle
20:35that was discovered no by Chadwick in
20:381932.
20:41Okay. Neutrons are particle with no
20:44electrical charge. Neutrons have a mass
20:47similar to a proton.
20:51Yan. Ito yung summary.
20:55Right?
21:01Okay.
21:05Okay. Chemical properties of an atom or
21:08an element can be described based on
21:11electrons, protons, and neutrons. No
21:15ayan. So these are the three subatomic
21:17particles.
21:20So
21:22okay uh because of Rudford
21:26the concept of the nucleus was
21:30discovered no by allowing a gold foil to
21:36be bombered by alpha particle. Yung
21:38alpha particle class is um positively
21:42charged no na beam.
21:46Okay.
21:47And then notice na at the center no
21:52okay of uh gold no
21:57atom ah there's scattering of alpha
22:01particle kasi class ganito if your beam
22:04is positive
22:07and it hits
22:10a nucleus
22:13which also contains protons.
22:17So what would happen? Positive and
22:19positive. So hindi sila mag-a-absorb,
22:21hindi mag-a-attract ' ba? It would repel
22:26or deflect. So napansin niya na
22:29kumakalat no yung nagi-scatter yung
22:32alpha particle. Ibig sabihin no um
22:37yung atom natin it's not entirely
22:40negative. There's a positively charged
22:43particles, no?
22:47Ayan.
22:51Okay.
22:55The nucleus,
22:57most of the particles were not
22:58deflected.
23:00Yan.
23:02This suggests that atoms
23:04okay most of the atoms are empty
23:10space no? So do na-figure out nila na
23:13may sa gitna may nucleus. Ang laman ng
23:17nucleus
23:18neutron and proton sa palibot
23:22electron cloud. No ayan so protons and
23:26neutrons are located in the nucleus.
23:29electrons are dispersed throughout the
23:32remained remainder of the atom. No.
23:41Okay.
23:43So, atomic number, number of proton in
23:47the nucleus.
23:49Atomic number determines the identity of
23:52an atom. Atomic number for every
23:54elements are above, written above. Ito
23:58ganito daw siya.
24:00Ito yung number dito class. This is the
24:04atomic number.
24:08Okay. Isotopesan nabanggit na kanina.
24:12Isotopes are
24:15same element but differ in the number of
24:18neutron.
24:23Hence they also differ in massaiba yung
24:27timbang.
24:29Yan. Ito example natin.
24:33Protium, duuterium, tritium. No? So
24:38these are all hydrogen.
24:41Yun nga lang ang pinagkaiba nila
24:44yung number ng neutron. No? Ayan.
24:51Standard isotopic notation. Lagi po ano
24:54yung E is the element symbol.
24:59Z is the atomic number and then mass.
25:03Okay yung sa A yan.
25:12Okay.
25:17Okay. Determining the number of neutron.
25:20Okay. How would you determine the number
25:22of neutron? No, so basic lang class.
25:28Lagi lang ganito, no? Mass
25:32of an atom minus
25:36atomic
25:40number. That's equal to the number of
25:45neutron.
25:48Okay po. Ayan. Class, pa-thumbs up naman
25:51kung nandiyan pa. Baka tulog na kayo ha.
25:57Yan. Okay.
25:59Sige. Hindi ako masyadong nagtatanong
26:02kasi ano to eh um tawag dito theory no?
26:05Theoretical. Ayan.
26:11Okay. Um
26:14identifying the number of subatomic
26:16particles. Sige ng try nga. Try. Oh.
26:20Plus ha itong nandito
26:24atomic
26:27number. Ito naman
26:30mass.
26:32O how many protons? O protons muna tayo.
26:36Ilan?
26:43Ayun. Okay.
26:48Unang sumagot. Ayan Celesti.
26:51So ang sagot ay 29 eh. 'Yung electron
26:54ilan?
26:59O 29 din kasi equal naman 'yan eh 'di
27:02ba?
27:05Pag ano ha, pag neutral ha, wala namang
27:07charge dito oh. Kita niyo? Wala.
27:10Okay. What about neutron?
27:14How would you get the neutron? 64-
27:1829.
27:28Okay. The correct answer kung
27:30pinag-minus mo yan
27:3235. So 35 ang neutron no'.
27:39Oh yan. Ayan. Tama nga.
27:48Oh try nga. Try.
27:51Which isotope
27:54correspond to an element? How would you
27:57get the
27:59correct mass? Alin diyan ang tamang
28:01sagot. Try nga natin sinong ano? B daw
28:04ang tamang sagot.
28:10O check natin. Check.
28:13Ah, how do we check this? So, 24
28:17no protons plus 28.
28:21O yan dapat ang mass niya ' ba.
28:24So anong sagot dito? Um 50
28:292.
28:31Okay. So dapat ang nasa taas na number
28:3452 ito.
28:37Tapos yung nandito same lang sa proton.
28:42So B yung sagot no?
28:45Ayan B nga.
28:53atomic mass no
28:55because the mass of a single atom is so
28:58small it is inconvenient to use this as
29:03a mass unit no kaya ang ginawa nila
29:06ah yung bawat isa nito no 1.6606 6606 10
29:10to the -24
29:12ah kinonvert natin sa 1 amu na no
29:15inequal na lang natin 1 atomic mass unit
29:27ayan
29:32okay teka all periodic table use atomic
29:36mass based on carbon
29:3912 isotope no? Ayan.
29:44So since most elements are mixture of
29:47isotopes, the atomic mass for the
29:49element is weighted in average. So yung
29:52nandon daw sa ating periodic table is
29:55way in average na daw iyon no?
29:58Of all naturally occurring isotopes. Yan
30:01ah. Ito example no.
30:05copper atomic mass. Ito 63.546.
30:10May dalawang klase ng copper.
30:14Two major isotopes. Copper 63 and copper
30:1865.
30:21Ayan. Tapos yung average nila yan na
30:22pinag-ano na lang pinag ah kinuha para
30:25ito yung ano ide-depick.
30:32Okay. Pero bago nila inaverage no,
30:35minultiply mo nila sa yung isotopes no
30:38with its percent of abundance.
30:45Okay. Ito example.
30:51Ayan. So sino mas abundant?
30:53Si copper 63 no? Kaya kay Copper 65 no.
31:00Ayan
31:08ah class kasali sa quiz niyo to ha.
31:10measuring isotope abundance 'no?
31:22Ayan. So papaano no? Average atomic mass
31:26of copper. Ito atomic mass.
31:31Okay. Ni copper 63 multiply sa
31:34abundance.
31:35atomic mass ni copper 65
31:38multiply with the abundance.
31:42Okay? T's pinag-add no after multiply
31:45pareho pinag-add.
31:48Ito na po yung lalabas no.
31:59Okay. So same goes with silver. Yung
32:02silver daw may dalawang isotopes din.
32:04Ayan.
32:06Ganun din yung formula no? O rin.
32:13Okay. Sige nga. Try nga. Let's practice
32:15daw.
32:20Ah anong sagot niyo dito class?
32:26D. O sige try natin.
32:32Okay. So ito yung working equation no.
32:37Ayan.
32:43Okay. So papaano kayang ginawa dito? No
32:46teka. Papaano niyo maso-solve 'to no?
32:50So magiging ano 'to no? 0
32:547553
32:56a
32:59no is equals to x
33:03plus ito imu-multiply niyo na to. Ano
33:06yan?
33:12Ayan. So ang ginawa teka pakita ko na sa
33:15inyo.
33:21Ayan. So yung ah
33:24after ma-multiply nito no dinivide both
33:27sides by 0.7553
33:31no?
33:34Ayan tapos ang final answer is D. Yan
33:3834.96
33:44That's all for this chapter. You have
33:47questions guys?

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