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CELL - THE UNIT OF LIFE | ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM , MITOCHONDRIA , PLASTIDS — Transcript

by Little Spark · 4,294 words · 933 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01So in this session we'll discuss the
0:04endommembrane system. In our previous
0:06session we have already discussed about
0:08the plasma membrane and the cell wall.
0:11So let us start with the cell organels.
0:15So in the among the cell organal we'll
0:18study some of the cell organels which
0:21works in a coordinated way. Okay. And
0:25these membrane bound organals constitute
0:30an endommembrane system. So what is
0:34endommembrane system? It is
0:39a group of
0:42membranous
0:46organels
0:51having
0:53coordinated function.
1:01Okay. So together they will function and
1:06a particular function
1:08is performed in a coordinated way and it
1:12includes their endopplasmic reticulum.
1:24Then goli complex,
1:27[snorts]
1:31lysosomes
1:36and fourth one is vacules.
1:40Okay. So let us uh uh discuss one by
1:43one. The first one is endopplasmic
1:46reticulum. So let me show you the
1:48picture. So here you can see that in
1:50this picture you can see here this is
1:54goli complex.
1:57Okay. Then here you can see that uh
2:01these is the these are the endopplasmic
2:05reticulum rough and smooth endopplasmic
2:08reticulum. So you can see that they are
2:10present very close to each other and
2:14besides that you can see that the lysogs
2:17are here. This is life. Soj. So they're
2:20very close to each other and they
2:23act or they function in a very
2:26particular uh that is coordinated
2:29manner. So let us first discuss the
2:31endopplasmic reticulum.
2:42Okay. The endopplasmic reticulum in
2:46short we can say it is ER. So these are
2:49the
2:54network of
2:59tiny tubular structures
3:08scattered in the cytoplasm.
3:18Okay. And uh this endopplasmic reticulum
3:24er divides the
3:32intracellular
3:34space
3:37into
3:40two compartments.
3:42Two
3:44compartments.
3:47So what are these two compartments?
3:50So the two compartments are uh let me
3:52add one more slide here.
3:58So the two compartments are
4:02the luminal
4:07that is inside
4:11endopplasmic reticulum. So as I said
4:14that endoplasmic reticulum is tubular
4:17structure. I'll show you the picture so
4:18that it will be very clear to you. And
4:20other one is extra lumininal
4:26that is cytoplasm.
4:34Okay. Now this endoplasmic kinetic I'll
4:38show you the picture. Okay. Let me show
4:40you the picture. So here you can see
4:42that uh this is the endopplasmic
4:47reticulum
4:49endoplasmic reticulum. You can see that
4:51it is attached to the nuclear membrane.
4:53This is nucleus. It is attached to
4:55nuclear membrane. So here it is it is
4:58forming a tubular branched structure. So
5:01this portion the inner portion is known
5:04as your lumininal luminal [snorts]
5:09portion or luminal part that is inside
5:11of the endopplasmic reticulum and this
5:14outer part is known as your cytoplasm or
5:18extra luminal
5:20portion. Okay. So now this
5:24endopplasmic reticulum
5:27is of two types
5:32that is all of you know you have studied
5:34it in class 9 rough and
5:39smooth [snorts]
5:41smooth er and rer.
5:44Now this uh what is this rough
5:46endopplasmic reticulum?
5:50The endopplasmic reticulum
5:54it bears ribosome
6:01on their surface.
6:09Okay. And this are frequently observed
6:12in the very important children. This
6:15point is re
6:19is frequently
6:24observed in the
6:31cells
6:35actively
6:38involved
6:41in protein synthesis.
6:48Why can you say because the ribosomes
6:51are the protein factory the actual site
6:53where the protein synthesis takes place.
6:56Okay. So [clears throat] this
6:59endomlasmic reticulum
7:02provides the surface for the ribosomes
7:05for protein synthesis. Unless and until
7:08the ribosomes are attached to the
7:10surface of the endopplasmic reticulum
7:13the protein synthesis cannot take place.
7:16So that's why the number of rough
7:18endopplasmic reticulum is more in the
7:21cells which is actively participating in
7:24a synthesis of a protein. Okay. And uh
7:29this uh
7:32what is another feature of this uh
7:34structure? The other feature is that the
7:37re here I'm writing the re or rough
7:42endoplasmic reticulum are extensive
7:49and continuous with
7:58the outer membrane of nucleus.
8:09So here in this picture you can see this
8:12is the nucleus. This is the nucleus and
8:16this is the outer membrane of nucleus
8:18and the endopplasmic reticulum is
8:21attached to the outer membrane of the
8:24nucleus. Okay. Now come to the other
8:26part
8:29of the type of
8:32uh endopplasmic reticulum that is smooth
8:34endopplasmic reticulum. So here the
8:36ribosomes are
8:41upset
8:44and it is the major site for
8:47it is the
8:50major site
8:54for synthesis of
8:58lipid
9:01very very important children I'll once
9:04again I'll surprise Summarize this one.
9:06So in animal cell
9:10in animal cell
9:15lipid like
9:19steroidal
9:25hormones
9:29are synthesized in
9:36s e r. Okay to
9:41r e r function. What is the function?
9:45Let me write down
9:48this is s e r.
9:52The function of RER is providing
9:59surface for
10:02protein synthesis.
10:06So it indirectly helps in synthesis of
10:10protein. But STR
10:13it is the site for it is the major site
10:16for
10:18site for
10:20synthesis of
10:23lipid.
10:25Okay. And besides that it al it also
10:28helps in
10:33detoxification.
10:38Okay. So here you can see that it is
10:41attached it is connected to the
10:43membrane. So any toxic material in this
10:46nucleus is uh uh is carried by this
10:50endoplasmic reticulum and then it is
10:53exit to outside. Okay. So it acts as a
10:56channel for the removal of the toxic
10:59substances.
11:01[snorts]
11:03Okay. Now come to the next organal that
11:06is goli
11:08apparatus.
11:16The golki apparatus these are also
11:19reticular structures.
11:25Renticular
11:30structures
11:31near nucleus.
11:36So near nucleus endoplasmic reticulum is
11:38also found because it is connected to
11:40the nuclear membrane and the golgi
11:42complexes are also found near the
11:45uh nucleus and it was first
11:50observed by
11:55camo
11:57goli.
12:00Actually in endopplasmic reticulum many
12:02other things are there uh structurally
12:04if we going to go to explain it it is
12:07having three components like system n
12:09tubule and uh vesicles but these are not
12:13there in your textbook so I have not
12:15discussed so um now come to
12:19golgei complex the scientist's name is
12:22Camilo Golgi in 1898
12:28and the golki Complex complex consists
12:32of
12:35flat
12:36it consist of the following structures
12:39that is sister A
12:44uh which is of 0.5 to 1
12:50micrometer
12:52and the system are flat
12:56and
12:58disapp it.
13:02Okay.
13:05And then number two uh next uh and these
13:08the system are
13:15parallel to each other.
13:23Okay. They are stacked over each other.
13:26And uh this system a
13:29Sister A
13:34are concentrically arranged with
13:46convex
13:49that is forming
13:53or C space.
13:55C space
13:58and concave.
14:03Just a minute. And concave
14:06that is your maturing face
14:14that is transface.
14:18Okay. So these
14:22C and transference are totally different
14:25but they are interconnected
14:28and besides that what else is present?
14:30So here I have shown you it is it
14:32consist of
14:36first one is cy then it is composed of
14:41vesicles
14:44and third one is vacules.
14:49Okay. Now let us come to the picture.
14:54So in this picture you can see that
14:57these are the
15:00system
15:02which are sack like and each sister has
15:05okay one more thing so this this is goli
15:09complex and this goli complex is present
15:12near the nucleus as well as here the
15:16endopplasmic reticulum is present. Okay
15:18and in one component of the endoplasmic
15:21reticulum is the vesicle. Okay. So these
15:25are suppose the vesicles. The vesicles
15:28are the packaged unit of the protein
15:31that is synthesized in the ribosome
15:33present on the surface of endoplasmic
15:35reticulum. Endoplasmic reticulum protein
15:39package vasicular form. Now e vicles
15:44these vesicles are the secrettory
15:46vesicles and these vesicles you can see
15:49that these vesicles are they are fused
15:56they are fused to form the
16:00sister they are forming the sister. So
16:03this has two part you can see that
16:06sister are stacking over each other
16:10and they are concentrically
16:14arranged. You can see concentrically
16:17arranged these are concentrically
16:18arranged. Now these vesicles containing
16:21the proteins now fused together to form
16:24the sack like
16:26so. So from this side the system is
16:29formed. So it is known as this is the
16:32convex part. So it is known as forming
16:35face. This is called forming face. And
16:37the other side is the mature face or the
16:42trans face. Okay. I think it is clear to
16:45you.
16:46So these are all system. Okay. And uh
16:50this is your you can see that this golgi
16:54apparatus has a that is your formic and
17:00maturic phase. Okay. Now let us come to
17:04the vacules. Okay. What are the vacules?
17:07You can see that from the um golgi
17:12complex some vacules are pinched off.
17:15The vacules are pinched off. So these
17:17pinched off vacules contains the
17:21processed protein. The protein that is
17:23synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum
17:26comes to the goli complex. Then in the
17:30golgi complex they undergo processing
17:33and they form the
17:35um sul they may attempts or they may
17:40combine the protein with sulfate group
17:43aspect group or lipoprotein glyoprotein
17:47like this and then these are pinched off
17:49as the vacules. Okay. So so that is
17:53that's why this is the part of a
17:57the goli complex. Let let me write down
18:00the function
18:03function of
18:09goli apparatus.
18:14Okay. So it secretes m it is known as
18:16the secret house of the cell because it
18:20secretes
18:24materials to the
18:29intracellular
18:33target
18:35or
18:38outside the
18:42cell. Okay. So here what happens uh the
18:48ER from the ER the vesicles are released
18:53which is packaged with the
18:57so let me uh draw one flow chart flow
19:00chart so that it will be clear to you.
19:04[snorts]
19:05So endopplasmic reticulum which
19:07endopplasmic reticulum rough
19:09endopplasmic reticulum from the rough
19:12endopplasmic reticulum
19:15the vesicles
19:19are released and uh this vesicles
19:24contains the
19:29protein.
19:31Okay. Now this vesicle
19:35fuses with
19:40C space that is forming phase. Okay.
19:44Then moves towards the
19:51transpace that is
19:55mature face. Okay. And in this way the
20:00golgic apparatus and the endoplasmic
20:03reticulum remain in close association.
20:06Okay. So these
20:09proteins are so these proteins which is
20:11contained in the vesicles
20:14are processed.
20:18The proteins
20:22of vesicle
20:26are processed
20:31in the system
20:39and then they're released.
20:50at the
20:52transpace.
20:55Okay. So
20:59like glyoprotein,
21:03lipoprotein
21:09like this. Okay. So this is the function
21:12of goli complex and that's why it is
21:15known as secret house of the cell. Now
21:17come to the next organal
21:21that is lysoome.
21:28So this lossome are also membrane bound.
21:40Vasicular
21:45structure
21:46and formed by the
21:54process of
21:57packaging in the golapus
22:05in the Golgi.
22:10apparatus. So here one of the function
22:13of goli apparatus is also packaging. So
22:16how you see you can see here that this
22:21golgi apparatus the proteins contained
22:24in the vesicle the vesicles
22:27as it moves from the cease to transcend
22:30the protein in the vesicle gets
22:32processed. Okay. And it is packaged in
22:35the form of vesicles and some of these
22:38vesicle becomes the lysosome. And some
22:42of the vesicle containing the membrane
22:44protein and they fuse with the membrane
22:46and help in the formation of the
22:48membrane. Some packaged vesicles also
22:51come out of the cell. Okay. So that's
22:54why
22:55goli apparatus also helps in packaging.
22:59Okay. Now [snorts] the loal
23:06lizooal
23:09vesicle
23:12contain
23:15hydrolytic enzymes
23:25like a
23:28hydrolace. Yes.
23:32Um that means which will digest the
23:35various
23:37macroolelecules in presence of water.
23:40Hydroges like lipase
23:45which will digest the lipid. Then
23:48protease
23:51which will digest the protein. And then
23:53carbohydrate is
23:58which will digest the carbohydrate
24:02and uh these
24:04lysomes
24:06are also known as the suicidal
24:09bag.
24:13They called okay they digest
24:19the carbohydrates,
24:25proteins,
24:28lipids
24:31and nucleic acid.
24:35Okay. and they are known as the suicidal
24:42sack of the
24:45cell. Why? Because
24:49the old out cell
24:56is digested by
25:01the lysosome.
25:04And sometimes when the cell itself is
25:07nonfunctional
25:09then it is also digested by the
25:11lysosome. So here you can see in this
25:14picture. So this is the lysosome filled
25:16with the hydrolytic enzyme and you can
25:19see this lysosomes are very close to the
25:21goli apparatus. You can see from the
25:24golgi apparatus this dark color vesicles
25:27are arise and these vesicles becomes
25:30membrane bound and that forms the lyso
25:33zone. Okay, I think it is clear to you.
25:36Now come to the next endommembrance uh
25:39structure that is vacuum.
25:47Okay. So the vacules are the membrane
25:50bound
25:57spaces
25:59found in the
26:02cytoplasm.
26:07Okay. And uh it contains
26:13water
26:16cell sap
26:18excretory product
26:24and
26:26other materials.
26:28and other
26:31materials
26:33not useful for the cell. Not useful
26:38for the
26:41cell. So uh this is uh I am talking
26:45about the plant cell. So in plant cell
26:53a single
26:56large vele
27:00is present
27:03at the center.
27:08Okay. And uh this vacule is bounded by
27:19a single membrane
27:27called [snorts] a tonoplast.
27:31Very very important. Okay. This is
27:34called tonoplast. In plant cell about
27:3790%
27:38so 90% of the uh volume of the
27:43cell is occupied by the vacuum. Okay.
27:49Now this uh what is the function of
27:51tonoplast in plant cell? The donoplast
27:58facilitates
28:02the transport
28:07of ions
28:10and other materials.
28:17Yeah.
28:18against
28:21the concentration gradient
28:31[snorts]
28:32into
28:34the vacuum.
28:37Okay. So against the concentration
28:41gradient means active
28:44transport.
28:50Okay.
28:52So the uh so here how it works. Suppose
28:56this is the
28:58vacuum and this is the cell plant cell.
29:03Even though the concentration of any
29:05unused material is high here, even then
29:09the substance will enter into it. So
29:13here suppose a low is there still it
29:17enters into it which requires energy. So
29:19it is active transport. But in case of
29:23animals, so here you can see this is the
29:26structure of a vacule. Okay.
29:32uh this is shown in case of plant cell.
29:35Okay, this is the central vacule. And uh
29:39now come to the in case of animal cell.
29:43Uh in amoeba
29:49the contractile
29:50vacule
29:57has seen
29:59excretion
30:03and osmo regulation.
30:09Okay. And uh in many cells
30:14in many
30:18protests
30:20protest means what? Unicellular
30:26ukariots.
30:29In many in unisellular ukariots food
30:33vacules are formed
30:40are formed. Okay. So how these food
30:43vacules are formed? These food vacules
30:46are formed. Suppose
30:49let us take any protestant cell. So here
30:53it forms food cough.
30:56Okay. And the food particle is here.
30:58Then in the later stage
31:02it engulfves the food particle and here
31:05the food vacule is formed
31:09and this food vacule inside this food
31:12vacule the food is digested.
31:18Okay.
31:21So here you can see in this picture this
31:23is the plant cell where uh um that is
31:27[clears throat] a large portion of the
31:29vacule is taken up by the um vacu
31:33portion of the cell is taken up by the
31:34vacules and this is the in case of
31:38amieba the contractile veules is
31:41present. This contractile veule helps in
31:43excretion and balance of the electrolyte
31:46and the water that is osmo regulation.
31:49And here you can see this is paramesium
31:51which is the example of a protist cell
31:54where contractile vacule is present and
31:57besides that the food vacules are also
32:00present. Here you can see these are the
32:02food vacules. Okay. [sighs] Now next
32:06come to the next cell organal that is
32:08mitochondria.
32:13So mitochondria is not a part of
32:15endommembrane system. So these
32:18mitochondria are visible only when the
32:22cells are stained otherwise they are not
32:24visible their number
32:31shape
32:35and size
32:39per cell are variable
32:44and and it depends on the [cough]
32:49depending on physiological
32:58activity. So for example, let us take
33:00the human sperm. In human form, the
33:04middle piece,
33:10the middle piece
33:16has a spiral mitochondria.
33:23Okay, it has spiral mitochondria because
33:28a large amount of ATP can be so that
33:31large amount of large
33:36amount of
33:38ATP is synthesized and is required for
33:43the motility of the
33:47of the sperm. So this is one example how
33:51the safe the when the mitochondria is
33:53spiral then it surface area is increased
33:56so large number of ATP are produced.
34:00So it may be sausage set
34:09or cylindrical
34:14and uh its diameter is usually 0.2
34:19to 1.0 0 micrometer and uh its average
34:24size is 0.5 micrometer and length is
34:29this is diameter
34:33and length is 1.0 to 4.1 micrometer.
34:39This is the
34:41length. Okay. This mitochondria is a
34:46double membrane bound structure. It is a
34:57[snorts]
34:58double membrane bound structure
35:02with a outer membrane and inner
35:05membrane. So here you can see this is
35:06the inner membrane. This one is inner
35:10membrane.
35:12Okay, which is folded to form fingerlike
35:15projection. And this is the outer
35:17membrane. So what are these membranes?
35:20That is outer
35:24and inner
35:29membrane. Okay. [snorts]
35:32[gasps] And uh this
35:35membrane the inner membrane divides the
35:37lumen into two aquas compartment. So
35:41this membrane
35:44divides
35:47the lumen.
35:50Lumen means the portion that is covered
35:53by the membrane. lumen into
35:58two
36:02equas compartment.
36:10Okay. So outer compartment. So here you
36:14can see this is
36:17the outer compartment. So outer
36:21compartment
36:25and inner compartment.
36:34The inner compartment is known as
36:37matrix. Very very important. Okay. And
36:42[clears throat]
36:43the inner membrane as you can see here
36:46this this portion is the matrix. This
36:48portion is matrix. Okay. And the inner
36:53membrane is folded or it is projected
36:56into the matrix in the form of the
37:00crystal like structures.
37:02Okay. And these infoldings are known as
37:05Christe. Okay. So these infoldings are
37:09known as Christe. Here you can see these
37:12infoldings are known as Christe. Okay.
37:16Okay, just a minute. Let me add one more
37:19slide here.
37:24>> [snorts]
37:26>> So the inner membrane
37:31inner membrane
37:38forms a
37:41number of
37:46infoldings
37:50that is called
37:55very very important and it is presmed
37:58towards the
38:00matrix.
38:06Okay. And this Christ what is their
38:09function? Increase the
38:12[clears throat]
38:14surface area.
38:18Okay. And the two membranes have their
38:21own specific enzyme associated with the
38:24mitochondrial function. Outer membrane,
38:27inner membrane
38:29specific enzyme
38:32and they perform very very specific
38:34function. Okay. The matrix
38:41contains circular
38:45DNA,
38:48RNA
38:53and 70S ribosomes.
38:57It contains 70S ribosomes like that of
39:00the proariote and they together.
39:04So why it is present
39:08for synthesis of a protein. So that's
39:11why some components of a
39:16proteins are also found here.
39:20Okay. Now let us come to the function.
39:23Uh these christe the christriste are
39:26having here I will show you the picture.
39:28The christ is having the f0 f_sub_1
39:32particle. the stocked particles. Here
39:35you can see these are the stocked
39:38particles.
39:40So this portion this is the head
39:44this is
39:46base and this is the middle piece. Okay.
39:51Let me draw the diagram separately. So
39:56on the Christ
40:03So this is the this is known as this
40:06portion is f_sub_0 this is f_sub_1. So
40:09this is f0 f_sub_1 particles
40:17associated with
40:23the christ
40:27and they help in synthesis of ATP. So
40:31actually this head contains ATP synthes
40:38enzyme and have seen this [snorts] F0
40:42F_sub_1 particle has seen ATP synthesis
40:48and these ATP are the energy
40:53currency.
40:56Okay.
40:57So that's why it is known as powerhouse
41:01of the cell.
41:07Mitochondria is known as powerhouse of
41:09the cell. [cough]
41:12[clears throat]
41:13Now this mitochondria is also known as
41:18and there is a very special feature of
41:20about this. The mitochondria is
41:28is a semi
41:31autonomous
41:35organal.
41:38Why? See all the organels
41:41are under the control of the nucleus
41:47because
41:49but mitochondria
41:52because mitochondria
41:57has its own DNA
42:03and can
42:06synthesize. size.
42:11It's a own
42:14protein
42:17which can regulate
42:28some of your some of its
42:32activities.
42:38end
42:40partially
42:43under the control of
42:49nucleus.
42:51Okay. So its major function is synthesis
42:54of ATP. But ATP how ATP is synthesized?
42:59The ATP is synthesized during aerobic
43:01respiration. So ATP is synthesized here.
43:04So ATP synthesis takes place during
43:13respiration. Which respiration? Cellular
43:16respiration. When the respiration takes
43:18place at the cellular level. So this is
43:21all about
43:23mitochondria. Next come to the next cell
43:26organal that is
43:28the plastids.
43:35>> [snorts]
43:36>> So these are found
43:40only in
43:42plant cells.
43:46Okay. And uh [clears throat] and
43:49ucgenoids. Besides that they are found
43:52and they're also found in uglyoids.
43:58Okay. and uh they are very large in size
44:01and easily observable under the
44:03microscope and they contain
44:07various pigments. So based on the
44:13type of
44:16pigments
44:20it is of three types. What are they?
44:24chloroplast,
44:29chromoplast
44:34and lucoplast.
44:38Okay. So, chloroplast it contains the
44:41green pigment.
44:45Chromoplast contains colored pigments.
44:52And [snorts] this is lucoplast without
44:57pigment.
45:00[snorts]
45:01Okay. So here in this picture you can
45:04see these are the the chloroplast. It is
45:07green in color because of the presence
45:09of green pigment. Then chromoplast
45:12contains various colored pigments like
45:16your fcoanthine, picothine, pyosine. So
45:21different types of pigments are there
45:25and uh that's why they are colorful but
45:28this lucoplast you can see it is having
45:32no pigment so it is colorless. Okay. So
45:35these are the three types of plastids.
45:39Let us discuss
45:41in details in some [snorts] details
45:43about this. We'll discuss about the
45:46chloroplast in details later on. But uh
45:50chloroplasts
45:55it contains
46:00chlorophyll
46:04and
46:06carrot node.
46:13Okay. And what is their function? They
46:16trap energy
46:19for photosynthesis.
46:25Okay. Then come to chromoplast.
46:32The chromoplast contains
46:35fat soluble
46:39carateninoid pigments.
46:50like
46:53carotene,
46:57jantoil
47:03etc. Okay. And this gives
47:07red,
47:09yellow,
47:11orange color and other colors also.
47:14[snorts]
47:15And uh uh since they are having
47:19different colors, so they are present in
47:26leaves. Which type of leaves? Cru
47:29leaves.
47:31Fruits.
47:34that is ripened fruits
47:37and flowers.
47:40The next come to lucoplast.
47:45They don't have any
47:47pigment. They are colorless
47:53less and they're of various size and sap
47:56and their main function is storage.
48:00Their main function is storage. So basic
48:03on stories they are of three types
48:08aoplast.
48:14Okay. Stores starch
48:21or carbohydrate. Okay. Then elioplast
48:28it stores
48:30oil and fat.
48:34And the last one is aluroplast.
48:39It stores
48:44protein.
48:46Okay.
48:49Now next come to the chloroplast which
48:51we'll discuss in details. details.
48:55Okay.
48:57The chloroplast are
49:10okay. The chloroplast are double
49:13membrane bound organal
49:22like mitochondria.
49:24Okay. And they are found in
49:30meopil cells of leaf.
49:41Okay. And they may be they may be your
49:45lens set
49:49or they may be oval.
49:52They may be spherical.
49:56Okay.
49:57>> [snorts]
49:58>> And their number varies from
50:02number
50:04varies from
50:07algae to
50:12green algae to um that is in green algae
50:17from algae to meil.
50:23Okay. So in algae one may be present in
50:26meopil 20 to 40 per cell.
50:32So these algae if it is unisellular so
50:35this is also one per cell.
50:40Okay. Now [clears throat]
50:46now now come to the special feature of
50:47this chloroplast.
50:49The inner membrane of chloroplast.
51:00Chloroplast
51:01is less permeable.
51:10Okay. And the space of
51:14just a minute.
51:17Okay. Okay. Yeah,
51:25wait.
51:28Something went wrong.
51:32Let me go to this slide.
51:39Okay, now I reached here.
51:44[gasps]
51:46So the inner membrane of chloroplast is
51:51less permeable and the space limited by
51:55the inner membrane of chloroplast is
51:57called the space
52:02enclosed by
52:06inner membrane
52:08[snorts]
52:12is called a stroma.
52:15S T R O M A very important which is the
52:18matrix and this stroma contains
52:27a number of
52:32organized
52:37flattened
52:40membranous X
52:48called the thyloid.
52:54Okay, very very important children. And
52:56this uh thyloid encloses a space.
53:01Thyloid
53:05encloses
53:08a space
53:10called lumen. I will show you in the
53:13picture. [snorts] Okay. and the
53:17chlorophyll
53:23pigments
53:26are present in the
53:30philyloid.
53:32This is very important.
53:36Okay.
53:38So
53:40uh
53:43here in this picture you can see
53:46this is the stroma. This portion is the
53:49stroma. Okay red color. So these are the
53:53this is the portion of stroma. Okay
53:56matrix. And in the matrix you can see
53:58that the
54:01coin like structures are present and
54:04each coin like structure is known as
54:06thyopid.
54:09And the stacks of
54:14gran
54:15each stack is known as gran. Okay. So
54:20the philyloid contains the chlorophyll
54:23pigment which actually performs the
54:25photosynthes uh photosynthesis. Okay.
54:29Now
54:34the stacks of
54:38thyloid
54:44forms
54:50granom.
54:53Granam means singular plural is grana.
54:58Okay.
55:02Now uh in between the uh that is your uh
55:08granom
55:10there are
55:14flat membranous tibules.
55:27connects the connecting
55:32the
55:34philyloids
55:39is called stroma lamela is called stroma
55:45lamela. Okay, this is called stroma
55:48lamela.
55:50Now what are the other features of this
55:52one?
55:54Like [snorts] mitochondria. So let me
55:56show you. Okay, this is chloroplast.
55:58Suppose here are the philoids and they
56:02together form the gran. So here is
56:05another granom. Okay. And these coids
56:10are connected by
56:20okay. The philyloids are connected by
56:25tubular structures, flattened tubular
56:28structures and these structures are
56:30known as stroma
56:33lamela.
56:36Okay. And the stroma contains
56:47circular DNA
56:51like uh here is that present in the
56:53mitochondria.
56:54Then ribosomes,
57:01enzymes
57:03for synthesis of
57:08proteins and carbohydrates.
57:12Okay. And the ribosome is of 70s type.
57:1770s type ribosome is present. And
57:20besides that RNA is also present. And
57:24the chloroplast
57:29is also known as
57:36semi
57:39autonomous
57:43organal.
57:46Okay. And you know that it main function
57:48is
57:50photosynthesis. No need to say but in
57:54which part performs which physiological
57:58activities of the photosynthesis which
58:01reaction of photosynthesis that we'll
58:03discuss in the photosynthesis chapter.
58:07Okay. So today we have discussed the
58:10endommembrane system. Then the two major
58:13cell organels that is mitochondria and
58:16chloroplast
58:17that is plastids and among plastids
58:20chloroplast we have discussed. So what
58:22is the most important feature here? We
58:24have important things we learned here.
58:27The how these endommen systems are
58:30working in a coordinated manner and then
58:32these chloroplast and mitochondria are
58:35the semiautonomous organals because they
58:38have their own DNA. As a [snorts] result
58:41they can synthesize their own protein
58:43and they are self- reggulated to some
58:46extent but at the same time they are
58:49under the control of nucleus as well.
58:52Okay. So they are partially under the
58:54control of nucleus and partially
58:56self-control. That's why they are known
58:58as semiautonomous
59:00organels. Okay. So let us stop here. In
59:03the next session we'll discuss about the
59:06about other cell organels and the
59:08nucleus. Okay, till then, thank you.

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