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Cell Organelles - Explained in a way that finally makes sense! — Transcript

by Siebert Science · 4,292 words · 589 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00in this video we're learning the parts
0:01of the cell now I remember first
0:03learning this stuff and memorizing each
0:05organel and a little description of what
0:07that organel does but I never understood
0:09the big picture of how these things work
0:11together to help the cell accomplish its
0:13functions and that meant that my
0:15understanding of the cell and my ability
0:17to recall this information let's say on
0:19a test was pretty limited so what I want
0:20to do in this video is tell the story of
0:22protein synthesis or the making of
0:24proteins as well as a few other cell
0:26functions so that whenever you learn
0:27each organel and what it does you're
0:30going to understand how that all relates
0:31together and the different processes
0:33that the cell has to do you're going to
0:35understand the cell way better than you
0:36ever have so let's jump to whiteboard
0:38and get started the first thing I want
0:39to talk about is the cell membrane so
0:40our cells are these kind of these little
0:42bags of fluid and like any bag it's got
0:45to have some like surface around it to
0:47keep all of that fluid in and that's our
0:49cell membrane if we zoom in on the cell
0:50membrane it's going to look something
0:51like this now don't click off the video
0:53being like Oh my gosh this looks super
0:55complex the main thing I want to point
0:56out with this is that most of the cell
0:59membrane is made up of this phospholipid
1:00bilayer in red we has phosphate
1:03molecules and in the yellow right there
1:04yellow orange is going to be lipids so
1:07these are phospholipids and it's a
1:08bilayer there's two layers of them and
1:10this is going to be the membrane that
1:12keeps all the fluid in now if you look
1:14at this there's a bunch of other stuff
1:16embedded into it and these are all going
1:17to be proteins so we have a protein here
1:19we've got a channel protein that can
1:21allow certain things to pass in and out
1:22lots of proteins in here but the main
1:24thing this is a phospholipid bilayer
1:26membrane that's keeping all of the stuff
1:28in if this membrane ever ever ruptures
1:30or breaks all the fluid and all the
1:32stuff of the cell would leave and that
1:34cell would no longer be able to carry
1:35out its cell functions it would it would
1:37die now the stuff inside the cell we
1:39call cytoplasm that term cytoplasm cyto
1:42just means cell and plasm just means
1:45fluid so cytoplasm is the cell fluid the
1:47next organal we look at we're going to
1:49look specifically at this process of
1:50synthesizing or making of proteins
1:53synthesis means that you take multiple
1:55things and put them together in some new
1:57form that's kind of what we do with
1:59proteins we take amino acids and put
2:00them together to form a new protein so
2:02let's take a look at some organells that
2:03are involved in this process the first
2:05one we want to look at is the nucleus so
2:07the nucleus most cells are going to have
2:09one nucleus and the nucleus itself has
2:11its own membrane we call the nuclear
2:13membrane or the nuclear envelope and
2:15inside of that nucleus is chromatin now
2:17you may think of chromosomes aren't
2:19there chromosomes in the nucleus well
2:21most of the cell's life it's going to be
2:22chromatin which is these kind of long
2:25curvy strands of DNA it's only when the
2:27cell divides that that chromatin forms
2:29forms into chromosomes but most of the
2:32time it's in the form of Chromatin this
2:33is your DNA or genetic material and
2:36that's going to be inside the nucleus so
2:38what does that DNA actually do well in
2:41the nucleus the DNA gets transcribed
2:43into mRNA transcribe just means to take
2:47something and make a an almost exact
2:50copy of it now if you already know about
2:51transcription you know that it's not an
2:52exact copy it's making a copy of the
2:55opposite nucleotides but for the
2:56purposes here just think about it as an
2:58exact copy of of a section of the DNA
3:01and this mRNA is going to code for a
3:03protein basically each mRNA is going to
3:05be instructions for one protein molecule
3:07so in the nucleus we convert DNA into
3:10messenger RNA or mRNA next we have
3:13something called a ribosome the
3:14ribosomes are super small and they're
3:16spread throughout the cell I got them
3:18drawn in two clusters right here but
3:19they're really kind of spread out more
3:21than that in the cell and what's going
3:22to happen is that mRNA is going to
3:24travel to the ribosome and the ribosome
3:26is going to read the MRNA instructions
3:29and uses instructions to build a protein
3:31now here's my favorite metaphor for this
3:33it's building Legos I've got a Lego
3:34R2-D2 um in the background right here
3:36that you may or may not have noticed but
3:38whenever I built that I had to read
3:40instructions and the instructions told
3:41me which bricks to combine in which
3:43order in order to make R2D2 in this
3:46metaphor the MRNA is my instruction
3:49booklet telling me what to do I'm the
3:50ribosome because I'm building the
3:52protein which is the finished Lego
3:54structure and each Lego brick is an
3:56amino acid when you combine the amino
3:59acids together in the right way they
4:01form a whole protein and that whole
4:02process is taking place in the ribosome
4:04here is the ribosome it's reading the
4:07MRNA so the MRNA is feeding through the
4:09ribosome right there and for every three
4:11nucleotides that reads on the ribosome
4:13it's going to add in one amino acid so
4:15right here it's going to be building out
4:17this long chain of amino acids forming a
4:19protein each amino acid being one of
4:21those kind of orange circles right there
4:23so our created protein at this stage is
4:24going to be a long strand of amino acids
4:26now it's got to undergo some other
4:28changes before it's ready to to actually
4:30do anything in the cell but that's the
4:32point that we're at right now once we're
4:33done in the ribosome so our nucleus
4:35contains our genetic information which
4:37is going to get transcribed into RNA in
4:40the nucleus mRNA is going to travel to
4:42the ribosome where our ribosome will
4:44read it and then use those instructions
4:46to build a protein from amino acids now
4:48where do these ribosomes come from well
4:50we've got a lot of ribosomes and we have
4:51a special structure that's going to make
4:53those ribosomes and that special
4:54structure is the nucleis so the nucleis
4:57lives in the nucleus but its job is to
4:59make the ribosomes it's basically a
5:01little ribosome Factory all right where
5:03do our proteins go next after they've
5:05been created in the ribosomes well we
5:08have another structure here called the
5:09rough endoplasmic reticulum and the
5:11rough endoplasmic reticulum is going to
5:13be dotted with more ribosomes all
5:16throughout the ER are going to be
5:17ribosomes and that's why we call it the
5:19rough endoplasmic reticulum when you
5:20look at a cell on the microscope the ER
5:23the rough ER looks rough because it's
5:24got all these dots on it which are the
5:26ribosomes the main thing that the rough
5:28endoplasmic reticulum does is it's going
5:30to be modifying the protein at some
5:32point the protein got made in a ribosome
5:35and it passes through each of these
5:36layers and as it does it's going to get
5:38Modified by the rough ER now when we say
5:41modified what do we mean I've got a list
5:43of four modifications I want to talk
5:44about one is it'll do the initial
5:46folding of the protein so at this point
5:48we've got this long strand of amino
5:50acids which is our protein but the
5:52actual proteins aren't just a long
5:54strand most of them they're going to be
5:55different kind of three-dimensional
5:57structures they could be a channel and
5:59the membrane that allows stuff to pass
6:01through it could be a receptor on the
6:02outside of the cell membrane it could be
6:03an enzyme that binds with a molecule and
6:05breaks it apart it's got to have a 3D
6:07structure and we get that 3D structure
6:09by folding the protein the Ruff can also
6:11do quality control and so if it
6:12discovers a protein that's different
6:14than it's supposed to be the ru can
6:16destroy that protein it can also do
6:17something called glycosilation which is
6:19a fancy term that just means adding a
6:21glucose or adding a sugar that glyco
6:24just means sugar and so a lot of our
6:25proteins are going to have other things
6:27added onto them so glycosilation or the
6:29adding sugar that'll happen in the ru ER
6:31we can also do destination tagging so
6:33the Ruff ER can tag the protein molecule
6:36with another piece that's going to tell
6:38the rest of the cell where this protein
6:40needs to go so is this A protein that
6:42needs to end up on the cell membrane is
6:43this A protein that needs to end up in
6:45some other organel in the cell or is
6:47this A protein that needs to leave the
6:48cell in order to go bind with a
6:50structure on some other cell in the body
6:52in other words is it a hormone so these
6:54are four modifications that can happen
6:56in the rough ER but the big thing to
6:57remember here is that the rough
6:58endoplasm reticulum is going to be
7:00modifying these proteins getting the
7:02proteins ready to go out and do their
7:04function what's next after it goes
7:06through the Ruff it's going to be
7:08packaged and sent to the GGI apparatus
7:10it's got two sides to it it has the CIS
7:13side and the trans side and that protein
7:15which has been made by the ribosome and
7:18then passes through the rough
7:19endoplasmic reticulum it's going to pass
7:20through the CIS end and then out the
7:22trans end what the GG apparatus is going
7:24to do is it can do further modifications
7:27so if there's any extra modifications
7:29that need to happen before it leaves the
7:30cell it can do that it's also going to
7:32package it in a vesicle so they can send
7:34it to wherever it needs to go so the GOI
7:36is going to modify and package that
7:38protein to send it out to where it needs
7:40to go it's kind of the FedEx or the UPS
7:43of the cell now where are all the places
7:45that can go for one it can be sent to
7:47the cell membrane because we have all
7:49these membrane proteins if you remember
7:51this diagram from earlier we've got all
7:53these proteins in the cell like this
7:55channel protein that can allow certain
7:56molecules to pass in and out of the cell
7:58another place that the G Center protein
8:00is actually outside of the cell so it'll
8:02package it in a vesicle we've got an
8:04example vesicle right here the vesicle
8:06is going to travel to the membrane and
8:08kind of form up with the membrane like
8:10this through the process of exocytosis
8:13and send those proteins outside of the
8:15cell to go do some function or it could
8:17send them to some other organel within
8:19the cell now there's a lot of different
8:20places that can go in the cell the one I
8:22want to talk about though is the smooth
8:24endoplasmic reticulum one big difference
8:26to remember about the smooth obviously
8:28is it's not rough so it doesn't have
8:30ribosomes on it but not only that its
8:32function is very different whereas the
8:34rough ER was focused on modifying the
8:36proteins the smooth ER is going to be
8:38making or synthesizing lipids and
8:41carbohydrates now wait wait wait wait we
8:43just said we send proteins to the smooth
8:46what does that to do with making sugars
8:47and carbohydrates well if you think
8:49about proteins what are proteins they
8:51can do a lot of different functions one
8:53of those functions is to be an enzyme an
8:55enzyme is going to facilitate a chemical
8:58reaction and whenever we're making a new
9:00chemical such as synthesizing a lipid
9:03well we have to have enzymes to actually
9:05facilitate those chemical reactions so
9:07we have special proteins that are made
9:09sent to the Smoothie R so that they can
9:11work to make those lipids and carbs that
9:14we need so even though way back at the
9:16beginning of this process we have
9:17instructions from the nucleus on how to
9:19make different proteins but really those
9:21instructions on making those proteins
9:23will also influence what lipids and
9:25carbs were able to make so it all comes
9:27back to that DNA all right let's do a
9:29quick recap of this process so the
9:31nucleus contains our genetic material
9:32our DNA which is going to get
9:34transcribed from DNA into mRNA the MRNA
9:38will travel to the ribosomes which are
9:39made by the nucleolus the ribosomes are
9:42going to translate the MRNA read those
9:44instructions and assemble a protein out
9:47of amino acids the protein will travel
9:49through the rough endoplasmic reticulum
9:51as it works through those layers it's
9:52going to get modified in different ways
9:54that'll be sent to the GGI apparatus and
9:56get packaged where it will travel to
9:58wherever it needs to go that could be to
10:00the cell membrane it could be outside of
10:02the cell or could be to another organel
10:04such as the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
10:06whose job it is to synthesize lipids and
10:09carbohydrates for the body next we're
10:11going to look at converting food energy
10:13into ATP now this may be the one organel
10:15that you already know from seeing memes
10:17online and things like that and that's
10:18going to be the mitochondria you've
10:20probably learned it as the PowerHouse of
10:22the cell so the mitochondria are going
10:24to be producing energy but nothing can
10:26produce energy out of thin air right it
10:28can't be created or destroyed and so we
10:29have to be converting it from one form
10:31to another so how do we bring energy
10:33into our body well all of this is
10:35governed by this reaction so we have
10:36sugar right here basically we've got
10:38food that we're bringing into our body
10:40and we have oxygen that we're breathing
10:42in we're going to take both of those
10:43chemicals and put them through the
10:45process of cellular respiration and
10:47we're going to be converting that into
10:49the things that we get rid of such as
10:51carbon dioxide that we breathe out as
10:53well as water but the big thing right
10:54here that we're doing is we're producing
10:56ATP so we're taking these kind of higher
10:59energy molecules we're going to break
11:01them apart and then reform them into
11:03these lower energy molecules which will
11:05release some energy and that energy that
11:07gets released we're using that to
11:09produce ATP which is a usable form of
11:12energy our cells the the pumps and
11:14channels and stuff in our cells can use
11:16ATP to power all the different functions
11:19that we have in the cell and that whole
11:21chemical reaction is taking place in the
11:23mitochondria fun fact about the
11:25mitochondria the mitochondria have their
11:27own DNA which is different than the DNA
11:30that is contained inside of your nucleus
11:32and all of your mitochondria you got
11:34from your biological mother none of it
11:36from your biological father which is
11:38different than the DNA in your nucleus
11:40which is a combination of your
11:41biological father and biological
11:43mother's DNA mitochondria are pretty
11:45wild all right let's go on to the next
11:47function that next function is going to
11:48be the storage and breaking down of
11:51chemicals we've got three organel that
11:53are all kind of similar here they're
11:55going to be involved in these different
11:56processes the first one is a lome that
11:58pre fix lice or sometimes light like
12:01cytic lice just means to cut something
12:04open or to break it apart so a lome is
12:06going to contain a bunch of enzymes that
12:09we can use to break down different
12:11molecules that enter the body this could
12:12be a pathogen that's entered into the
12:14cell and the lysosome will spill out its
12:16contents in order to break that thing
12:18down it could be an old organella that
12:19we no longer need that we're going to
12:21use the lome to break it down or
12:23sometimes we'll go through the process
12:24of apoptosis which is where a cell
12:26decides to destroy itself and so it'll
12:28use its own lomes to destroy itself an
12:31example of that would be like an
12:33infected cell that needs to doesn't want
12:35the infection to spread so that cell
12:36will break itself down now those enzymes
12:39in the lome where do those come from
12:41well remember enzymes are proteins so
12:43these were proteins that were made by
12:45the ribosomes which were coded for in
12:47the DNA of the nucleus which then passed
12:49through the ER and the Gogi apparatus
12:51and then ended up in the lome so it's
12:53even the lome the proteins in there are
12:56connected to that process we looked at
12:57at the beginning of the video next we
12:59have something called a peroxisome a
13:01peroxisome is kind of like a lome but
13:02instead of breaking things down it's
13:04going to work to oxidize or to
13:06neutralize some toxic substances a big
13:09example of that is hydrogen peroxide
13:11which is where it gets its name from to
13:13remember this just think perox and detox
13:16it'll detoxify certain chemicals that
13:18end up in our cells and then finally we
13:19have the vacu the vacu is just going to
13:22be for storage of different chemicals
13:24plant cells have giant vacul that fill
13:26up a majority of the space inside the
13:28cell animal cells like those in our
13:30bodies have small vaces for just small
13:32amounts of storage but certain cells
13:34like fat cells in our body will have
13:36larger vacul because they're going to be
13:37storing fat molecules but then a lot of
13:40other cells will just have small vacul
13:42inside so vacul are for storage the next
13:44process we're going to look at is the
13:45process of reproduction which is really
13:47going to be either mitosis or meosis I
13:50say meosis some other people say meiosis
13:52if I'm saying it wrong just let me know
13:54in the comments I I know somebody will
13:56now I've grayed out a bunch of organel
13:58in the diagram the one that aren't quite
13:59as involved in this process but the ones
14:01that are heavily involved in the process
14:03include the nucleus of course cu the
14:05nucleus has the genetic information and
14:08both copies of the cell during mitosis
14:10need a copy of that genetic information
14:12I've got the cell membrane here still
14:14because both new cells are going to have
14:16each their own cell membrane and so that
14:18cell membrane has to kind of divide and
14:19pinch off into two new cells and there's
14:21one organel that we need to add which is
14:24the centrosome the centrosome looks like
14:26this and it's actually going to be two
14:28parts to it it's going to be two
14:30centrioles so right here we have one
14:32cental and then another cental kind of
14:34organized at a 90° angle to it and what
14:36the centrosome is going to do is it's
14:39going to grab onto the genetic material
14:41the chromatin which will become
14:43chromosomes during mitosis and pull
14:45those apart so let's take a look real
14:47quick at what that process looks like so
14:49here we have the chromatin and during
14:50mitosis it's going to separate out into
14:53chromosomes which look more like this
14:55and our cell's centrosome is going to
14:56make a copy of itself so we'll have two
14:59croomes now and those are going to form
15:00one at one end and another at the other
15:03end and they'll use these fibers to grab
15:06onto the chromosomes and pull them apart
15:09so that each new cell is going to have
15:10its own copy of the chromosomes and here
15:13we have those two new daughter cells
15:15that each have a copy of the genetic
15:17material that's how cells make an exact
15:18copy of themselves of course we also
15:20have this process of meosis which is how
15:23our bodies create sperm cells and egg
15:25cells Each of which are going to have
15:26just a half of the chromosomes but again
15:29the centrosomes will line up on either
15:31side of the cell they're not drawn in
15:33that diagram but they're going to pull
15:34the chromosomes apart and again involved
15:36in that process are the centrosomes as
15:39well as the DNA or the chromatin and the
15:41nucleus and the cell membrane okay our
15:44next function that we're going to look
15:45at is the function of structure and
15:48movement so the first one I want to talk
15:49about gives it its structure and that's
15:51the cytoskeleton again CYO just means
15:54cell so this is the skeleton of the cell
15:56and it's made of two main parts it has m
15:59microtubules as well as filaments the
16:01microtubules look like this they're
16:03these long thin fibers that are going to
16:05originate from the croome right here and
16:08they're going to connect all the organel
16:10together so these organells aren't just
16:11kind of like free floating and wandering
16:13around the cell they're held in place by
16:15these microtubules and those
16:17microtubules are made of proteins so
16:19that'll give the cell its main structure
16:21and then on the outside of the cell we
16:23have something called filaments now
16:24there's really two types of filaments
16:26here there's intermediate filaments
16:27which are going to be more kind of close
16:29to the microtubules and then we'll have
16:31microfilaments which are going to be
16:32more on the outside of the cell against
16:34the cell membrane but I kind of
16:35simplified it here and just called those
16:37the filaments so we have the
16:38microtubules holding things in place and
16:40then we have the filaments around the
16:41outside of the cell providing some more
16:43structure let's add a few more things to
16:45our cell here some cells have structures
16:47called microvilli the microvilli are
16:49just going to be these foldings on the
16:51cell membrane purpose of microvilli is
16:53going to be to increase the surface area
16:56of a cell so not all cells have these
16:58but an examp example of them is the
16:59cells in your small intestine your small
17:01intestine has to absorb molecules that
17:03you eat and so we need a bigger surface
17:05area so we can absorb more molecules so
17:08those cells are going to have microvilli
17:10another structure on the outside of the
17:11cell is p cyia the big difference
17:13between cyia and microv is that they
17:15contain microtubules inside of them at
17:18the base of them there's going to be
17:19something called a basil body which is
17:21basically a cental and what these
17:23microtubules inside the cyia are going
17:25to be able to do is allow the cyia to
17:27have some movement so they're going to
17:28wave back and forth so the cyia can move
17:31mucus around and move air around and
17:33different things we find cyia in places
17:35like our lungs like the bronchioles in
17:37our lungs one more movement related
17:38structure I want to talk about here is a
17:40flagellum a flagellum is basically the
17:42same thing as cyia but rather than
17:43having a bunch of cyia it's just going
17:46to be one projection but it's also going
17:48to be filled with these microtubules the
17:50only human cell that has a fum is a
17:52sperm cell and so those microtubules in
17:54there are going to have kind of a rotary
17:55motion like this which is going to
17:57propel the cell to where it needs to go
17:59all right we've covered a lot of stuff
18:00in this video I want to give you a
18:01chance right now to practice all of this
18:03stuff so pause the video see if you can
18:05name all the structures on this part of
18:07the diagram and then here are those
18:09structures back and now let's take all
18:11of those away and let's go back to our
18:13diagram before this see if you can name
18:15all the structures in this diagram and
18:17even better see if you can explain the
18:18process of protein synthesis in terms of
18:21all these different organells and then
18:24here are all those organells back so you
18:25can check and see what you remembered if
18:27you're learning all this stuff for a
18:28class the only way to learn it all is to
18:30practice it and to make sure that you're
18:31using the best strategies to practice I
18:33have a free A&P survival guide link in
18:35the description for that it'll just give
18:36you a bunch of strategies for how to
18:38learn A&P and make sure that information
18:40sticks with you I've also got some other
18:41resources such as& study cards including
18:44blank versions of the diagram in this
18:45video I have other comprehensive unit
18:47guides that can help you if you're
18:48studying like the nervous system
18:49digestive system Etc links in the
18:51description for all of that special
18:53thanks to my patrons on patreon as well
18:55as my YouTube channel members thank you
18:57so much for your support of the channel
18:58I really appreciate it hey thanks again
19:00for watching this video and learning
19:01about the cell hopefully you understand
19:02the cell better than you ever have
19:04here's another video that you might find
19:05helpful thanks again for watching and
19:07I'll see you in the next video bye-bye

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