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Chemical Coordination and Integration in One Shot | NEET/Class 11th Boards || Victory Batch — Transcript

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0:00hello my dear students and welcome back
0:02to victory badge and i am your dick
0:05shaman so today we are going to start
0:07with the chapter chemical control and
0:09coordination so this is a very small but
0:11very important chapter from neet point
0:14of view so without wasting any time
0:16let's get started so whatever what we
0:18are going to study in this chapter is
0:20only one thing and that is endocrine
0:23glands you heard it right endocrine
0:26glands so we are going to talk
0:28everything about these client what they
0:30are secreting and what this secretion is
0:32doing and how they are doing it right so
0:35what are endocrine clans endo means
0:38within crime means secretion so endo
0:41means
0:42within
0:43endo means
0:44within
0:45and crinen means secretion so they are
0:48secreting something but that secretion
0:52is present inside your body it is
0:55present inside your body so this gland
0:58is a ductless gland
1:00if you remember in the exocrine gland we
1:03have these small ducts through which the
1:06secretions are poured outside whereas in
1:09endocrine gland these ducts will be
1:11absent these ducts will be absent right
1:15so how does their secretion will go to
1:18the target organ for example this is a
1:20target organ or target cell
1:22how this endocrine gland
1:26how this endocrine gland if it does not
1:28have any duct how it will send its
1:30secretion to the target cell it will
1:33send its secretion to the target cell
1:35through blood vessel you know every cell
1:38and organ of your body somehow receives
1:40blood so what it is doing it will give
1:43or pour its secretion into the blood
1:46vessel and this is how it will reach
1:48into your target cell right and what
1:51their secretions are known as the
1:52secretion is known as hormones is known
1:55as hormones and these hormones are
1:58present inside of your body they are not
2:01present outside or if i say if we
2:03compare it with the duct one gland or
2:05the one with the ducts that is exocrine
2:08gland its secretions are always or
2:10somehow in some exocrine plants the
2:13secretion can move outside of your body
2:16for example the salivary gland these
2:19secretions are moving out of the body
2:21and you can take it out as well right or
2:23if i talk about oil gland or sweat gland
2:25it also comes outside of your body on
2:28your skin but these are the glands of
2:31internal secretion because hormones will
2:34always remain inside your body okay so
2:37that's why endocrine glands are also
2:39known as glands of internal secretion
2:43glands of internal secretion
2:48okay
2:49so what are hormones they are
2:51non-nutrient chemicals which act as
2:54intercellular messengers and are
2:56produced in trace amounts very important
2:59first of all
3:00these hormones they are non-nutrient
3:02what is non-nutrient and first of all
3:05what is a nutrient we have done
3:07nutrients and digestion right and i have
3:09told you nutrient is something that
3:12that you you feed on and your body
3:15produce energy from that right but these
3:18are non-nutrient you cannot metabolize
3:20them you cannot metabolize them so these
3:23cannot be metabolized so you call it as
3:25non-nutrient second it is acting as
3:28intracellular messengers so hormones
3:30sometimes they're also known as primary
3:33messengers
3:34because
3:35they are
3:37they are the one which are taking
3:39information from the cells of endocrine
3:42gland and giving it to the cells or the
3:45target cell so it's like a intercellular
3:47inter means between two cells so it's
3:50sending the information between two
3:52cells so that's why you call it as
3:54intercellular messenger
3:56it is produced in trace amount race
3:58means very small amounts
4:02okay now what is its function
4:04we'll talk about that shortly but before
4:06that what are the various endocrine
4:08glands in your body let's have a look on
4:10it so as you can see here guys
4:13we have first
4:14in the brain hypothalamus pituitary and
4:16pineal gland so there are three glands
4:18present in the brain hypothalamus pineal
4:21and pituitary because they are the part
4:23of the brain and brain is a very
4:25important structure of nervous tissue so
4:28all these three glands will be
4:29ectodermal in origin what will be the
4:31origin of these three glands ectodermal
4:36in origin so whatever glands you have in
4:38the brain they are ectodermal in origin
4:41right then if we move towards the neck
4:44we have two glands here thyroid and
4:46parathyroid just near the heart we have
4:49thymus and then we have pancreas in the
4:52abdominal area and adrenal gland present
4:56above the kidneys and then in the
4:58females we have ovaries in the lower
5:00abdomen and in the males we have testes
5:03in the lower abdomen right so all these
5:05glands we have to study in this chapter
5:08apart from these class we will also be
5:10discussing about the other endocrine
5:14secretions bio-various tissues so this
5:16chapter is going to be very interesting
5:18and you will get to know how your body
5:20is regulated by these chemicals so you
5:22heard me right regulation
5:25so just like that
5:26the neural system was coordinating and
5:29controlling your body activities just
5:31like that your chemical system also
5:33controls and regulates the body
5:36activities so two kind of a controls are
5:38working inside your body to regulate
5:40your body functions one the neural
5:42neural and second the endocrine the
5:44chemical system so let's get started
5:47with the introduction part of this
5:48chapter so if you will study the if you
5:51will come across the ncrt of this
5:53chapter the first paragraph says that
5:56the neural system and the endocrine
5:58system jointly coordinate and regulate
6:00the physiological functions in the body
6:02so this is how this is what we have uh
6:05you know discussed just now that these
6:07two systems are basically you know
6:09coordinating all your activities
6:11physiological activities right so no
6:13what's the difference the common thing
6:15is they are coordinating your body
6:17activities that's for sure but how they
6:20are different and how they're
6:21controlling the same function
6:23differently let's have a look on that
6:25so there is a difference between these
6:27two systems of course because the
6:29nervous system is made up of neurons and
6:31chemical system is made up of all the
6:34chemicals and the endocrine part right
6:37so how they are functioning differently
6:39first of all the nervous system have
6:41chemicals and the uh your um
6:45or you say
6:46your endocrine system it also have
6:48chemicals but the name of the chemicals
6:50is different the chemicals here in the
6:52nervous system are neurotransmitter and
6:54here they are hormones neurotransmitters
6:56are also these kind of chemicals mostly
6:59they are made up of peptide but hormones
7:02are of variety right
7:04and then
7:05what is a target site now where does
7:07this chemicals go for performing its
7:10function or to regulate the body
7:11functions
7:13they can stimulate the neurons and in
7:15fact the glands like we have done in the
7:18autonomic nervous system they can also
7:21go to the visible organs and glands and
7:23basically in the visitor logins like in
7:25heart and also in the glands but these
7:27one they can work on the complete body
7:31even on your somatic cells like
7:33you know they can function in your bones
7:36and everything whereas their organs are
7:39quite limited okay
7:40next
7:41site of action is near what is it
7:45for example if i say this is a neuron
7:47so whatever what will be the hair
7:50present in the axonal and synaptic
7:52vesicles will be present and these
7:54synaptic vesicles will secrete
7:56neurotransmitter
7:57which will stimulate the adjacent neuron
8:00but here the target organ is far away
8:04like pancreas secrete insulin and that
8:07insulin goes to liver and liver is far
8:11far away from the pancreas right it's
8:13not just present adjustment to it just
8:15like in a micrometers different uh like
8:18in the synapses right so here the target
8:21organ is near here it is far away second
8:23the onset of action is rapid that means
8:26as soon as the neurotransmitter attached
8:28to the postsynaptic membrane it will
8:30start performing its function
8:33right so it's quite quick
8:35fine but here these chemicals are very
8:38slow first of all they are dependent
8:40upon the blood system of the body
8:43imagine the blood will first go to the
8:44heart and from the heart it will then
8:46get pumped in
8:48through the systemic circulation
8:50then it will go to the liver so it will
8:52take some time because we are dependent
8:54upon the blood the blood will circulate
8:56and will send the hormones so we say the
8:58onset of action can be slow but duration
9:01of action here is very short for example
9:04if it has causes excitation in this
9:07neuron and once the wave of impulse
9:10stops everything will be stopped so it
9:12will be for a little shorter duration
9:14for example this neuron now send
9:16information to the another one so once
9:19it has send information to the another
9:20one this one will stop like this one has
9:22already stopped right and or until or
9:25unless the impulse have been
9:27have been already arrived in the first
9:29one or it is continuously arriving fine
9:32so here the function is for longer
9:35duration it will keep on functioning for
9:37number of in fact days as well
9:39amount of chemical here we need it in
9:41the high concentration but they are low
9:43or required in the trace amounts
9:48all right i hope this is pretty clear to
9:50everyone that's the difference between
9:51these two systems and this is how
9:53they're controlling you and me and
9:55everyone okay all right guys so let's
9:58get started with the first gland and
10:00that is hypothalamus
10:02so hypothalamus where it is present it
10:05is present in the basal portion or the
10:08base of the diencephalon if you remember
10:11it is present at the
10:13or it forms the basal part of
10:16diencephalon
10:19since it is a part of nervous system it
10:23will be ectodermal in origin
10:26ectodermal in origin
10:29so it's a connection between neural and
10:33endocrine
10:35right it's a connection between neural
10:37and endocrine system because it's just
10:40like of a part of a brain it has centers
10:42like thirst center
10:44like it controls the guardian rhythm it
10:46controls body temperature it's a
10:48thermostat it also controls emotions but
10:51because it's an endocrine body it will
10:53also secrete hormones so it will secrete
10:56hormones
10:58it will
10:59secrete
11:00hormones
11:02all right
11:03so as you can see this portion is
11:05hypothalamus this portion is pituitary
11:08gland and both these these are different
11:11glands and they're connected to each
11:13other via this stock-like structure you
11:15call this as infundibulum what do you
11:18call it as infundibulum so infundibulum
11:22is a stock-like structure
11:24which will connect hypothalamus with the
11:27pituitary gland pituitary gland have two
11:30portions anterior pituitary and
11:32posterior pituitary anterior pituitary
11:34is also known as adreno hypophysis
11:39adino
11:40hypophysis whereas posterior pituitary
11:43is also known as
11:45neuro hypophysis
11:50okay now
11:51so because hypothalamus is a part of
11:53neurons so it will be formed of a lot of
11:56neurons also right so that's true but
11:58some neurons
12:00some neurons they have been modified
12:03they have been modified in hypothalamus
12:06some neurons they have been modified and
12:08they started secreting something they
12:11started secreting something so you call
12:13them as neurosecretary cells what you
12:16call it as neurosecretory cells
12:18in the portion where the normal neurons
12:21are present they are controlling the
12:23neural function but the endocrine
12:25portion of hypothalamus have
12:27neurosecretory cells
12:31these neurosecretory cells they secrete
12:34the hormones so whatever you are looking
12:36at their neurosecretory cells so there
12:38are certain neurosecretory cells present
12:41which are shorter in size and there are
12:43some which are very like longer in size
12:46okay they are larger in size so the one
12:49which are larger in size their axonal
12:51ends are basically present in the
12:54posterior pituitary their axonal ends
12:56are basically present in the posterior
12:58pituitary so these uh
13:01these uh
13:03nuclei the collection of cyton
13:07nuclei is what collection of cyton so
13:09these nuclei they will secrete the
13:12hormones these hormones traveling
13:16through these exon will get stored in
13:18the posterior pituitary they will get
13:20stored in the posterior p2 tree so we
13:22say that hypothalamus secretes two type
13:25of hormones one hormone which will be
13:28secreted by the hypothalamus and they
13:30will travel towards the egg zone and
13:32they will get stored in the posterior
13:33pituitary right second type we have
13:36these hormones which will be secreted by
13:38hypothalamus and they will remain in the
13:41hypothalamus
13:42but
13:43they will
13:44control the anterior pituitary they will
13:47control the anterior pituitary right for
13:49example i said these nuclei these nuclei
13:53they will secrete the hormones they will
13:55move towards the posterior pituitary and
13:57they will get stored here now what are
13:59these hormones
14:00oxytocin and adh
14:03right
14:04oxytocin and adh second are the hormones
14:07which are secreted by these nuclei
14:09they're secreted by these nuclei and
14:11they are what they are inhibiting and
14:15releasing hormones
14:16inhibiting
14:18and releasing hormones
14:22inhibiting and releasing hormones are
14:24the one which will control
14:28anterior pituitary so i'm writing ap to
14:30the anti-repetitory okay they will
14:32control anterior pituitary so how does
14:34the control for example if i say the
14:37anterior pituitary is connected to the
14:39hypothalamus via some blood vessel why
14:42are some blood vessel and that forms
14:44your hypophyseal portal system we have
14:47discussed this in the circulation
14:48chapter also so here hypophyseal portal
14:52systems blood vessels are present which
14:54are connecting the hypothalamus with the
14:56anterior pituitary so now what will
14:58happen it is secreting two type of
15:00hormones okay imagine this is an
15:02inhibitory hormone
15:04the pink one
15:05and imagine the green one is a releasing
15:07hormone okay for example if the green
15:11one hormone goes to the anterior
15:12pituitary this will lead to the
15:14formation of hormone and anterior
15:17pituitary will release more hormone
15:18right but if this pink one inhibiting
15:21hormone comes to the anterior pituitary
15:23then anterior pituitary will be
15:24inhibited and it will no longer produce
15:27its hormone let me just give you an
15:29example
15:30like i say anterior pituitary have a
15:32hormone known as growth hormone okay
15:35growth hormone is a hormone that leads
15:37to the growth of your body and it is
15:39secreted by anterior pituitary but its
15:41secretion is controlled by hypothalamus
15:44how
15:45if hypothalamus secrete inhibiting
15:48hormone
15:49the anterior pituitary will no longer be
15:51secreting growth hormone
15:53if hypothalamus is secreting releasing
15:56hormone anterior pituitary will now can
15:59be able to secrete its growth hormone so
16:03all the hormones mostly hormones they
16:05are under the control of the
16:06hypothalamus which hormones the hormones
16:09of anterior pituitary what about the
16:11posterior pituitary these are already
16:13the hormones of hypothalamus but they
16:14got uh you know stored in the posterior
16:17pituitary all right okay so that's about
16:19the hormones of hypothalamus so
16:21hypothalamus two types of hormones
16:24one are the
16:27hormones
16:30stored
16:33in posterior pituitary
16:40and second are the
16:41inhibiting and releasing hormone
16:48inhibiting and releasing hormones
16:52okay now what are the name of the nuclei
16:54that secrete oxytocin and adh so they
16:56are
16:57pro ventriculus yeah these also have
17:01name these nuclei they also have name
17:03and super optic
17:05they
17:07the oxytocin is secreted by pro
17:09ventriculus and supraoptic it
17:12release adh okay so these are collection
17:15of
17:15two different collection of nuclei so
17:17yes in your brain and number of nuclei
17:19present and yes they have been named as
17:21well all right guys so let's see
17:24uh how does uh or what are the various
17:27hormones present in the uh you know or
17:30as secreted by anterior pituitary and
17:33for that what are the inhibiting and
17:35releasing hormones which are secreted by
17:37the hypothalamus okay so whatever i'm
17:41underlining in pink color they all are
17:43the hormones of pituitary okay anterior
17:46pituitary all right so
17:48tsh thyroid stimulating hormone
17:52this is one hormone secreted by anterior
17:54pituitary stimulating hormone
17:59okay
18:00gh is growth hormone this is the second
18:03hormone of anterior pituitary
18:06prolactin is the another hormone
18:08secreted by anterior pituitary
18:11adrenocorticotropin acth
18:15is the also
18:16secreted by the anterior pituitary msh
18:20melanocyte stimulating hormone
18:24is also secreted by the pituitary
18:27anterior pituitary
18:29apart from that there is one more
18:31inhibiting and releasing hormone let me
18:33just write it on the next page
18:35and uh
18:36that is gnrh gnrh is secreted by
18:40hypothalamus and it controls the release
18:44of lh and fsh
18:49okay anyways
18:51let's read this one so if i say my
18:54hypothalamus my
18:56hypothalamus my hypothalamus is
18:59secreting trh so it will now go to the
19:01anterior pituitary and ask anterior
19:03pituitary to release tsh okay
19:06because this is the hormone of anterior
19:08pituitary
19:09if my hypothalamus secrete
19:11ghrh so there is a fine line this is
19:14ghrh okay
19:17and this one is gnrh so most of you get
19:20confused in exam or you do not read it
19:23carefully so n and h they are very small
19:26n will always be in a you know small
19:29letters h will be in the capital letter
19:31so this is a releasing hormone for
19:33growth hormone so if hypothalamus is
19:34secreting ghrh so anterior pituitary can
19:37release gh
19:39but if hypothalamus is secreting ghih
19:43which is somatostatin
19:48now gh will not be
19:51it cannot be released okay
19:53now if hypothalamus is secreting prh
19:56prolactin releasing hormone anterior
19:58pituitary can secrete the prolactin if
20:01it is secreting pih which is equivalent
20:03to
20:04dopamine then prolactin will never be
20:08released for example
20:10i say prolactin helps in the
20:13formation of milk in the mammary glands
20:16so who produces milk the pregnant woman
20:19or i say the woman who has given birth
20:22to the baby but non-pregnant female do
20:24not release prolactin the reason is
20:26because hypothalamus is secreting this
20:28hormone okay now
20:31adrenocorticotropic hormone releasing
20:33hormone will
20:35help in the release of acth
20:37mrh mih it will secrete msh or it will
20:41inhibit the secretion of msh just like
20:44that gonadotropin hormone
20:46the full form of this hormone is
20:48gonadotropin releasing hormone
20:53so this is secreted by hypothalamus
20:57and this will lead to the release of lh
20:59and fsh
21:00lh and fsh they are collectively known
21:03as gonadotropin
21:04gonads are testers and ovaries right and
21:08tropin means growth so they lead to the
21:10growth of gonads so collectively they
21:12are known as gonadotropins and this
21:14hormone leads to the release of funaro
21:16robins so that's why it's name is
21:18gonadotropin releasing hormone fine guys
21:21okay so from here you get an
21:22introduction for the hormones of the
21:24pituitary do not worry let's move
21:26further and
21:27talk about the next gland that is your
21:31favorite we do tree gland so now let's
21:34get started with the pituitary gland so
21:37the another name of a pituitary gland is
21:39hypophysis
21:41what its name is
21:42hypophysis so where it is present it is
21:45present in sela tursica if you remember
21:49we have done a small depression present
21:51in a sphenoid bone and your skull and
21:54the name of that uh depression is
21:56selectorsica right so it is present in
21:58that cavity so it is present
22:03in
22:04cellular sicker
22:07persica
22:10of sphenoid bone
22:14and as you know because it is in the
22:16brain so it will also be ectodermal in
22:18origin
22:20right and just we have discussed that
22:24hypothalamus is attached to the
22:25pituitary gland via this stock-like
22:28structure known as infundibulum right so
22:30this portion is the
22:32adreno hypophysis or anterior pituitary
22:34and this portion is posterior pituitary
22:36or neurohypophysis right so this is
22:39positive reputatory
22:46or neuro hypophysis
22:50neuro
22:51hypophysis
22:53fine and this portion is
22:55anterior pituitary
23:00also known as
23:02adeno hypophysis
23:07right now not the entire pituitary is
23:10responsible for the secretion of
23:12hormones there are certain areas present
23:15in the pituitary which have cells which
23:18can secrete the hormones for example
23:20here we have one area known as sparse
23:23distalis
23:24and adjacent to this is present parts
23:27intermedia right
23:29just like that we have pars nervosa area
23:33of the posterior pituitary so these are
23:35certain areas which contain cells and
23:38these cells have hormones like pars
23:41nervosa stores the hormone oxytocin and
23:43adh whereas this portion is parts this
23:47talus that secretes the all the hormones
23:50of anterior pituitary like what hormones
23:53like acth
23:55like growth hormone like prolactin
24:01like tsh and like lh and fsh so all
24:06these hormones they uh you know they are
24:09secreted by this area of your anterior
24:11pituitary fine now this area what is its
24:14name its name is
24:15pars intermedia pass intermedia is fused
24:18with the past dystalis and it secretes
24:21the hormone msh melanocyte stimulating
24:24hormone what are melanocytes
24:27melanocytes are these cells of your skin
24:33okay
24:34these are the cells of your skin and
24:36they secrete a pigment known as melanin
24:39and that pigment gives you the color the
24:42person who have more melanin or more
24:44melanin secreted by melanocyte the color
24:47of that person will be darker who do not
24:49have a lot of melanin their color will
24:51be light like
24:53foreigners
24:54one of the us and the europe and all
24:56they have less melanin in them that's
24:59why they are so white in color whereas
25:01us we have a lot of melanin in us so
25:03that's why we look like a little tan
25:06right and africans they have more
25:08melanin in their skin so they are like a
25:11little darker in this skin tone fine so
25:14this melanocyte stimulating hormone it
25:17helps in the secretion of
25:21melanin pigment
25:26by stimulating melanocyte
25:29and these are present in the dermis of
25:31skin
25:33why
25:34all right
25:38where does it go
25:40anyways
25:42by stimulating
25:45melanocytes
25:49all right guys okay so now let's talk
25:51about the hormones of posterior
25:53pituitary first so what are they all
25:56right
25:57again
25:58what's going on
26:00anyways
26:02so what are the uh various hormones of
26:06posterior pituitary so posterior
26:08pituitary or the neurohypophysis does
26:11not have its own hormones so we call it
26:14as like it's an it's not a true
26:16endocrine gland why because it's not
26:18secreting its hormone it's just storing
26:20the hormones of the hypothalamus right
26:23so it's not a true endocrine gland
26:26not a
26:27true
26:28endocrine gland
26:31why because it does not produce its own
26:33hormone it only stores the hormones now
26:36what are the hormones
26:39stored
26:41one is oxytocin
26:44another is adh or vesopressin
26:48first of all we'll
26:50discuss about the vesopressin because
26:53the vessel present is the hormone which
26:54we have already discussed in the chapter
26:56the exclusive products and its
26:58elimination okay all right so
27:02all right okay so if you know about
27:05oxytocin
27:06if you
27:07if you already know about oxytocin it's
27:09good but if not we'll be discussing in
27:11detail here but we will also be
27:13discussing this in class 12th okay
27:15this one we have already discussed in
27:16the excretory products and elimination
27:18chapter fine so
27:21if you know about adh what is its
27:23function it prevents water loss
27:27it prevents water loss
27:29or diuresis
27:32or diuresis okay so uh diuresis is
27:36formation of dilute urine so what this
27:39hormone does it goes to the distal parts
27:41of your tubules and asks us to and ask
27:43these tubules to reabsorb a lot of water
27:45right so it will causes
27:48reabsorption
27:52of
27:54water
27:56from distal tubules
28:00from distal tubules
28:02all right okay so let's move further and
28:05talk about uh
28:08and talk about the uh oxytocin so what
28:11about oxytocin guys what about oxytocin
28:14oxytocin is also known as milk ejecting
28:17hormone
28:19milk ejecting hormone
28:23and it is also known as birth hormone
28:25you heard it right birth hormone
28:28so the mammary glands mammary glands
28:31produces milk
28:33and the milk is produced under the
28:36influence of hormone prolactin
28:38but it is released from the mammary
28:42gland
28:43with the help of hormone oxytocin so
28:47which one makes the milk is prolactin
28:49which one release the milk is your
28:52milk ejecting hormone oxytocin so it
28:54helps in the release of milk
28:59and you also call it as milk
29:02let down
29:04all right whereas birth hormone white is
29:07a birth hormone because it causes
29:09contraction of uterine muscles
29:14uterine muscles
29:16during
29:18childbirth
29:19you all know the child during childbirth
29:22the fetus is present or that baby is
29:26present in the mother's womb in the
29:28uterus of the mother okay
29:30so
29:31when these uterine muscles they contract
29:33the baby will come out so who will
29:36who is responsible for that contraction
29:38of the muscles who will stimulate that
29:40that will be your oxytocin so that's why
29:43you call oxytocin as milk ejecting
29:45hormone and birth hormone all right okay
29:48moving further to the hormones of
29:51anterior pituitary we'll start with the
29:53growth hormone first so growth hormone
29:55is a hormone which have a target cell
29:57that is your entire body that means it
29:59can bind to every cell of your body fine
30:03so what is its function guys its
30:04function is to cause the growth if we
30:07say we are growing and we we have you
30:10know
30:11we are increasing in height
30:13for that hormone growth hormone is
30:15responsible and then increase in blood
30:17sugar is also one of a function of the
30:19growth hormone it will make sure that
30:21blood sugar should be higher in the or
30:23the sugar will be higher in the blood so
30:25that the sugar can go to entire body
30:28parts or body organs right so if the
30:31blood sugar is low that means entire
30:32sugar has been taken by the liver but if
30:35it it inhibits a liver to not to take
30:38the glucose so the glucose of the sugar
30:40will go to the entire body cells and
30:43lead to its growth and this effect
30:45increase in blood sugar is also known as
30:47diabetogenic effect
30:50diabetogenic effect this is what
30:52happened in diabetes as well
30:54then what are the disorders associated
30:56with the growth hormone first disorder
30:58is gigantism so it occurs due to over
31:01secretion
31:04of growth hormone before puberty if
31:07someone before puberty have excessive
31:10secretion of growth hormone the height
31:12may increase like up to sometimes seven
31:15to eight feet so that's a case of
31:17gigantism but if there is under
31:20secretion that means less secretion of
31:23growth hormone before puberty the
31:25person's height can be low and that is
31:27dwarfism you know those people which are
31:30very small height they are known as
31:31midgets of dwarfs they have dwarfism
31:34then we have acromegaly here we have
31:36over secretion of growth hormone after
31:40puberty
31:41this usually occurs in sometimes in old
31:43age and there is increase in size of the
31:45internal organs as well if the size of
31:48internal organs it increase it can lead
31:50to a lot of diseases let me give you an
31:52example just like that if the growth
31:55hormone increases that may increase the
31:57size of heart reducing its pumping
32:00activity and hence a person can die due
32:02to cardiac arrest right so acromegaly it
32:05can be fatal if not detected and some in
32:08many cases it is not detected at all
32:10because you will never get to know
32:11whether you have high growth hormone you
32:14have never you know even imagined that
32:16you may have a high growth hormone and
32:18you cannot detect that your heart size
32:20is increasing right so these are the
32:22disorders related with the growth
32:24hormone let's talk about the other
32:26hormones of anterior pituitary prolactin
32:29like i have said it will lead to the
32:31growth of mammary glands and formation
32:34of milk whereas milk release will be
32:36done by oxytocin like it will tell the
32:39maverick lands to produce the milk but
32:41when oxytocin will come the milk will
32:43come out from the mammary glands then
32:46thyroid stimulating hormone it will
32:47stimulate the thyroid gland and it will
32:49ask the thyroid gland to secrete the
32:51hormone which is the thyroid hormone
32:54then we have acth it will uh synthesize
32:58and secrete steroid hormones and these
33:01are the hormones from adrenal gland and
33:04adrenal gland have two areas adrenal
33:07cortex and adrenal medulla so it
33:10particularly goes to adrenal cortex not
33:13medulla why that you will get to know
33:15when we will study adrenal gland fine
33:19all right next
33:22next we have two hormones lh which is
33:23luteinizing and fsh which is follicle
33:26stimulating hormone they are
33:28collectively known as
33:30gonadotropins okay now in male and
33:32female both function the both functions
33:34differently like this is female and this
33:37is male similarly follicle stimulating
33:39hormone works differently in females and
33:42in males let let me start it with the
33:44follicle stimulating hormone
33:46follicle stimulating hormone it helps in
33:49spermatogenesis
33:51in the males
33:54okay this is for male and this sign is
33:56also female you must have seen in the
33:57toilets as well okay on the doors of
34:00toilets so here's spermatogenesis what
34:02is pometrogenesis formation of sperm so
34:06if a male have fsh it will help in the
34:09formation of the male gamete that is
34:12sperm in the female what does fsh does
34:16it causes growth of ovarian follicles
34:20growth of ovarian follicles now what are
34:23ovarian follicles
34:25in females in female a small structures
34:29are present which have a an oocyte or a
34:34cell inside it which is a female gamete
34:36which will form or later all it will
34:38become egg right or we can say if this
34:41is oocyte which is a female gamete in
34:44female it is not left alone unlike that
34:47of the sperm but it is surrounded by a
34:50number of follicular cells and this is
34:52the structure which you call it as
34:55ovarian follicle
34:57this follicle it has to get mature if
35:00this oocyte have or it was if this
35:03oocyte have to convert it or it needs to
35:06get converted into egg right so this
35:09ovarian follicle in the presence of fsh
35:12it gets mature it gets converted into
35:15mature follicle and the oocyte in that
35:18will become egg someday
35:20all right so this maturation process the
35:24growth or maturation of these ovarian
35:27follicle it occurs with the help of
35:30hormone fsh fine okay now once the
35:34mature follicle is formed in the female
35:36this follicle is present inside the
35:38ovary it has to come out of the ovary
35:41right if this is the ovary of a female
35:44this is how the follicles are developing
35:46once this mature follicle is formed
35:48which is known as graphene follicle the
35:51mature follicle is also known as
35:53graphene follicle once this mature
35:55follicle or graphene follicle g if i'm
35:58writing gf or gf doesn't mean girlfriend
36:00it means graphene follicle okay once it
36:02is formed it will get rupture and it
36:05will release this oocyte with some
36:08follicular cells and the rest of the
36:11portion of this graphene follicle will
36:13get converted into corpus luteum
36:16and this rupture of the follicle is
36:18known as ovulation and this ovulation
36:21takes place with the help of hormone lh
36:24so the rupture of graphene follicle is
36:26known as ovulation and this takes place
36:30in the presence of luteinizing hormone
36:33in females okay so that's the fate of a
36:35mature follicle that some day it will
36:37rupture and it will release the main
36:39portion that is oocyte which will then
36:42become egg and rest of the portion will
36:44become corpus luteum so this is what lh
36:46does in the female what does it
36:48do it will causes rupture of graphene or
36:52mature follicle
36:54rupture of mature follicle
36:58and that mature follicle
37:00or the rupture of mature follicle is
37:02known as ovulation fine
37:05now in males what does it do it goes to
37:07a certain type of cells known as lady
37:10cells they are present in testes only
37:12okay what are testes they are the organs
37:15they are the male sexual organs so
37:18testes have cells known as ladies cell
37:21or interstitial cell
37:23lh will bind to those cell and ask those
37:25cells to secrete hormone or androgen so
37:29it will
37:30lead to the formation of antrogen
37:33formation of androgen so
37:37by stimulating which cells leading cells
37:42so ladic cells are the cells in the
37:44testes
37:45which secrete hormones
37:47leading cell or
37:53of testes so that's the function
37:55performed by these two gonadotropins
37:58let's move further and talk about these
38:00questions
38:01the posterior pituitary gland is not a
38:03true endocrine gland because
38:05it provided with the duct it only stores
38:07and release hormone it is under the
38:09regulation of hypothalamus it secretes
38:11enzyme okay let's start it from the
38:13first one
38:14it is not with the duct if it would be
38:17with the duct it would be exocrine gland
38:19but we are considering an endocrine so
38:22yes it is ductless so that's not a
38:24reason
38:26it only stores and release hormone this
38:28is absolutely a reason second it is
38:30under the regulation of hypothalamus so
38:32you must be thinking man this is true
38:34why not this is the answer because
38:36anterior pituitary is also under the
38:38control of hypothalamus so can we call
38:41that also the uh not a true endocrine
38:44gland no it's a true endocrine gland
38:46because it produces its own hormones but
38:49it does not secrete enzyme it secretes
38:51hormones so answer is three
38:54next
38:56dash acts mainly at the kidney and
38:58stimulate reabsorption of water and
39:00electrolyte by the distal tubule and
39:02thereby reduce loss of water through
39:05urine that means it is preventing
39:06diuresis that is adh
39:09vesopressin third
39:11next
39:13find the incorrect with respect to
39:14hormone they are secreted by exocrine
39:17glands
39:18they are intercellular messenger they
39:20are non-nutrient and they are producing
39:21trans amounts this sentence is incorrect
39:24so answer is one okay
39:26next which of the following hormones
39:29stimulates release of fsh and lh gh is a
39:32growth hormone no it it is the hormone
39:34of pituitary it cannot regulate others
39:37ghih is inhibitory common for growth
39:39hormone ghrh is a releasing hormone for
39:42growth hormone and gnrh
39:45is the answer gonadotropin releasing
39:47hormone it uh causes the release of
39:50legend fsh which are the gonadotropins
39:54secreted by anterior pituitary next
39:58find the incorrect statement the
40:00pituitary gland is located in a bony
40:02cavity called selectorsica true the
40:04posterior pituitary is under the direct
40:06neural regulation of hypothalamus this
40:08is also true the hypothalamus is a basal
40:11part of diencephalon for brain this is
40:13also correct over secretion of growth
40:15hormone uh stimulates abnormal growth of
40:18the body leading to dwarfism no under
40:21secretion causes the dwarfism over
40:24secretion causes the gigantism
40:28so answer to this question guys will be
40:31four we have to find the incorrect one
40:34so now we are going to start with a very
40:36little small gland known as a pineal
40:38gland white has a name pine in it
40:41because it is the size of a pine cone
40:45and where it is present it's present on
40:48the dorsal side of the forebrain and it
40:51secretes the hormone melatonin if you
40:53remember we have done
40:55diencephalon and there i have told you
40:57if this is thalamus above thalamus is
41:00present epithalamus and down there is
41:02present a gland known as pineal gland
41:06right so pineal gland is present in the
41:09forebrain what part ventral or dorsal it
41:12is present in the dorsal part so this is
41:14a ventral side this is a dorsal side
41:17it's present in the dorsal side and what
41:19is the hormone melatonin if we talk
41:22about chemically this hormone is made up
41:24of amino acid
41:26it is amino acid derivative it's made up
41:29of amino acid now what is the function
41:32performed by this very small little
41:34gland but very important gland let's
41:37talk about the functions
41:39the pineal gland is located in the
41:40dorsal side of forebrain
41:42pineal secrete the hormone melatonin
41:44first what is the important role it
41:47plays a very important role in
41:48regulation of 24 hour diurnal rhythm of
41:51our body for example it help us to
41:54maintain the normal rhythms of sleep and
41:56wake cycle body temperature all right
41:58what if i say your body
42:00is a functioning in the form of a cycle
42:03just like your clock
42:05yes
42:09just like in clock there is like
42:12there is a timing and that
42:14you know
42:15moves uh and repeat itself for example
42:17if i say
42:18every day there will be 12 p.m
42:21in the noon
42:22so it's a kind of a cycle okay so yes
42:25your body also works in a cyclical
42:27manner and if this cyclical manner is
42:30disturbed a lot of functions
42:32physiological functions will be
42:34disturbed you know why earlier people
42:36used to say that one should sleep early
42:38and wake up early one should not uh you
42:41know uh get awaken up too late in the
42:44night there is a reason because we are
42:47diurnal organisms what are diurnal
42:49organisms
42:51diurnal are organisms
42:53that are
42:56active during day
43:01so when uh human evolution took place at
43:04that time when humans were formed there
43:05was no electricity no artificial lights
43:08so all the animals the what they used to
43:10do they when the you know sun comes up
43:14they used to get active and do their
43:16activities and when the sun goes down
43:18they used to uh
43:20get literally inactive and they sleep
43:22this was how we were our body was
43:24adapted okay and this is how nature have
43:26made us but
43:28by use of artificial lights and so we
43:30have disturbed our cycle but our body
43:33have the habit of getting into that
43:35cycle okay so what happened whenever
43:38you uh you you use laptops or phone or
43:41you are in the artificial light for
43:43longer duration during the night uh your
43:46melatonin hormone gets inhibited when it
43:49gets inhibited or if melatonin is not
43:52produced you will never get sleep okay
43:54that's why never use phone at night it
43:56will disturb your sleep and wake cycle
43:59one example you must have heard of some
44:01people or in fact the elders in your
44:04house like your parents or your
44:05grandparents
44:07they have a proper cycle of sleep and
44:10wake sometimes they they get waken up
44:13four o'clock or five in the morning
44:14without any alarm clock why because
44:16their body is acting as an alarm clock
44:18and they have a cycle they have a cycle
44:21by which cycle that cycle the end night
44:24cycle of sleep and week cycle
44:26their body is functioning in a
44:27particular manner okay so this is a
44:29hormone if there is more melatonin in
44:32your body
44:33then you will sleep
44:36if there is less melatonin
44:39you will
44:40not sleep
44:42and
44:43when there will be less melatonin when
44:45there is more light
44:47more light
44:49less melatonin that's why during noon
44:51you will not get a lot of sleep because
44:53the sun is up and there is a lot of
44:54light now you must be thinking ma'am but
44:57we can sleep easily right that's not the
45:00sleep and week cycle that is your
45:02laziness
45:03anyways let's move further
45:06let's move further and talk about the
45:08other functions performed by this okay
45:10it also controls the body temperature so
45:12your body temperature is also in the
45:13form of cycle what absolutely correct
45:17ever if you
45:18uh if you you know uh detect your body
45:21temperature in the early morning it will
45:23be lower but if you'll uh detect it in
45:26the noon it will be little higher so our
45:28body temperature also works in cycles
45:31yeah i have told you a fact today
45:34in addition melatonin also influences
45:36metabolism pigmentation you heard it
45:38right the secretion of melanoma
45:42melanin pigment is done by msh that we
45:45have done but it's dispersion that means
45:48uh you know dispersing it in the skin is
45:51done by melatonin okay secretion that it
45:54will tell the cell to secrete that's a
45:56message but disposing is done by
45:58melatonin the menstrual cycle as well as
46:01the defense system so if your med this
46:03sleep and wake cycle is disturbed in the
46:05females
46:07they can also have a disturbed menstrual
46:08cycle second thing even if a male or a
46:11female if the menstrual cycle is not in
46:14a male sorry if in a male or even if in
46:17a female if the sleep and wake cycle is
46:19disturbed the immune system can also go
46:22down fine so see how important is to you
46:25know when we were
46:27you know in these schools and uh lower
46:29grades there we have some moral science
46:32lectures right their teachers used to
46:34teach us wake up early and you know
46:37sleep at night there was also a line
46:39that
46:40early to bed early to rise way makes a
46:43person happy and wise if i'm not wrong
46:46please correct me
46:48okay uh if i am wrong then please
46:50correct me what's going on with me i'm
46:52so sorry
46:53maybe my sleep and week cycle is
46:55disturbed today right okay anyways uh
46:58let's talk about the
47:01other
47:02gland that's a thyroid gland so where is
47:05thyroid gland present first of all it is
47:07the largest endocrine gland
47:10it's the
47:11largest
47:13endocrine gland
47:15the largest gland of your body is your
47:18liver but endocrine gland is your
47:20thyroid gland okay where it is present
47:22it is present around trachea
47:26you heard it right around your windpipe
47:28it is present around trachea its h shape
47:32or butterfly shaped
47:34h or butterfly shaped
47:38so now let's talk about the diagrams
47:40which are very important so you can say
47:42this is a ventral side diagram this is a
47:44ventral side
47:46okay and this is a dorsal side
47:49so if you'll see through the ventral
47:51side it is h shape uh
47:53you can see here two large lobes are
47:56present and they are connected by this
47:58portion which is made up of connective
48:00tissue this portion which is made up of
48:02connective tissue you call it as isthmus
48:05or you can also see it here this portion
48:07i'm i'm writing it here this is known as
48:09isthmus
48:10and is the mass is made up of connective
48:12tissue it joins two lobes of your
48:15thyroid gland okay if you'll see through
48:17the ventral side you will
48:19you will see it in this manner but if
48:21you'll see the dorsal side you will also
48:23see these yellow color four round small
48:27structures which are parathyroid gland
48:29they are present on the thyroid gland
48:31but there is no anatomical or
48:34physiological collection connection
48:36right
48:37if for example this is thyroid gland
48:39this is present like this so if i take
48:41it out and i'll show you in this manner
48:42i can see four yellow color lobes short
48:45small lobes what are these they are the
48:47another gland that is a parathyroid
48:49gland but they are not at all connected
48:52to the thyroid gland they are just lying
48:53above it they are just lying above it
48:56okay all right so if i see the internal
49:00structure if we'll see the internal
49:02structure of the thyroid gland you can
49:04find these small round structures known
49:06as follicles what do you call it as
49:09follicles so these are this is like one
49:12thyroid follicle
49:15one thyroid follicle
49:17inside this thyroid follicle are present
49:20follicular cells what are present
49:23follicular cells
49:26right
49:30and inside inside the lumen of it is
49:33present this solution which is known as
49:36colloidal solution
49:38or colloid right and these cells are
49:41follicular cells
49:42these follicular cells
49:45secrete the hormone
49:48it secrete the
49:50hormones and what are these hormones t3
49:54and t4
49:55t3 and t4 t3 is trido
50:00hyronin
50:03t4 is tetra
50:07ido
50:08hyaluronin
50:11okay i hope you can read it nicely this
50:14is triidothyronin
50:16this is
50:17tetraidothyronine t4 is also known as
50:21thyroxine
50:23why this is known as thyroxine yt4 t3 is
50:26not known as thyroxine because t4 is
50:29high
50:30in amount
50:33in blood
50:35so if you'll see the blood sample of a
50:37person
50:38as comparison to the t3 the amount of t4
50:42will be more now why they are known as
50:45trido and uh you know tetrado because
50:47these are i donated hormones that means
50:51they have iodine they are iodinated
50:54hormones
50:55okay and in the coli colloid t3 and t4
50:59both are present and then they are
51:01released in the blood
51:03so for example t3 and t4 are present
51:06here and they're attached with the
51:07iodine the function of iodine in the
51:10hormone is that this iodine will help in
51:14the movement of the hormone across the
51:16cell imagine we have a hormone and it
51:19does not have iodine the hormone will
51:21keep on get collected here and it will
51:24not be able to release so iodine help
51:27them to transport across the cells and
51:30help them to get released from the
51:32colloid in the blood vessel like here is
51:34a blood vessel
51:36so if t3 have or t4 have to move for
51:39example this is t4 okay
51:42let me just
51:43make it this is t4 and t4 have four
51:46iodine
51:48okay now with the help of iodine this t4
51:51can easily move across the cell imagine
51:53if t4 does not have iodine it will not
51:56be able to move on rather than another
51:59thing or another component apart from
52:01the iodine will be accumulate here and
52:04the size of thyroid gland increases and
52:07this is what happened in the goiter you
52:10heard me right goiter okay all right so
52:12what's the function of the iodine in the
52:14iodinated hormone iodine helps in
52:17transport
52:19it helps in
52:20transport
52:22okay all right now in these spaces in
52:25interstitial spaces some cells are
52:27present here like these cells
52:32these cells are known as parafollicular
52:35cells
52:37para
52:38follicular
52:40cells
52:41also known as sea cells
52:45these cells they secrete another thyroid
52:47hormone and that is um
52:51calcitonin or
52:53thyrocalcitonin
52:56calcitonin or thyrocalcitonin
52:59and this hormone is a very important
53:01role in calcium regulation it reduces
53:04blood calcium
53:07and
53:08phosphate
53:09level
53:10so that's why you call it as
53:12hypo
53:16and
53:18hypophosphatemic hormone
53:24all right so what is the function of you
53:26know sometimes
53:27you get uh you forget this hormone but
53:30it's also the hormone secreted by
53:31thyroid gland and that's thyrocalcitonin
53:34what's its function it reduces blood
53:36calcium level now what are the functions
53:38of your thyroxine let's see first of all
53:41it plays a very important role in the
53:43regulation of basal metabolic rate if
53:45any person have higher metabolic rate
53:48that person will be very slim if any
53:50person who have lower metabolic rate it
53:52will be fatter right so that's why some
53:54people say no even if we drink water we
53:57get fattier just like me and there are
53:59certain people who even eat a lot of
54:01ghee butter and so they are very slim
54:04you know you have seen some of your
54:06friends that are eating so much but they
54:07are so much slim and like us we are like
54:09very fat you know sometimes it's very
54:11bad
54:12so the reason is metabolism so eat all
54:14those substances that will increase your
54:16metabolism okay these hormones also
54:19support the process of red blood for
54:21cell formation so they also helps in
54:23erythropoiesis what is erythropoiesis
54:26red blood cell formation
54:30thyroid hormones control the metabolism
54:33of carbohydrate protein and fats because
54:35if the carbohydrate is broken down then
54:38it will give you more energy fat is
54:40broken down it will give you more energy
54:42if the fat is not broken down it will
54:44get deposited and you will get fat
54:46then maintenance in water and
54:48electrolyte balance is also influenced
54:51by thyroid hormone so all these
54:53functions are of your thyroxine not of
54:56calcitonin okay now let's see the
54:58disorders related with this
55:01all right i don't know what's wrong with
55:03this every time i do it does not support
55:07it
55:07okay anyways
55:09disorders
55:10so what can happen with a hormone
55:14what can happen with the hormone either
55:17guys
55:18either the level of hormone will
55:20decrease in your body or it may increase
55:22in your body only one of the two things
55:25can happen right either the hormone
55:28decreases there is decrease in the
55:31thyroxine level
55:34or it either it can increase
55:39okay so now the
55:41disorder where there is increase in
55:43thyroxine level you also call it as
55:47hyper
55:48thyroidism
55:51and whenever there is low thyroxin you
55:53call it as
55:54hypothyroidism
55:58in hypothyroidism we have three diseases
56:01first is
56:03simple goiter
56:07second we have
56:09mixed edema
56:12and third we have
56:14cretinism so all these are the disorders
56:17that can occur if there is less level of
56:19thyroxine but the reasons are different
56:21but always in all these three disorder
56:24the person will have low thyroxin
56:26then we have hyperthyroidism there we
56:28have two disorder either there is a
56:30cancer of thyroid gland and second exo
56:37okay what's wrong with this
56:39and second is
56:40exo
56:41of thalmic
56:44voiter
56:46also known as graves disease
56:51okay all right so first of all what
56:53happened in the simple goiter as i've
56:55told you iodine is the one that will
56:58allow the transport of the hormone and
57:00if iodine is not there the hormone will
57:03get accumulate in the colloid and it
57:06will increase in size so this is what
57:08happened in the simple goiter it occurs
57:10due to deficiency of iodine
57:14so whenever there is deficiency of
57:16iodine in diet
57:20the hormone will not be produced
57:22properly and colloid
57:25will be having the you know a large
57:27amount of hormone but that is not a true
57:29hormone because it does not have iodine
57:31it's just the amino acid part you know
57:34you are this t3 and t4 they're made up
57:36of amino acid and amino acids are
57:38attached with the iodine so only amino
57:40acid part will be there and it will keep
57:42on accumulating so that's why the people
57:44have swollen neck
57:46in goethe
57:47they have swollen neck okay mixed edema
57:50and cretinism both are the case of low
57:53level of hypothyroidism c for cretinism
57:56and c for children this is the one that
57:58occurs to children and this is the one
57:59that occurs to adults
58:01now in if it occurs in children that can
58:04be a cause that a mother who is pregnant
58:07if for example if a female is pregnant
58:10and she have mixed edema she have low
58:12level of hypo
58:14low level of thyroid thyroxine
58:16so thyroxine plays a very important role
58:19in tissue differentiation
58:21one of a function of thyroxine is tissue
58:23differentiation
58:25and differentiation is a very important
58:29step
58:30in formation of fetus
58:32if female does not have thyroxine tissue
58:35differentiation will not take place and
58:37the baby's organ will not be completely
58:40formed as a result this baby will be
58:43having the you know abnormal
58:48body and there will be less growth in
58:52the brain
58:55okay
58:56all right maybe the eyes they have
58:58squint the complete body is not
59:00completely formed right or we can say
59:03low iq is there
59:04all these things can happen in case of
59:07mixodema which occurs in adult what
59:09happened in this case uh the it occurs
59:12usually to the females more and female
59:15they have you know swollen body body
59:17right what happened because as i have
59:19told you thyroxine also helps in
59:21maintaining electrolyte balance if there
59:23is no uh thyroxine electrolyte balance
59:26will not be maintained and tissues will
59:28get swollen right so here the female
59:32face edema from there we got the word
59:35mixodema that is swollen tissues
59:38so any female who have hypothyroidism
59:41they are little fattier right they have
59:43because they have swollen tissue and the
59:46electrolyte balance have not have not
59:48been maintained all right okay then ah
59:52if i talk about uh the hyperthyroidism
59:54maybe the cancer has been started in the
59:57thyroid gland and that leads to the
59:59excessive production of thyroxine second
1:00:02very important is exophthalmic goiter
1:00:04graves disease it is an autoimmune
1:00:06disorder
1:00:08autoimmune disorder in this disorder
1:00:11there is more level of thyroxine in the
1:00:14body as a result the person is thinner
1:00:19remains confused
1:00:21and sometimes can also get tremors for
1:00:24example shaky hands and you know always
1:00:27having sweats and all so this is what
1:00:29happened in the exothermic quarter okay
1:00:32all right now what is an autoimmune
1:00:34disorder first of all it's a disorder
1:00:36where antibodies are formed that will
1:00:38attack your follicular cells okay so in
1:00:42this one antibodies
1:00:46attaches to
1:00:48follicular cells
1:00:52all right okay
1:00:55all right so there is uh so there is one
1:00:57more symptom of this exothermic water
1:01:00that is bulging eyes that is
1:01:03bulging eyes
1:01:05right so the word exo means outside
1:01:08optha means eyes so here it is a symptom
1:01:11that a patient have a very bulging eyes
1:01:13so this is uh why it has been named
1:01:16exothermic goiter all right okay so
1:01:20that's about the adrenal gland next we
1:01:23are going to talk about parathyroid
1:01:25gland now as you know parathyroid gland
1:01:27is yellow in color
1:01:30and it has four lobes
1:01:33and it is present on
1:01:35the thyroid gland present on thyroid
1:01:37gland
1:01:38so what's the hormone secreted by this
1:01:41parathyroid gland
1:01:42the name of the hormone is pth which is
1:01:45parathyroid hormone very simple to learn
1:01:48right
1:01:49the hormone is parathyroid hormone
1:01:51sometimes it is also known as parath
1:01:53hormone
1:01:55it is also known as parathormon okay
1:01:57okay let me drink some water
1:02:04all right
1:02:05so it is working opposite to calcitonin
1:02:08calcitonin if you remember it was
1:02:11decreasing the blood calcium this one
1:02:14increases the blood calcium
1:02:16and phosphate
1:02:19so that's why
1:02:21so that's why this is known as
1:02:23hypercalcemic hormone
1:02:28all right now how does calcitonin and
1:02:31pth
1:02:33helps in calcium homeostasis or
1:02:35regulation let's see how do they
1:02:37function
1:02:39for example you have high blood calcium
1:02:42level right now imagine any person have
1:02:45high blood calcium levels now this will
1:02:48stimulate your
1:02:50para follicular cells of thyroid gland
1:02:54and parafollicular cells of thyroid
1:02:56gland will secrete the hormone
1:02:58calcitonin
1:03:00now
1:03:00what does calcitonin do it will causes
1:03:04mineralization of bones
1:03:07mineralization
1:03:13of bones what does it means
1:03:16what does it means for example if this
1:03:18is a bone
1:03:20and this is the
1:03:22blood and as you know the level of
1:03:24calcium in the blood
1:03:27has been increased now what does it do
1:03:30it will keep on pasting this calcium and
1:03:33phosphate both calcium and phosphate
1:03:35both in the
1:03:39or on the bone and then the bone will be
1:03:42having great growth okay
1:03:44now as a result what will happen all the
1:03:46calcium will go to the bone and the
1:03:48blood calcium decreases
1:03:51imagine the blood calcium decreases more
1:03:54now what will happen what will be
1:03:55stimulated
1:03:57parathyroid hormone will come
1:04:00parathyroid hormones function is to
1:04:02increase the blood culture but how does
1:04:04it will do
1:04:06first of all it will cause the opposite
1:04:08thing it will cause the demineralization
1:04:12of bone
1:04:15that means it will take away the calcium
1:04:17from the bones for example if this is a
1:04:20bone
1:04:21and this is your blood vessel
1:04:24it will take the calcium from the bone
1:04:28and send it
1:04:29and send it to the blood both the
1:04:31calcium and phosphate okay
1:04:33second thing what it will do
1:04:35it will
1:04:37increase the activation of vitamin d it
1:04:40will lead to the activation of vitamin d
1:04:46why vitamin d
1:04:47because
1:04:49if vitamin d is more in your body
1:04:52then it can cause the absorption of
1:04:54calcium iron
1:04:56from your gut right so it also does a
1:05:00function that is absorption of
1:05:04calcium iron from gut
1:05:07let me tell you how
1:05:09so for example
1:05:10this is your gut
1:05:12and you drank milk
1:05:14we say that milk is incomplete you will
1:05:17not get the nutrition from the milk all
1:05:19calcium from the milk if you do not have
1:05:21sufficient vitamin d right and this is a
1:05:23blood vessel and everything that get
1:05:26absorbed or every nutrient that get
1:05:28absorbed it enter into your blood
1:05:30now here
1:05:31vitamin d is the one that will help in
1:05:34the absorption of calcium ion under the
1:05:37influence of pth
1:05:39right so pth will lead to activation of
1:05:41vitamin d and pth will also tell the
1:05:43calcium to increase more reabsorption
1:05:46and hence everything get that gets
1:05:49absorbed it enters into your blood
1:05:51vessel next thing if in the filtrate you
1:05:54have calcium ions you will take it back
1:05:57and put it into the blood that is the
1:05:59reabsorption of calcium ion from
1:06:02nephron okay and this all will
1:06:06do one thing it will increase the
1:06:10blood calcium level all these things
1:06:12will increase the blood calcium level
1:06:15and this is how pth is hypercalcemic and
1:06:18this is how the entire calcium is
1:06:20regulated you call it as calcium
1:06:22homeostasis homeostasis means
1:06:26regulation
1:06:29okay all right guys so this is how
1:06:31calcium is regulated moving further to
1:06:34the next one
1:06:36that is your thymus gland so this is
1:06:39also very little gland and it is present
1:06:42let's see its location it's present
1:06:44between the lungs imagine these are two
1:06:46lungs and it is present in between the
1:06:48lungs okay
1:06:50behind the sternum imagine the sternum
1:06:54is present here
1:06:57imagine the sternum is present here and
1:07:00it is present behind the sternum
1:07:02and on the ventral side of the iota
1:07:06imagine here if it is present behind the
1:07:09sternum and we also have behind the
1:07:11sternum a blood vessel okay all right
1:07:14let me show you
1:07:16for example this is your thymus and
1:07:19here you have
1:07:22here you have iota
1:07:24okay this is iota
1:07:26all right let me draw it again
1:07:29imagine this is your blood vessel iota
1:07:31this is your iota okay
1:07:33that side is the back side this is the
1:07:35front side imagine this is me and this
1:07:37is my iota okay so this is a ventral
1:07:40side of the aorta on the ventral side of
1:07:42iot is present thymus gland in between
1:07:45two lungs and
1:07:47behind the sternum and imagine this is
1:07:49the sternum this is the exact location
1:07:52of your thymus plant okay all right
1:07:54now it secretes a hormone known as
1:07:57thymusin
1:07:59first of all your thyroid this sorry
1:08:02thymus gland it is also a primary
1:08:05lymphoid organ
1:08:06it is also a primary lymphoid organ and
1:08:10it is also known as school
1:08:14or
1:08:15throne of humility
1:08:18why let's see
1:08:20okay
1:08:22so now what happened the cells of thymus
1:08:24secretes the hormone thymosin now what
1:08:26happened next
1:08:28so in the thymus gland imagine this is a
1:08:31thymus gland two types of cells are
1:08:33developing one is b cell another is t
1:08:36cell
1:08:36so this thymosin will bind to this b
1:08:40cell as well as t cell it will causes t
1:08:43cells differentiation
1:08:47and maturation
1:08:49it will ask the t cell to get mature
1:08:52to see what your enemies are imagine if
1:08:55we say antigen or you can say micro
1:08:58presentation is uh done in the thymus
1:09:01for example this is t cell this is
1:09:03microbe so this gland will tell the t
1:09:06cell who is the you know developed new
1:09:08newly developed see this is how microbes
1:09:11look like you have to kill this microbe
1:09:12wherever it is present in the body so
1:09:15this is what is maturation of t cell is
1:09:17okay but it also tells the b cell
1:09:21to get differentiated and divide
1:09:26and
1:09:27divide
1:09:29or division why because when b cell
1:09:32divide it forms two types of cell
1:09:35one is a memory cell
1:09:38and another is a
1:09:40plasma cell
1:09:42okay this plasma cell it produces
1:09:45antibodies it produces antibodies
1:09:48and antibodies will kill the pathogen it
1:09:51will kill the pathogen so this type of
1:09:54immunity where b cells are responsible
1:09:57for killing the pathogen not directly
1:10:00but by producing antibodies you call it
1:10:03as humoral immunity so we say the
1:10:06thymosin
1:10:07controls humoral immunity of your body
1:10:10humoral immunity is associated with b
1:10:12cell where antibodies are formed whereas
1:10:15t cell is the one which directly kills
1:10:17the pathogen so the uh this immunity in
1:10:20which directly cells are killing the
1:10:22pathogen unlike that of b cell you call
1:10:25it as cell mediated immunity
1:10:28you call it as cell mediated immunity so
1:10:31in cell mediated immunity
1:10:33cells
1:10:35directly
1:10:36kills the pathogen
1:10:39kills the pathogen so this type of a
1:10:41gland is more related with your immunity
1:10:43okay so if i talk about the thymus gland
1:10:46it is highly developed
1:10:51or we can say let's talk about less
1:10:53develop first it is less developed in
1:10:56newborn baby
1:10:59in newborn baby
1:11:02and in old age
1:11:03whereas it is highly developed during
1:11:06your teenages and up to some 20s of your
1:11:08life later on after that the thymus it
1:11:11degenerates so that's why older people
1:11:14have less immunity because thymus gland
1:11:17is later on getting destroyed or its
1:11:20cells are getting destroyed so only some
1:11:22sand like structure gets left in your
1:11:24old age so it's a kind of a mechanism of
1:11:27the nature to eliminate your organisms
1:11:30from earth uh you know if with age
1:11:32immunity get slow the pathogens will
1:11:34attack and they will kill you all right
1:11:37okay so that's about the thymus gland
1:11:39guys let's do some question
1:11:42a pregnant female delivers a baby who
1:11:44suffers from stunt and growth mental
1:11:47retardation low intelligence cautioned
1:11:49and abnormal skin this is a result of
1:11:52pregnant lady
1:11:53iq and everything is low body physiology
1:11:56is very bad anatomy is bad that means
1:11:58there is a low secretion of
1:12:01maybe the thyroxine hormone that means
1:12:03the female is not having proper iodine
1:12:06in her diet causing hypothyroidism
1:12:12okay so that's a kind of a tricky
1:12:14question they have not
1:12:16explained or they have not written
1:12:17thyroxines concentration rather they
1:12:20have mentioned iodine so answer is
1:12:22four okay next if there is low secretion
1:12:25of growth hormone that would be dwarfism
1:12:28okay cancer of thyroid gland that is
1:12:30hyperthyroidism
1:12:31over secretion of past this tell us
1:12:34pastor stylist is a part of anterior
1:12:35pituitary that can cause disturbance in
1:12:37all the hormones next
1:12:41graves disease is caused due to graves
1:12:43is
1:12:44exo-ophthalmic goiter and that occurs
1:12:46due to hyper secretion of thyroid gland
1:12:50next
1:12:52which one of the following pairs of
1:12:54chemical substances is correctly
1:12:56categorized
1:12:58calcitonin and thymus and thyroid gland
1:13:00no no no no thymus
1:13:02is the one that secrete thymosin pepsin
1:13:05and prolactin two digestive enzymes
1:13:07secreted in uh stomach not
1:13:10the prolactin renin prolactin is a
1:13:12hormone secreted by anterior pituitary
1:13:16troponin and myosin complex protein in
1:13:18the striated muscle
1:13:20secretin and rhodopsin polypeptide
1:13:22hormone rhodopsin is present in the
1:13:25rods so this one is absolutely correct
1:13:27we have already done it in the skeletal
1:13:29muscle and that's three okay next
1:13:34the plasma calcium level is very
1:13:36effectively maintained by a balance
1:13:38between the activity of
1:13:40okay calcium level simple question
1:13:43who maintain calcium level two hormone
1:13:45one is calcitonin another pth thyroxine
1:13:48and parathormo no calcitonin and parent
1:13:51hormone these we have not even studied
1:13:53yet and these also we have not studied
1:13:56yet so answer simplies two okay next
1:14:01which of the following symptoms pertain
1:14:04to edison's disease all right so that's
1:14:06a question from the next gland so let's
1:14:08leave this
1:14:09which of the following statement is
1:14:11incorrect with respect to melatonin
1:14:13hormone so diurnal variation antigone
1:14:15ideal hormones secreted by
1:14:18pineal
1:14:19body synthesized from tyrosine amino
1:14:22acid so tyrosine amino acid is the one
1:14:25that produced thyroxine
1:14:28not
1:14:29the melatonin melatonin is secreted by
1:14:32tryptophan i have told you that's also
1:14:34amino acid derivative what amino acid
1:14:37tryptophan
1:14:39yes it shows diagonal
1:14:41diurnal variation it also secreted by
1:14:44pineal body pineal gland is present in
1:14:46this form
1:14:48this is a pineal body
1:14:51and this is pineal stock
1:14:54okay this is a tricky question the
1:14:56difficult one i have brought this uh
1:14:59to give you an extra knowledge okay
1:15:01antigonadian so if a person have more
1:15:04melatonin in their days of growth or for
1:15:07example if a young boy and girl who have
1:15:09not attained puberty
1:15:12if their melatonin hormone is more maybe
1:15:15that can delay the puberty because
1:15:19it has anti-gonadial
1:15:22function that means it will go to gonad
1:15:25and it will not allow the secretion of
1:15:27the gonado uh you know these hormones
1:15:29like testosterone and estrogen so
1:15:32antigonidal hormone it will inhibit the
1:15:34gonads and it will not allow its growth
1:15:36all right okay
1:15:39next exothermic goiter is caused by
1:15:42another question that was graves disease
1:15:44this is the another name due to hyper
1:15:47hyper
1:15:49thyroidism not parathyroidism
1:15:51hyperparathyroidism what if
1:15:53hyperparathyroidism occur there will be
1:15:55more pth
1:15:56more pth there will be more blood
1:15:59calcium
1:16:00it will be more blood calcium what if
1:16:04hypoparathyroidism occur there will be
1:16:06less pth
1:16:08there will be less blood calcium if the
1:16:11calcium in the body fluids is less that
1:16:13causes tetany
1:16:15rapid spasm of muscle and here you call
1:16:18it as parathyroid ketone
1:16:21if you remember in locomotion and
1:16:23movement i have
1:16:25taught you the tetany tetanese when
1:16:27there is low blood fluid calcium or we
1:16:30can say calcium level uh is low in the
1:16:32body fluids that causes rapid spasm of
1:16:35muscle so the reason here is low pth
1:16:38okay all right next
1:16:42the non-ion
1:16:44nice hormone secreted by para follicular
1:16:46cell of thyroid is very simple
1:16:48calcitonin
1:16:50straightforward question
1:16:53next guys which hormone has a
1:16:54calorigenic effect in the body
1:16:56adrenaline fsh growth hormone thyroxine
1:16:59calorigenic effect means it will
1:17:01increase the bmr
1:17:03which will lead to
1:17:05increase in we can say metabolism
1:17:09there will be more burning of nutrients
1:17:13burning
1:17:14of nutrients if the nutrients burn there
1:17:17will be
1:17:18more calories they will be burned
1:17:22and there will be more heat this is what
1:17:25calorigenic effect is and that is the
1:17:28function of
1:17:31thyroxine okay all right next
1:17:35next we're going to talk about the
1:17:36adrenal gland adrenal
1:17:39what does adrenal gland means let's get
1:17:42started so now let's talk about adrenal
1:17:45gland so what is adrenal gland adrenal
1:17:48ed means
1:17:50above it's present above kidneys it is
1:17:53present above kidneys also known as
1:17:56supra-renal gland supra again means
1:18:00above kidneys right because this is
1:18:02present above kidneys
1:18:04it is also known as gland of emergency
1:18:09also known as
1:18:10land of emergency so this gland has two
1:18:14areas the outer area is the cortex and
1:18:16inner area is the medulla so in this
1:18:18diagram it is uh it
1:18:21it looks like the medulla is a major
1:18:23portion but no medulla is just around 75
1:18:26percent whereas around 25 percent is
1:18:28cortex
1:18:3025 is cortex and 75 percent is medulla
1:18:33the medulla is ectodermal in origin
1:18:37and the cortex is mesodermal in origin
1:18:41so let's first talk about adrenal cortex
1:18:44so
1:18:46imagine this is your
1:18:48adrenal gland it is triangular in shape
1:18:50as you can see
1:18:52it has three layers the outermost layer
1:18:55is zona glo marulosa all right first
1:18:58let's make the medulla part this is
1:19:00medulla
1:19:01okay
1:19:02so the outermost layer which i'm drawing
1:19:04in the pink is zona
1:19:06glomerulosa this one
1:19:10right then we have a very thick layer of
1:19:13fasciculator this is the thickest layer
1:19:16fasciculator
1:19:18and then the very thin layer this is
1:19:22reticularis so the adrenal cortex is
1:19:24divided into three zones or three areas
1:19:27the outermost one is zona
1:19:30glomarulosa
1:19:34this one is
1:19:36zona fasciculator
1:19:42and the inner most the one i have drawn
1:19:44in the green a very thin portion this is
1:19:46zona reticularis
1:19:52all right
1:19:53so uh all these areas of adrenal cortex
1:19:56secrete the hormone known as corticoids
1:19:58so do they secrete corticoids so if i
1:20:00talk about the hormones of medulla and
1:20:02cortex are quite different they're quite
1:20:04different the hormones of cortex they
1:20:07are known as corticoids
1:20:09corticoids are steroid in nature they
1:20:12are what steroid in nature
1:20:14whereas the hormones of
1:20:17adrenal medulla are different their
1:20:19amino acid derivative okay let's see
1:20:22so first of all what does zona glow
1:20:24marulosa secrete it secrete
1:20:26mineralocorticoids
1:20:28it secrete mineralo
1:20:30corticoids
1:20:32so one example we have of a
1:20:34mineralocorticoid is aldostron this one
1:20:37we have already discussed in the chapter
1:20:39xvg products and elimination
1:20:42so what is the function of this eldor's
1:20:44aldosterone which is a mineralocorticoid
1:20:46it will go to the renal tubules and it
1:20:49will help in the reabsorption of
1:20:51sodium ions and water
1:20:55and
1:20:56it will lead to the secretion of
1:20:58potassium ions
1:21:01and phosphatines
1:21:04and phosphatines in
1:21:06renal tubules
1:21:09so which part of renal tubule the distal
1:21:11tubule especially the dct where
1:21:13conditional reabsorption takes place
1:21:16whereas if i talk about reticularis it
1:21:18secretes sex corticoids
1:21:20so sex corticoids for example we have
1:21:23like androgens
1:21:25so you heard it right
1:21:27you also have some other organ that
1:21:29secretes androgen and that is your
1:21:31adrenal gland so by this i can say that
1:21:33even females produce androgen
1:21:36even female produces androgen fine guys
1:21:39so what's the function of these androgen
1:21:42what are the functions of this androgen
1:21:45all right
1:21:48give me a second
1:21:51all right so what's the function of this
1:21:52androgen
1:21:53it will lead to the control of secondary
1:21:57sexual characters
1:21:59and what is that one character that it
1:22:01controls hair on the body so whenever a
1:22:04person hit puberty when it's a male or
1:22:06female they get certain patterns or
1:22:08different patterns of hair
1:22:10like here in the armpits pubic region or
1:22:13in the genital region it starts to grow
1:22:16in both male and female whereas in males
1:22:19the
1:22:19hair on the chest they start to appear
1:22:22right so that hair growth
1:22:25is uh
1:22:26the function of this androgen so if in
1:22:28any female the level of these androgen
1:22:30increases that female may have the
1:22:34hair on the face because the that is the
1:22:37character of a male male have beard
1:22:39females do not have right all right zona
1:22:42fasciculata secretes glucocorticoids
1:22:46glucocorticoids example cortisol
1:22:51though there are number of
1:22:52mineralocorticoids there are number of
1:22:54glucocorticoids but you know there are
1:22:56certain which are higher in amount so
1:22:58just like that cortisol is higher in
1:23:00amount so let's talk about
1:23:03the functions of glucocorticoid first of
1:23:05all
1:23:06it will
1:23:08undergo it will help in gluconeogenesis
1:23:10what is gluconeogenesis
1:23:12formation of glucose
1:23:15formation of glucose
1:23:18from
1:23:20fat
1:23:22or protein
1:23:24or
1:23:25lactic acid
1:23:27all right
1:23:28so it will also cause lipolysis that
1:23:31means breakdown of lipid and proteolysis
1:23:33that is breakdown of proteins because
1:23:36when they will break down they can be
1:23:38converted into glucose via process known
1:23:40as gluconeogenesis and all this will
1:23:43lead to increase in blood sugar so yes
1:23:46just like that of growth hormone it can
1:23:48also increase your blood sugar then it
1:23:51inhibits cellular uptake and utilization
1:23:54of amino acids so it will not allow
1:23:55cells to take up the amino acid because
1:23:58they want that amino acid should be
1:23:59converted into glucose right
1:24:02now what are the function particularly
1:24:04of cortisol cortisol it will form all
1:24:06these functions for sure
1:24:08but there are also certain other
1:24:09functions of cortisol like it will
1:24:12control your cardiovascular and kidney
1:24:14function so if you have higher amount of
1:24:16cortisol this may affect your heart as
1:24:18well as kidney okay then
1:24:20anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant
1:24:22so this will suppress any inflammation
1:24:25if you if you have in your body and in a
1:24:27way we can say it reduces your immune
1:24:29response it is like an immunosuppressant
1:24:32so this one is also given during kidney
1:24:34transplant
1:24:36because whenever we are transplanting
1:24:37kidney there are chances that it got
1:24:40rejected by
1:24:41recipients immune system
1:24:43for example if i'm a recipient if i'm
1:24:45taking someone's kidney there is a
1:24:47possibility my immune system will
1:24:49recognize it as foreign and then it will
1:24:53reject it so what we do we suppress the
1:24:55immune system by giving cortisol
1:24:58then we have it also helps in
1:25:00erythropoiesis what is erythropoiesis it
1:25:02helps in uh formation of red blood cells
1:25:05fine now one more question that i would
1:25:07like to ask if this mineralocorticoid is
1:25:10leading to the reabsorption of sodium
1:25:12ions and water will it be
1:25:15maintaining electrolyte balance or body
1:25:17fluid volume absolutely yes so in a way
1:25:20this is maintaining
1:25:24this is maintaining blood volume
1:25:29and electrolyte balance
1:25:32and electrolyte
1:25:35balance fine so the this is about the
1:25:39adrenal cortex
1:25:40let's talk about the adrenal medulla
1:25:44let's talk about adrenal medulla so
1:25:47adrenal medulla is the one which is
1:25:49basically known as
1:25:51the gland of emergency okay
1:25:54because this adrenal medulla it secrete
1:25:57hormones and the hormones name are
1:26:02adrenaline
1:26:05also known as epinephrine
1:26:09and second hormone is
1:26:11nor adrenaline
1:26:16or
1:26:17norepinephrine there are two hormone
1:26:19secreted but their effect and function
1:26:21are same
1:26:22these both are tyrosine
1:26:25derivative what is tyrosine guys
1:26:28amino acid
1:26:29these both are tyrosine derivative now
1:26:32they are not uh secreted in a normal
1:26:35you know conditions for example right
1:26:37now might be the glucocorticoid will be
1:26:39secreted in your body but this
1:26:42will or i can also say not even the
1:26:44glucocorticoid is secreted all the time
1:26:47but yeah as comparison to this one
1:26:49glucocorticoid can be secreted in some
1:26:51part of the day right but this one is
1:26:53secreted only when you have a response
1:26:55which name is
1:26:57flight or fight response
1:26:59now what is a flight and fight response
1:27:04flight and fight response is a response
1:27:06whenever you are in fear for example you
1:27:08saw a snake at that time your brain will
1:27:11decide whether to go flight that means
1:27:13go away or whether to fight with the
1:27:15snake so for example you have a mad dog
1:27:19running behind you at that time you are
1:27:21running what response is going on
1:27:23emergency response that is a flight and
1:27:25fight response fine these two hormones
1:27:28they are collectively also known as
1:27:29catecholamines because they are made up
1:27:32of amino acids
1:27:34right or emergency hormones they are
1:27:37also known as emergency hormones now
1:27:40what happen when you have a mad dog
1:27:42behind you and you are running now what
1:27:45will these adrenaline or how does these
1:27:47adrenaline hormones they will be
1:27:49secreted
1:27:50for example this is your adrenal gland
1:27:53and this is your adrenal medulla
1:27:56and this is the hypothalamus
1:27:59this is hypothalamus
1:28:02so hypothalamus is under or the medulla
1:28:06is under the neuronal control of
1:28:08hypothalamus these are neurons okay
1:28:10now hypothalamus
1:28:12will judge the situation for example
1:28:15um
1:28:17hypothalamus has judged that this is the
1:28:19emergency situation and it will send the
1:28:21impulse by a neuron to the medulla and
1:28:23medulla will secrete hormones
1:28:26it will secrete hormones
1:28:28why this hormone is secreted for that we
1:28:31need to know the functions let's see
1:28:34so first function is
1:28:36these hormone they will increase
1:28:38alertness pupil dilation
1:28:41erection and sweating so for example
1:28:44you're running at that time you're alert
1:28:47you know the dog is behind you you'll
1:28:49also sweat and you will have an apolo
1:28:52erection that means your goosebumps will
1:28:54be there your hairs will get erect
1:28:56pupillary dilation the pupils will be
1:28:58dilated they will expand the pupil size
1:29:01will increase so that more light will
1:29:04come more image clear image can be
1:29:06formed
1:29:07both the hormones increase the heartbeat
1:29:09the strength of heart contraction and
1:29:12the rate of respiration because you are
1:29:14running what will happen your heart rate
1:29:16will increase okay kate cola means also
1:29:19stimulate the breakdown of glycogen
1:29:21resulting in an increased concentration
1:29:23of glucose in blood so this is the third
1:29:25hormone that increases blood sugar so
1:29:28which are the hormones increases blood
1:29:29sugar guys
1:29:33first
1:29:34growth hormone second
1:29:36cortisol third
1:29:38adrenal adrenal medulla hormones
1:29:41epinephrine norepinephrine in addition
1:29:43they can also stimulate the breakdown of
1:29:45lipids and protein again if they will
1:29:47break down they will give you more
1:29:49energy and at this point of emergency
1:29:51you need more energy all right now let's
1:29:54talk about the disorders
1:29:57let's talk about the disorders
1:30:00so one disorder that we are going to
1:30:03discuss first is edison's disease
1:30:07so in edison's disease somehow
1:30:10the adrenal cortex got destroyed maybe a
1:30:14person got tuberculosis tb
1:30:16though you always
1:30:18relate tb with the pulmonary tb that
1:30:20affects lungs but tb can also destroy
1:30:22other body tissues so imagine a distance
1:30:26in edison's disease a patient got
1:30:28tuberculosis and his or hers
1:30:30adrenal cortex got damaged so if adrenal
1:30:33cortex got damaged the mineralo and
1:30:36glucocorticoid
1:30:38mineralo and glucocorticoid
1:30:42they will
1:30:44be in lower amount now what happened if
1:30:46mineralocorticoid is in lower amount
1:30:48there will be more potassium ion in
1:30:51blood
1:30:53the skin will be bronze like there will
1:30:56be bronze pigmentation
1:31:02will be bronze pigmentation that means
1:31:04like a brown color patches will appear
1:31:06on the skin and the person is having
1:31:09more potassium and the more toxicity
1:31:12will be there and a person is not able
1:31:14to walk properly okay
1:31:16and second disease is
1:31:20crushing syndrome
1:31:24in cushing's syndrome the level of
1:31:27glucocorticoids increase
1:31:30if the level of
1:31:31glucocorticoids increase what will
1:31:33happen there will be more blood sugar
1:31:39there will be more blood sugar what else
1:31:41will occur
1:31:42then there will be low immune response
1:31:45in this case
1:31:47okay so these are the two disorders
1:31:49associated with these uh this adrenal
1:31:52gland all right so we'll be solving the
1:31:54question based on this but first let's
1:31:57discuss about pancreas so pancrea is
1:32:00also the part of your
1:32:03what digestive system and it is also an
1:32:06endocrine plant so you call it as an or
1:32:08a heterocrine plant
1:32:11what do you call it as heterocrine or
1:32:13composite gland
1:32:15what is a heterocrine or composite gland
1:32:19heterogryin or composite gland is a
1:32:21gland which have two portions or both
1:32:23the portion one with the duct
1:32:26another without the duct
1:32:28so it has a ductless portion which is
1:32:31the endocrine portion
1:32:33and the exocrine portion have ducts
1:32:36so the exocrine portion's name is akini
1:32:39which constituent around 99 percent part
1:32:42of your pancreas and this one because
1:32:45hormones are secreted by endocrine
1:32:47glands and we don't want hormones in
1:32:49high amount so this portion is only one
1:32:52percent its name is islets of langerhans
1:32:57islets of langerhans just one percent if
1:33:00you see one two two million
1:33:03are the islets of langerhans and that is
1:33:05still again the one person see how many
1:33:07equine will be there right what's the
1:33:09location of pancreas as you can see in
1:33:11this diagram this is deudinum okay this
1:33:14is liver so pancreas is present just
1:33:17right here pancreas is present below the
1:33:19stomach okay all right so
1:33:22how does this akini they look like so if
1:33:26we'll take a section of pancreas
1:33:28you will see these flowers
1:33:32you will
1:33:33see these flowers
1:33:34these flower shape structures they are a
1:33:37kind they are much in number they are
1:33:40many in number not much sometimes my
1:33:43english goes really very bad
1:33:45so they are many in number and in
1:33:48between them you have eyelets of
1:33:49langerhans which are formed by the
1:33:52collection of number of cell
1:33:55collection of
1:33:56like three types of cells
1:33:58okay
1:33:59so what are these three types let's see
1:34:02so first type is this one which are
1:34:05alpha cells
1:34:07which are alpha cells alpha cells
1:34:10secrete a hormone and the name of the
1:34:13hormone is
1:34:14glucagon
1:34:16okay
1:34:17glucagon
1:34:18it increases blood sugar
1:34:21it increases blood sugar and that is how
1:34:24you call it as hyper glycemic
1:34:27so just like
1:34:28the
1:34:30calcium was increased by pth and you
1:34:32call it as hypercalcemic calcitonin was
1:34:36decreasing calcium you call it as
1:34:38hypocalcemic calci word for calcium hypo
1:34:41for low hyper for more just like that
1:34:44here we have beta cells
1:34:46which cells
1:34:47beta cells beta cells secrete the
1:34:50hormone insulin
1:34:52insulin reduces blood glucose levels
1:34:58all right it reduces blood glucose so
1:35:00here what sugar i'm talking about do not
1:35:02get confused i'm talking about glucose
1:35:04guys right because that's the only sugar
1:35:06that gets metabolized in your body right
1:35:08glycolysis
1:35:10now this one is a hypoglycemic now how
1:35:14do they function how are they hyper
1:35:17hyperglycemic
1:35:18how are they increasing or decreasing
1:35:20the blood sugar let's do that in the
1:35:23difference form so here you can see guys
1:35:26this one is for glucagon
1:35:30and this one is for insulin now what do
1:35:33these hormones or
1:35:36what are the functions that are
1:35:37performed by these hormones how are they
1:35:40increasing or decreasing the blood sugar
1:35:42plus
1:35:43glucose acts mainly on the liver cells
1:35:47water liver cell hepatocyte hepato word
1:35:51is always used for liver they act on
1:35:53hepatocyte and stimulate
1:35:55glycogenolysis what is glycogenolysis
1:35:58breakdown of glycogen into glucose now
1:36:02this glucose can easily go inside the
1:36:05blood and it can increase the blood
1:36:08sugar
1:36:09next
1:36:10resulting in increased blood sugar and
1:36:12hence you call it as hyperglycemic in
1:36:14addition this hormones stimulate the
1:36:16process of gluconeogenesis
1:36:18which also contribute to hyperglycemia
1:36:20just like glucocorticoid it can also
1:36:23undergo gluconeogenesis
1:36:25glucagon reduces the cellular glucose
1:36:28uptake and utilization also it will not
1:36:30allow the cells to eat the glucose
1:36:33because if cell will take the glucose
1:36:35the blood glucose level will drop but it
1:36:38wants to increase the blood sugar level
1:36:40like this is the
1:36:43blood okay
1:36:46and what does it do it increases blood
1:36:49glucose it increases blood glucose how
1:36:52first in the liver it will ask the
1:36:55glycogen store to get converted into
1:36:57glucose and that will become the part of
1:36:59the blood second also in glucose in in
1:37:02the liver it will ask the
1:37:05liver to perform gluconeogenesis which
1:37:08will also increase the blood glucose
1:37:10right it will also not allow the cells
1:37:12to take up the glucose and now glucose
1:37:15will become the part of blood this is
1:37:17how it functions
1:37:19second is insulin so insulin is working
1:37:22opposite so it will do the things that
1:37:24this one is not doing so it will do the
1:37:26reverse
1:37:27what insulin will do it will
1:37:29ask the glucose to go into the cells and
1:37:32it will also ask the glucose to go into
1:37:34the liver cell and become glycogen right
1:37:38so let's see
1:37:39so insulin acts mainly on hepatocyte and
1:37:42adipocyte adipocytes are cells of the
1:37:45adipose tissue and it will ask the
1:37:47glucose to get converted into fat
1:37:50and enhances cellular glucose uptake and
1:37:53utilization it also do the opposite it
1:37:55will tell the cell cells to take the
1:37:57glucose
1:37:58as a result there is a rapid movement of
1:38:00glucose from blood to hepatocyte and
1:38:03adipocyte resulting in decreased blood
1:38:05glucose levels
1:38:07insulin also stimulates the conversion
1:38:09of glucose into the into the glycogen
1:38:11known as glycogenesis
1:38:13genesis means synthesis formation
1:38:16lysis means breakdown lysis means
1:38:19breakdown so we are breaking what
1:38:23glycogen
1:38:24glycogenesis what we are forming what
1:38:28glycogen from glucose okay this is how
1:38:32both function and what is the disorder
1:38:34associated with the insulin and the name
1:38:36of the disorder that we have studied so
1:38:39far is diabetes
1:38:42diabetes mellitus
1:38:44so we have already discussed this in is
1:38:46this an excretion so i will not be uh
1:38:49discussing this in more detail here okay
1:38:51now your homework is to go back to the
1:38:53excretion part and study this
1:38:55all right
1:38:56guys move further and talk about the
1:39:00another heterocrine gland that is testes
1:39:05heterocrine again why they're
1:39:07heterocline one portion they have is
1:39:09exocrine other they have endocrine
1:39:11endocrine will form the hormones
1:39:14exocrine will form the gametes
1:39:17now
1:39:18we say exocrine portion have ducts it's
1:39:21true don't we have ducts male have vast
1:39:24difference from where the meat moves out
1:39:27females have fallopian tube from there
1:39:28the gametes move out okay so that's why
1:39:31they're also heterochrome now what are
1:39:33the hormones produced by the cells let's
1:39:36see
1:39:38so if we'll take the section of testes
1:39:41there are these structures present
1:39:44the name of the structure are
1:39:46seminiferous tubule what is the name of
1:39:48the structure
1:39:49semini
1:39:51paris
1:39:54tubule
1:39:56these tubules they are lined by this
1:39:59cuboidal epithelium
1:40:01which will form sperms which will form
1:40:04sperm
1:40:05these cells
1:40:06are the cells of germinal epithelium
1:40:09okay so these are the cells of
1:40:12germinal epithelium
1:40:17now in between these cells
1:40:20are present tall cells which are
1:40:24certainly cells
1:40:26what are these cells
1:40:28certainly cells
1:40:31certainly cells are the cells that helps
1:40:34in
1:40:35spermatogenesis and they secrete a
1:40:38hormone known as inhibin
1:40:41and enabin is the one that inhibits
1:40:45pometogenesis
1:40:48that inhibits spermatogenesis for
1:40:50example
1:40:52somehow the amount of sperm increases
1:40:55here the satolly cell will detect it and
1:40:58it will secrete in a bin so that more
1:41:01formation of sperm should stop right
1:41:04okay
1:41:08another point here
1:41:11let me just
1:41:13delete this one okay
1:41:15now in between this seminiferous tubular
1:41:18present certain cells known as leading
1:41:21cells
1:41:23leading cells are also known as
1:41:25interstitial cell
1:41:27and they secrete the hormone at the name
1:41:31of the hormone is testosterone
1:41:33and it's a kind of steroid
1:41:36it's a kind of steroid okay so we have
1:41:39so far discussed that corticoids are
1:41:41also steroid what are steroids they are
1:41:43a special form of lipids we'll be
1:41:45discussing about them in the biomolecule
1:41:48scepter the most awaited chapter okay
1:41:51all right so they are also steroid
1:41:52they're also lipid-like and they're
1:41:54commonly known as androgens
1:41:57now what's the function of these
1:41:59androgen in a male's body let's see
1:42:02androgen regulate the development
1:42:05maturation and function of male
1:42:07accessories sex organ like epididymis
1:42:09vas defense seminal vesicle
1:42:10prostaglandin urethra
1:42:12whatever a male reproductive system is
1:42:15every part development is
1:42:18dependent upon the male
1:42:21hormone that is testosterone
1:42:23these hormones stimulate muscular growth
1:42:25growth of facial and axillary hair
1:42:27aggressiveness low pitch of voice so
1:42:29this hormone is responsible for all the
1:42:31secondary sexual character plus muscle
1:42:34growth male have
1:42:35you know the larger muscles the
1:42:37strongest muscle why because they have
1:42:39testosterone also they have facial hair
1:42:43they are aggressive more than females
1:42:46whenever you'll see there is a fight
1:42:47always males are responsible for that
1:42:50low pitch voice okay androgen play a
1:42:52major stimulatory role in the process of
1:42:55spermatogenesis they also help in
1:42:57spermatogenesis that is formation of
1:42:59spermatozoa also known as sperm
1:43:04androgen act on the cns and influence
1:43:06the male sexual behavior known as libido
1:43:09that sexual act it comes with the desire
1:43:12and that for that what is responsible
1:43:14your brain and brains brain is
1:43:16stimulated by this hormone known as
1:43:19testosterone these hormone produce
1:43:21anabolic synthetic effects on protein
1:43:23and carbohydrate metabolism so anabolic
1:43:26means synthesis
1:43:28that means it will not destroy things
1:43:31rather it will form the things so that
1:43:33it will lead to the formation of more
1:43:35greater structures and healthy muscle if
1:43:38a protein is not broken down that means
1:43:41they will become the part of muscle and
1:43:42muscle will be more stronger right so
1:43:45these are the all effects of the
1:43:47testosterone let's talk about us girls
1:43:50so it's also heterocrine
1:43:52ovaries in the female
1:43:55one part is exocrine another is
1:43:57endocrine okay exocrine produces gametes
1:44:01endocrine produces hormones as you all
1:44:04know ovaries they are one pair and
1:44:07they're present in abdomen but if i talk
1:44:10about the testes how many testers does a
1:44:12male have
1:44:14how many testes does a male have four
1:44:16five six seven eight nine ten um no two
1:44:19one pair so testes is also one pair but
1:44:22unlike that of female they are present
1:44:25in scrotum which is present outside the
1:44:28abdomen the testes are never present in
1:44:31the abdomen they are present outside the
1:44:33abdomen why
1:44:35because they cannot bear that
1:44:37temperature high temperature the
1:44:39temperature outside the abdomen is lower
1:44:42and lower temperature is needed for
1:44:44spermatogenesis
1:44:46so one pair present outside the abdomen
1:44:53in the
1:44:55scrotum
1:44:58okay all right
1:45:00all right all right all right let's back
1:45:02get to ovaries so now ovaries it
1:45:05produces two hormones okay let's have a
1:45:07recap i've told you there is a small
1:45:10cell known as oocyte which is surrounded
1:45:13by a number of follicular cell and you
1:45:16call it as ovarian follicle
1:45:20right
1:45:20now this ovarian follicle under the
1:45:23influence of fsh
1:45:25this got mature and it becomes a mature
1:45:28follicle it becomes a mature follicle
1:45:31larger in size known as graphene
1:45:34follicle
1:45:37this graphene follicle or the mature
1:45:39follicle is the source of first hormone
1:45:43and female the main female hormone that
1:45:46is estrogen so this one secretes
1:45:50estrogen
1:45:52now
1:45:54this follicles fate is that it will
1:45:56undergo ovulation or it will rupture
1:45:59under the influence of lh
1:46:01and the rest of the part will become
1:46:04corpus luteum
1:46:08this corpus luteum is yellow in color
1:46:10this is endocrine and it secretes
1:46:12another hormone that is progesterone
1:46:16that is progesterone fine now these are
1:46:19the two main female hormones male have
1:46:21only one even inhibition is secreted by
1:46:24satoli cell and female ineben is also
1:46:27secreted by the corpus luteum okay so
1:46:30female is more complicated as we say as
1:46:33in fact man says
1:46:35male population says yes we are why
1:46:38because our hormones are complicated
1:46:40they made us complicated it's not us
1:46:42right okay so let's see how are we
1:46:45complicated first of all let's talk
1:46:47about estrogen
1:46:48estrogen produce wide-ranging actions
1:46:50such as stimulation of growth and
1:46:52activity of female secondary sex
1:46:54characters so of children
1:46:56female child is different from the teen
1:46:59child because the teen child have hit
1:47:01the puberty and secondary sexual
1:47:03characters have been formed under the
1:47:06influence of hormone estrogen
1:47:08now what are these how she's different
1:47:10first of all she has breast she has high
1:47:13pitched voice all these changes that
1:47:15occur in a female after puberty are
1:47:18sexual secondary sexual character right
1:47:20so like development of the ovarian
1:47:22follicle will start appearance of female
1:47:25secondary sexual character like
1:47:26high-pitched voice mammary glands
1:47:29development estrogen also regulate
1:47:31female sexual behavior like in male
1:47:33testosterone controls the libido in
1:47:36female estrogens uh regulates the libido
1:47:39progesterone is the one that supports
1:47:41pregnancy so if someone say what is the
1:47:44main pregnancy hormone you will say
1:47:46progesterone why
1:47:48let's see progesterone act on the
1:47:51mammary gland and stimulate the
1:47:52formation of alveoli and milk secretion
1:47:56also progesterone maintain endometrium
1:48:02endometrium you know what is endometrium
1:48:05it is the lining
1:48:08of uterus
1:48:11so when a female got her periods her
1:48:13uterine lining get falls off but if she
1:48:16got pregnant that lining will be
1:48:18maintained by progesterone why because
1:48:21in that lining the embryo will get embed
1:48:24and it will form placenta the barrier
1:48:28between mother and fetus and also it
1:48:30helps in transport of substances so this
1:48:33is the one that will not allow this
1:48:35endometrium lining to fall off so that's
1:48:37why main pregnancy hormone also it
1:48:39develops alveoli water alveoli they are
1:48:42the glandular portion
1:48:45they are the glandular portion of
1:48:48mammary glands which secretes milk so
1:48:50they lead to the development of this
1:48:52portion okay so if someone asks you
1:48:55alveoli is developed under the influence
1:48:57of
1:48:58estrogen or progesterone you will say
1:48:59progesterone
1:49:01so that's the reason why milk is
1:49:03produced in a pregnant lady why because
1:49:06in a pregnant lady more progesterone
1:49:08will be there it will also develop the
1:49:10alveoli and hence the mammary glands
1:49:12will be ready for
1:49:15milk secretion all right so that's about
1:49:18the um
1:49:19ovaries let's talk about this question
1:49:21prolong hyperglycemia what is
1:49:24hyperglycemia increase in blood sugar or
1:49:27blood glucose
1:49:28lead to complex disorder not incipies
1:49:31this is due to adh yes diabetes mellitus
1:49:35edison is due to corticoids next
1:49:39which of the following is not the
1:49:40function of cortisol yes erythropoiesis
1:49:43is a function it helps in rbc synthesis
1:49:46in fact thyroxine also helps in
1:49:50erythropoiesis then we have
1:49:52anti-inflammatory effect electrolyte
1:49:54balance is the function of
1:49:56mineralocorticoid
1:49:57and answer is three
1:50:00next
1:50:02and cortisol is a glucocorticoid
1:50:04after ovulation the ruptured follicle is
1:50:07converted to a structure called corpus
1:50:09luteum which secretes mainly
1:50:11progesterone very simple estrogen
1:50:14comes from
1:50:16follicles
1:50:18lhfsh from anterior pituitary okay all
1:50:21right
1:50:23which of the following is not a
1:50:24composite gland what is a composite
1:50:26plant the gland which have both exocrine
1:50:29and endocrine portion testes is pancreas
1:50:32is ovaries but this is the complete
1:50:34endocrine so answer is fourth next guys
1:50:39which of the following symptom pertains
1:50:41to edison disease all right so if
1:50:43someone has edison
1:50:44that means the person do not have
1:50:46mineral and glucocorticoid
1:50:48low plasma sodium high plasma potassium
1:50:51increased urinary sodium
1:50:53low blood sugar
1:50:55vomiting nausea and diarrhea all these
1:50:58are the symptoms of addison
1:51:00uh high
1:51:02sorry it's low low blood sugar obesity
1:51:04wasting of link muscle fall in plasma to
1:51:07a positive no when you do not have elder
1:51:09strong k positive will be more in plasma
1:51:12whereas any positive will go out in the
1:51:14urine so this is wrong
1:51:17stunt and growth regarding sexual
1:51:18development mental backward is for
1:51:20thyroxine
1:51:21increase in heart rate rise in blood
1:51:23pressure nervousness bulging eyes and
1:51:26warm skin these all are for exophthalmic
1:51:29goiter
1:51:34all right eggs ophthalmic goiter have
1:51:36one uh
1:51:37symptom that is bulging eye that's why
1:51:39its name is exophthalmic goiter exo
1:51:41means outside optha means ice
1:51:44all right next
1:51:47next we are going to talk about hormone
1:51:49secreted by heart this is just a
1:51:51revision because we have done the
1:51:54hormone secreted by the heart now what's
1:51:56that a n f we have done this since this
1:51:58in excretion so it's kind of a revision
1:52:01anf is secreted by the walls of atria
1:52:04and it
1:52:05get released or secreted in response to
1:52:08high blood pressure so whenever you have
1:52:10high blood pressure anf will be secreted
1:52:13from walls of the atria of heart and
1:52:16this will causes vasodilation which will
1:52:19reduces the blood pressure because the
1:52:21blood pressure was increased this is
1:52:23what regulation is also it will inhibit
1:52:26the ras and adh if the adh is inhibited
1:52:29there will be more water loss that means
1:52:32there will be more diuresis dilute urine
1:52:35will be formed all right okay next
1:52:37hormone let's talk about the hormones of
1:52:39kidney kidney hormone yeah so jg cells
1:52:43or the juxtaglomerular cells
1:52:46we have done the juxtaglomerular cells
1:52:49in the excretory system chapter and
1:52:51these cells secrete one
1:52:53renin with a single n and second
1:52:56erythropoietin
1:52:58erythropoietin is the one which
1:53:00increases erythropoiesis
1:53:03what is erythropoiesis formation of rbcs
1:53:07right so in males there is more
1:53:10testosterone
1:53:12testosterone leads to the more formation
1:53:15of this erythropoietin that's why male
1:53:17have more rpc than females second thing
1:53:21if a kidney is damaged a person can also
1:53:23undergo anemia because erythropoietin
1:53:26will not be there it is secreted by
1:53:28kidney and person will face anemia okay
1:53:32all right
1:53:33so you know most of you
1:53:35get
1:53:36confused if the kidney got damaged both
1:53:38the kidneys then what will happen to a
1:53:40person definitely the blood will not be
1:53:42filtered urea will increase apart from
1:53:45that
1:53:46two things we have done in this chapter
1:53:48vitamin d will not be activated vitamin
1:53:51d is always activated in kidney vitamin
1:53:54d is always activated in kidney okay
1:53:57vitamin d
1:53:59is activated in kidney
1:54:01so vitamin d will also not be there
1:54:06and second
1:54:07erythropoietin will not be there and
1:54:10anemia can occur to that patient okay
1:54:13all right next
1:54:15now hormones of gut your
1:54:17gastrointestinal tract let's talk about
1:54:19them
1:54:26first hormone is gastrin
1:54:29gaster means stomach
1:54:32so this hormone is secreted by g cells
1:54:34of stomach and it will allow more
1:54:37formation of gastric juice so it will
1:54:39stimulate gastric secretion and motility
1:54:42so that more stomach will
1:54:44be motile more muscle contraction will
1:54:47be there and more churning of food
1:54:48should be there then
1:54:51churning in fact the mixing of food with
1:54:53the gastric contents should be there
1:54:56next we have gip it its name suggests
1:55:00gastric inhibitory peptide it is
1:55:01secreted by deudonym and it will inhibit
1:55:04what the gastrin was doing gastric
1:55:07secretion and motility
1:55:09third hormone we have is secretin this
1:55:11was the first hormone to be discovered
1:55:15this is also secreted by deudonym it
1:55:18performs number of function first its
1:55:20target cell is pancreas its second
1:55:23target cell is liver
1:55:25the secretin will go to the liver and
1:55:27ask the liver to produce
1:55:30more bile so if someone asks you who
1:55:33stimulates the production of bile you
1:55:35will say
1:55:37secretin it also goes to pancreas and
1:55:40asks this to produce a lot of water and
1:55:42bicarbonate okay
1:55:44next we have hormone cck called
1:55:47systokinin again it is from deudonym and
1:55:49the function is it will also stimulate
1:55:51the pancreatic secretion
1:55:54and it will also go to cystic duct what
1:55:57is a cystic duct if you remember the
1:55:59duct of gall bladder
1:56:02this is a gallbladder duct
1:56:07so the bile is stored
1:56:10and concentrated in gallbladder so cck
1:56:14will bind to this duct causes its
1:56:16contraction and bile will be released
1:56:20who secrete bile liver under the
1:56:23influence of secretin who release the
1:56:26bile cck from cystic duct by contracting
1:56:30cystic duct okay all right c for cystic
1:56:32duct c for polycystic kind and this is
1:56:34how you can relate all right guys so
1:56:37that's the hormones of your git let's
1:56:40talk about classification of hormones
1:56:42now chemically
1:56:44chemically we have divided our hormones
1:56:47we have divided our hormones so physique
1:56:50chemically we have divided our hormones
1:56:53into these four categories first is
1:56:55protein or peptide hormones which are
1:56:57made up of proteins okay they are made
1:56:59up of proteins for example lh
1:57:03fsh
1:57:04all your hypothalamic hormones
1:57:08all your hypothalamic hormones
1:57:12like um also your pth
1:57:15calcitonin
1:57:18thymusin
1:57:21all these are hormones that either they
1:57:23are made up of protein or the peptide
1:57:25chains
1:57:26then we have amino acid derivatives like
1:57:28which are made up of amino acid like
1:57:31your melatonin your epinephrine
1:57:34and norepinephrine
1:57:37nor epinephrine
1:57:42then we have hormone which are steroid
1:57:44hormones and these steroid hormones are
1:57:46like your corticoids whether it's
1:57:49mineral or glucose sex corticoids we
1:57:52have estrogen
1:57:54we have progesterone
1:57:57and in the male we have testosterone
1:58:03okay and i donated we have thyroxine
1:58:06now because they are they have been
1:58:08chemically differentiated so there are
1:58:11certain uh there are certain categories
1:58:14which are friends with lipids we call
1:58:16them as lipid soluble hormones so
1:58:19steroid or iodinated these are lipid
1:58:21soluble hormones
1:58:23these are what lipid soluble hormones
1:58:25because i donated hormones are lipid
1:58:27soluble that's why iodine helps them to
1:58:30move across the cells right because
1:58:33they're lipid soluble and cells outer
1:58:34wall is made up of lipid so because it
1:58:37is lipid soluble that's why it can
1:58:39easily cross right
1:58:41steroids they're already made up of
1:58:43lipids so they are friends with lipids
1:58:45whereas these two are lipid insoluble
1:58:47hormones
1:58:49lipid insoluble hormones
1:58:51now on the basis of their chemical
1:58:54nature
1:58:55the function how do how do they perform
1:58:58function that's quite different for
1:59:00example if i say i have lipid soluble
1:59:03hormone on one side and then i have
1:59:06lipid insoluble hormone okay so whenever
1:59:12a hormone has to act on its target cell
1:59:16imagine this is a target cell of lipid
1:59:20insoluble hormone and this is a target
1:59:22cell of lipid soluble hormone
1:59:25so whenever
1:59:27so whenever the hormone has to go to the
1:59:30target cell first of all it has to meet
1:59:33its receptor receptors are what these
1:59:36are nothing they're certain proteins
1:59:38first of all whenever the
1:59:40hormone has to enter into the target
1:59:42cell or it has to function on the target
1:59:44cell it have to bind with its receptor
1:59:47only then the function will start so
1:59:49here because this is lipid soluble
1:59:52hormone it can easily cross the lipid
1:59:54membrane its receptor will always be
1:59:57present inside the cell and you call
2:00:00these receptors as intracellular
2:00:02receptors because this is lipid soluble
2:00:06so its receptors will be present inside
2:00:08the cell known as intra cellular
2:00:12receptors
2:00:13and these receptors can either be
2:00:15present in the cytoplasm so you call
2:00:18them as cytoplasmic or they can also be
2:00:20present in the nucleus so they are
2:00:22nuclear as well but mostly intracellular
2:00:25receptors are of the category of nuclear
2:00:28receptor because they're present in the
2:00:30nucleus now here the hormone cannot go
2:00:33inside the cell because it is lipid
2:00:35insoluble so it has to bind to its
2:00:37receptor protein which is extracellular
2:00:40that is present outside the cell or
2:00:43sometimes it is also sometimes it is
2:00:46also embedded in the plasma membrane you
2:00:49call it as membrane bound receptor what
2:00:52do you call it as membrane bound
2:00:55receptor
2:00:57okay so because they have different
2:00:59kinds of receptor and that's due to
2:01:01their chemical nature because they're
2:01:03lipid soluble insoluble so the mechanism
2:01:06of action is also different let's see
2:01:08how
2:01:09first of all we are going to talk about
2:01:10lipid soluble hormones
2:01:12all right lipid insoluble first let's
2:01:15talk about lipid
2:01:17insoluble first
2:01:20all right okay so i think it's better to
2:01:22start with lipid soluble one because
2:01:24that is quite simple
2:01:26so what happened in the lipid soluble
2:01:28one what are the example like your
2:01:30steroid hormones like your estrogen
2:01:32progesterone testosterone or we can say
2:01:35your corticoids so these are the hormone
2:01:37they can easily pass through the cell
2:01:39membrane imagine this is a uterus and
2:01:42this is uterine cell membrane and this
2:01:44hormone is estrogen
2:01:46one function of estrogen that it cause
2:01:49the growth of uterine wall
2:01:52what's the claim the claim is
2:01:54estrogen
2:01:56causes
2:01:58growth of uterus
2:02:01okay by cell division by cell division
2:02:04how it will do
2:02:05because it is lipid soluble its receptor
2:02:07will be present inside the cell and
2:02:09where in the cell in the nucleus you can
2:02:11see these are the receptors so these
2:02:13nuclear receptors will bind to the
2:02:15hormone this green one is the hormone
2:02:18and it will form
2:02:20hormone receptor complex so inside the
2:02:23nucleus hormone receptor complex will be
2:02:26formed this will then bind to the genome
2:02:28or the dna and this will alter the
2:02:31function of dna how it will change the
2:02:34chromosome function it will change the
2:02:36gene expression
2:02:37so what we say generally there are
2:02:39certain transcriptor factors you know
2:02:42what is transcription okay if you don't
2:02:44know let me tell you dna
2:02:47forms mrna
2:02:49this process is known as transcription
2:02:53this process is known as transcription
2:02:56okay
2:02:57mrna
2:02:59forms protein
2:03:00and this process is known as translation
2:03:04the transcription is started by the
2:03:07transcription is started by binding of
2:03:09certain proteins to dna which will start
2:03:12the machinery so these proteins are
2:03:15generally these hormone receptor complex
2:03:17so when this hormone receptor complex
2:03:19bind to the dna the dna will form mrna
2:03:22and that will form protein and
2:03:25this is how you will get a tissue growth
2:03:27because proteins are responsible for
2:03:29tissue growth okay so in a way i can say
2:03:32in short the lipid soluble ones function
2:03:36by
2:03:36altering or by changing
2:03:41changing
2:03:43gene expression
2:03:45or chromosome function
2:03:47what is a gene expression this entire is
2:03:50gene expression this is how gene is
2:03:51expressing itself by forming protein
2:03:54okay or chromosome function
2:04:00all right so all lipid soluble function
2:04:02in this manner let's talk about the
2:04:04lipid insoluble now lipid insoluble have
2:04:07a problem they cannot go inside the cell
2:04:10now what they will do so they will bind
2:04:12to the receptors they will bind to the
2:04:14receptor present on the membrane and
2:04:17just like that lipid soluble if they'll
2:04:20bind to the membrane receptors the
2:04:22hormone receptor complex will be formed
2:04:25hormone receptor complex will be formed
2:04:27now
2:04:28because here you cannot directly do a
2:04:31thing so you want others to do a thing
2:04:33for example you are sitting in a glass
2:04:35lipid
2:04:36how does lipid soluble works for example
2:04:39you're sitting in the class i entered
2:04:41the class and i want to give information
2:04:44to
2:04:45you know the one particular student
2:04:47which is just sitting on the last table
2:04:49okay i will go to that particular
2:04:51student and say to the that student and
2:04:54the information is done or said or
2:04:57transferred
2:04:58but what if i'm lipid insoluble hormone
2:05:01what i will do i will knock on the gate
2:05:03but i cannot enter now what will happen
2:05:06the teacher which is already in the
2:05:07class will come and i will tell that
2:05:09teacher this is the information now that
2:05:11teacher will tell the information to the
2:05:13student who is sitting on the first
2:05:15batch the first one will give it to
2:05:17second second to the third third to the
2:05:19fourth and this is how the information
2:05:20will be sent to the last student this
2:05:23information which is uh
2:05:25you know which is transporting in the
2:05:27form of one by after the one student is
2:05:30known as cascade of reaction what you
2:05:33say cascade of reaction that means one
2:05:36after the other so similar thing happens
2:05:38here for example this is dikshama mam is
2:05:40the hormone mam is the messenger primary
2:05:43messenger the one who knows the
2:05:44information
2:05:46so here the primary messengers are your
2:05:48hormones as we always say
2:05:51now once they will attach to this they
2:05:53will generate response element one like
2:05:55a teacher like a teacher okay now the
2:05:58teacher will send information to the
2:06:00first student in the class that's a
2:06:02second messenger the second messenger
2:06:05can be cyclic amp amp means adinosin
2:06:08monophosphate it can be calcium ion and
2:06:11it can be ip3 as well
2:06:13inositol
2:06:16triphosphate
2:06:18all right so if someone ask you what are
2:06:20the second messenger they are the
2:06:22messengers which will go inside the cell
2:06:24and start the cascade of reaction they
2:06:26can be amp cyclic amp also written as
2:06:29camp
2:06:31calcium in an ip3 now they will start
2:06:34the response now the first table child
2:06:36or student have started the response and
2:06:38give it to the other to the other so
2:06:40this is biochemical response and then
2:06:42physiological response will be sent
2:06:45which is that ovarian growth because fsh
2:06:48causes ovarian follicular growth okay
2:06:51this is how it is done but it's for
2:06:53lipid insoluble so lipid insoluble start
2:06:56this biochemical response also you call
2:06:58it as cascade of reaction
2:07:02so this is how the both the types of
2:07:04hormones they work
2:07:05guys
2:07:07okay
2:07:09so let's see can you solve these
2:07:11questions or not which of the following
2:07:13is
2:07:14excreted by the wall of the heart
2:07:18adhdnf elderstone adrenaline very simple
2:07:21anf
2:07:24next
2:07:27which of the following stimulates the
2:07:28pancreatic secretions cck secretin
2:07:32gastrin both one and two very simple
2:07:34both one and two cc and secretin both
2:07:37lead to secretion of pancreas whereas
2:07:39cck causes contraction of cystic duct
2:07:42for the release of bile and secretin
2:07:45production of bile gastric it has the
2:07:48function in stomach
2:07:50answer is four
2:07:52now
2:07:54hormones which interact with membrane
2:07:56bound receptor is estrogen progesterone
2:07:59thyroxin adrenaline so the hormone that
2:08:02binds to the membrane bound receptor
2:08:04must be lipid
2:08:05insoluble all these are lipid
2:08:08soluble this is lipid
2:08:11insoluble answer
2:08:13for
2:08:14okay next
2:08:16all hormones are steroid hormones except
2:08:20this is steroid this is steroid cortisol
2:08:22is a corticoid which is steroid insulin
2:08:24is a peptide hormone answer for
2:08:28next
2:08:30which of the following statement is
2:08:32incorrect several other non-endocrine
2:08:34tissues secrete hormones called growth
2:08:36factors essential for the normal growth
2:08:38of tissues and their repairing or
2:08:40regeneration
2:08:41second juxtaglomerular cells of kidney
2:08:43produce a peptide hormone called
2:08:45erythropoietin which stimulate
2:08:46erythropoiesis third stunt and growth
2:08:51okay just delete this point
2:08:54that's a typo error
2:08:57all right start it from here
2:09:00hormones which interact with
2:09:02extracellular receptors mostly regulate
2:09:04gene expression epinephrine is an amino
2:09:06acid derivative hormone so we'll start
2:09:08from the lower one very true it's amino
2:09:11acid derivative it has been formed from
2:09:13tyrosine
2:09:14hormone which interact with
2:09:15extracellular they do not regulate the
2:09:17gene expression which interact with
2:09:20intracellular they regulate the gene
2:09:22expression juxtaglomerular cells they do
2:09:25secrete erythropoietin true now what
2:09:26about this
2:09:28apart from the main endocrine glands
2:09:30there are certain tissues in your body
2:09:32that can also secrete growth factors and
2:09:34these growth factors can cause repairing
2:09:36or regeneration of tissues how when
2:09:40where
2:09:41imagine this is a blood vessel so when a
2:09:44blood vessel ruptures during blood
2:09:46clotting
2:09:47you know
2:09:49thromboplastin was released so
2:09:51thromboplastin is one example of a
2:09:53growth factor so this is absolutely
2:09:55right right so you know everything you
2:09:57just need to process your brain and mind
2:10:00all right so answer to this question
2:10:01will be guys
2:10:03three
2:10:04next
2:10:07so next is a big thank you with pink
2:10:08color
2:10:09so i'll meet you in the next class with
2:10:11another chapter we are left with animal
2:10:13kingdom and the
2:10:15biomolecules i guess i hope you have
2:10:17done each and every chapter very nicely
2:10:20and if you must be wondering ma'am what
2:10:22about ncrt of this chapter i have
2:10:24covered around
2:10:2550 part of ncrt here all the lines were
2:10:28from ncrt because you know this chapter
2:10:31you don't have to do it uh from the you
2:10:34know extra part you don't have to do
2:10:36from this chapter
2:10:37the only important thing is ncrt okay so
2:10:40i'll meet you in the next class if you
2:10:42will do all the question nicely if you
2:10:44will study from the lecture i don't
2:10:46think so any pyqs will be left okay the
2:10:49only thing that you need to do is
2:10:51yes sit
2:10:54and concentrate focus
2:10:56and you know attend the entire lecture
2:10:59so this is what i can say so this was
2:11:01your zoology teacher diksha ma'am so
2:11:03i'll meet in the next class bye bye all
2:11:05the best lots of love

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