CALIFATOS MEDIEVALES 3: El Califato Omeya y el Califato Abasí (Documental Historia) — Transcript

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1. 0:00The following story takes place between 661 and 945
2. 0:05THAT IS ANOTHER HISTORY
3. 0:09MEDIEVAL CALIFATES 3: The Umayyad Caliphate and Abbasid Caliphate
4. 0:16Let's start with a brief summary of the previous video. A mechanic named Muhammad began to preach, from 610, a new religion: Islam.
5. 0:25It became a mixture between Judaism, Christianity and pre-Islamic Arab folk elements, and it was very successful.
6. 0:31In 632 Muhammad died, and by that date virtually all of the Hijaz had fallen into Muslim power.
7. 0:38It was then that the Orthodox Caliphate or Rashidun was constituted, a Muslim state ruled by a caliph, who was seen as Muhammad's successor.
8. 0:47Its power expanded very rapidly especially during the government of Caliph Abu Bakr and also during Umar, who extended the borders of the Orthodox caliphate from Egypt to Mesopotamia.
9. 0:59Uthman conquered Persia in 651 thanks to his success in battles like Nihavand's.
10. 1:04After Uthman came Ali, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law. This began the 1st Fitna or civil war for the power of the caliphate with its rival Muawiya, of the Umayyad family.
11. 1:15From here would come the two most famous branches of Islam, Shiism and Sunism.
12. 1:19The fact is that Sunni Muawiya defeated Ali, and the Umayyad Caliphate was established, which would last 90 years.
13. 1:26THE OMEYA CALIFATO (661-750)
14. 1:31When the Umayyad Caliphate was established there in 661, Muslims saw that the territory was vast, so Caliph Muawiya I decided to set his capital in Damascus, in Syria, a good place where he had been governor for 20 years.
15. 1:45To organize the caliphate, the administrative structures of the extinct Sasanian Persia and the Byzantine Empire were maintained, which served as an organizational and artistic model. Come on, if something works, don't touch it.
16. 1:57The Christian churches of these conquered territories were used as mosques, such as the Church of San Juan Bautista.
17. 2:04In addition, the Greek and Persian languages ​​were still used in the management of the caliphate, although it would later be changed to Arabic.
18. 2:10Muawiya died in 680 and his son Yazid I inherited the kingdom. Muawiya's idea had been to convert the caliphate into a monarchical and theocratic state, away from the constituency system of the Orthodox Caliphate.
19. 2:23And of course, when Yazid I became a Caliph by pure inheritance, the one of God, or that of Allah, was armed, and the 2nd Fitna began.
20. 2:29"We started badly"
21. 2:30On the one hand, the Shiites of Kufa, in southern Iraq, wanted to put one of Ali's sons with Fatima, Muhammad's daughter, Husein.
22. 2:37They said that Caliph could not be any Quraysí, but only a direct descendant of the prophet.
23. 2:42And on the other, the jariyíes said that it didn't matter, that the caliph had to be physically strong and morally flawless.
24. 2:49Husein was killed by the Sunni Umayyads during the Battle of Karbala, but that was only the beginning of new rebellions.
25. 2:56It is famous that of the grandson of Abu Bakr, Abd Allah al-Zubayr, who took Mecca and Medina, proclaimed himself Caliph, and was not thrown out of there until 12 years later, in 692, and thus ended the 2nd fitna.
26. 3:08In those years, Caliph Abd al-Malik was already reigning, who was the cousin of the 1st Umayyad caliphs.
27. 3:14With the more or less pacified territory he undertook numerous administrative reforms.
28. 3:18The caliph, as we have seen, was the highest political and religious authority of the entire Muslim world.
29. 3:24The Valíes were the provincial governors, but there were also emirs, who were governors, but they had more military power, and as we will see, several are going to become independent from the caliphate.
30. 3:34However, these emirs will continue to respect the caliph as a religious authority in many cases.
31. 3:39Until that time the entire bureaucracy was written in Greek and Persian, because the Arabs needed yes or yes to Byzantine officials working nonstop with paperwork and stuff.
32. 3:48However, when there were a good number of Arabized officials, they were dismissed from their posts, put on Muslim Arabs, and Arabic was formalized for everything, both the language and the alphabet, hence many of the Muslim countries Share certain elements of Arab culture.
33. 4:03The Byzantine and Sassanid coins were also replaced by the gold dinar and the silver dirham. Later the qirat and the bean will arise.
34. 4:11On the fiscal issue, all Muslims had to pay zakat, a caliphate tax, while the Dimis (Christians, Jews or Zoroastrians) had to pay yizia and also jaray, a territorial tax.
35. 4:22"What has been stolen from our money"
36. 4:24On the one hand, this was fine because it favored the conversion to Islam ... but on the other it was wrong, because people converted without believing it much, just to pay less taxes,
37. 4:33and that, in the end, harmed the caliphate economically, and the caliphs lived with luxuries of crapping and drinking wine all day, which before was not so forbidden.
38. 4:41Those who converted to Islam without being Arabs were called Mawali, and went on to become customers of the Arab Mandamases.
39. 4:48Of course, atheists and polytheists were forced to convert to one of those religions or directly executed or put them to work as slaves.
40. 4:55Logically the inequality between some groups and others ... created social problems, and here appear the first Quranic jurists, the faquíes or alfaquíes.
41. 5:04The idea was to create a more just legal system, but without leaving the Koranic law, that is, the Sharia law. The greatest legal expert of the Umayyad period was Abu Hanifa, and then more different schools would leave.
42. 5:15After Abd al-Malik died in 705, his son Al-Walid I began to rule. His decade of government was the height of the Umayyads, and the caliphate reached its maximum territorial expansion.
43. 5:25He conquered parts of the Transoxiana, a region crossed by the famous Silk Road.
44. 5:30All that fell into Muslim hands, including important commercial cities like Bukhara and Samarkand.
45. 5:36At the same time, to the west, wars against the Berber tribes of North Africa did not cease, and by 707 Tunisia and much of the Maghreb, what was called Ifriqiya, fell into Umayyad hands, being appointed governor Musa ibn Nusair.
46. 5:50After converting these Maghreb to Islam, they were recruited to an army, and Nusair sent them in 711 to Hispania Visigoda to conquer it.
47. 5:58It was in the egg because the Visigoths had plunged into a civil war of milk.
48. 6:02They defeated King Rodrigo in the Battle of the Guadalete River, and practically took over the entire Iberian peninsula in less than what a rooster sings, and that territory was called Al-Andalus.
49. 6:11They went to take the Franco Kingdom, but managed to be contained by the Frankish leader Carlos Martel in the Battle of Poitiers of 732.
50. 6:19On the architectural theme, the aforementioned Church of San Juan Bautista de Damasco was converted into a huge mosque, one of the largest in the world.
51. 6:26It is now considered the 4th holiest place in Islam, behind Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem. It is precisely in Jerusalem where they also built mosques.
52. 6:36It highlights the famous Mosque of the Dome of the Rock, which was built by Byzantine architects.
53. 6:40And also in what is the esplanade we would find the Al-Aqsa Mosque, which is supposed to be built just below the ancient Temple of Solomon.
54. 6:48Then many palaces, the so-called Desert Castles, were also built, highlighting that of Qusair Amra, in Jordan, a good example of the first Islamic art.
55. 6:57In the apse of this construction we find a fresco of the caliph facing its Byzantine, Visigoth, Persian, Ethiopian, Chinese and Turkish enemies. That is, at this time icons were still painted, even if it was private.
56. 7:09The following caliphs after Al-Walid I were not up to par. In 724 the Caliph Hisham began to reign. He was 20 years and more or less could maintain control despite the constant rebellions of the farthest provinces.
57. 7:23From this Hisham is the castle of al-Hayr al-Sharqi, or east castle, located in the middle of the Syrian desert. It seems that it was built as an outpost and also as a hunting palace.
58. 7:33With the overthrow of Al-Walid II, a 3rd fitna began, and here Abu Muslim, an Abbasid agent sent to Jorasan to direct all the protests in favor of the Abbasids.
59. 7:44And he was joined by slaves, Iranian mawalis and even disgruntled Arabs with carelessness towards the central government provinces.
60. 7:51The last caliphate of the Umayyad Caliphate was Marwan II. His reign began in 744, and the rebellions left mother.
61. 7:58On the one hand, the Shiites wanted to put a great-grandson of Muhammad on the throne ... on the other the Abbasids, who were also Sunni Quranis, wanted to put one of their family ... and then the Jariyíes wanted to put the most machote Muslim.
62. 8:09Then there were the Berbers of the Maghreb, who were up to the eggs of having to pay more taxes for not being Arabs, even if they had converted to Islam.
63. 8:16That roll of Arab racial supremacy that the Umayyads had ... did not cool at all other ethnicities of the caliphate ... who saw the promises of social promotion broken if they were converted, and the jariyíes promised them equality if they joined their revolts.
64. 8:29"The one we are going to roll"
65. 8:30Abu Muslim organized an army in the Jorasan in favor of the Abbasids and thus, in 747, the plot against the Umayyads began.
66. 8:39After the Battle of the Zab River in 750, Marwan II was defeated and fled to Egypt, where he was captured and executed.
67. 8:46After this, the leader of the Abbasids, Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah, great-great grandson of al-Abbas, the uncle of both Muhammad and Ali, was proclaimed a caliph in Kufa. This fact marks the beginning of the Abbasid Caliphate.
68. 8:57THE ABASI CALIFATE (750-945)
69. 9:03The first step that Abu al-Abbas Al-Saffah took was to organize a great banquet to make peace with the surviving Umayyad members. However ... "it's a trap".
70. 9:12That banquet became something like the Red Wedding ... when all the Umayyads were brutally murdered.
71. 9:18Only one of them could escape the massacre, Abderramán. This boy managed to reach al-Andalus, and there he was able to found the Independent Emirate of Cordoba in 756.
72. 9:28I already made several videos talking about Al-Andalus in detail, so I'll leave you the link above.
73. 9:32Caliph Abu al-Abbas consolidated his dominance in Central Asia thanks to his victory in the Battle of the River Talas of 751, in which he managed to defeat the Chinese troops of the Tang Dynasty.
74. 9:44It is said that the captured Chinese were taken to Samarkand to work in paper mills, a precious commodity that Muslims would use a lot and then move on to Europe.
75. 9:53Despite his success, al-Abbas did not last much longer with life.
76. 9:57In 754 he was succeeded by his brother Al-Mansur. Like the previous one, his first measure was to eliminate all his enemies, especially Abu Muslim, the leader of the army of the Jorasan who had taken his family to power and from whom he had enough merit.
77. 10:12The Abbasids had come to power by going very pro-Shiites, but then they annihilated many.
78. 10:18Other enemies were the jariyíes of North Africa. They were divided in two.
79. 10:22The ibadíes rostomitas founded the independent emirate of Tahert towards 770, and the one of Tremecén suffered them shortly after, in which now is Algeria.
80. 10:32The administration of the caliphate was modernized and became a more absolutist monarchy, but at the same time more multiethnic, and the best positions of power were opened to non-Arab Muslim people, the Mawali.
81. 10:44The Mawali family of the Barmaki, a native of the Jorasan, and who had supported the Abbasids since the beginning of their rebellion, is famous.
82. 10:52The caliph delegated part of his responsibilities to a vizier of his choice, who became a 2nd in command, or head of government and director of administration.
83. 11:01They controlled the office of the territorial tax, property, the treasure ... and also the army of mercenaries, whose commands ended up being hereditary, giving rise to a military aristocracy, and that in the long run would be a danger.
84. 11:13The roads and the postal system were also greatly improved, which gave the caliph more control of the provinces.
85. 11:20And also the Hach, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, became popular.
86. 11:24But the most important thing Al-Mansur did was to move the capital of the caliphate to Madinat al-Salam, the city of peace, better known as Baghdad.
87. 11:32It was a huge round-shaped city built on the banks of the Tigris River, in what is now Iraq; That is now your capital.
88. 11:39There the Court of the Caliph, his harem and his personal guard was established, and the great Caliphate palace of Dar al-Khalifa was built,
89. 11:46a mosque, several administrative buildings and around, hundreds of neighborhoods of housing for the population and bazaars for commerce.
90. 11:54At 120 km from the city we have the Ujaidir Fortified Palace, built by the 3rd caliph, Al-Mahdi,
91. 12:01with its mosque, circular towers in the corners and a large Iwán, which is something very typical of Islamic and Persian art, a large porch with pointed arch.
92. 12:09In this area there was a strong boom in art, both architectural and ceramic, and the blue glazed tile became very fashionable.
93. 12:17And you could not miss the textile art. The Muslim caliphs discovered a lot of techniques to 'wapas of the inhabitants of those areas, and created large workshops, the Tiraz, where with cotton they made luxurious fabrics that were then sold all over the known world.
94. 12:32In the year 786, Harún al-Rashid began to reign, and during its almost 25 years of government, the Abbasid Caliphate reached its peak.
95. 12:41It was this caliph who founded the House of Wisdom, or Bayt al-Hikma.
96. 12:45It was a huge library in Baghdad where the best minds of the caliphate came together to translate and investigate ancient texts.
97. 12:53It was Arab-Christian Christians who began to translate many texts by Aristotle, Plato, Euclid or Galen into Arabic, and that was how the Abbasids took up much of the scientific knowledge that much of Europe considered lost.
98. 13:06New ideas were discovered with which to better understand the world outside the Qur'an, from the Hellenistic world, from India and from many other places,
99. 13:14and that made some caliphs and scholars begin to orientalize Islam, mix it with Zoroastrian or Manichaean ideas, and also with Hellenistic ideas, such as Mutazilism, a thought that sought to unite Islam with Greek philosophical rationalism.
100. 13:28There was talk of free will and divine justice, equality among Muslims and they rejected luxury.
101. 13:33Also that the Qur'an had been created by man even if it was a divine message, and unlike the jariyíes, the mutazilíes said that only Allah knew who was the fittest caliph, and they did not get wet.
102. 13:44And then there would be the appearance of a more mystical and esoteric Islam, like Sufism, with more Christian and spiritual airs that are more focused on laws.
103. 13:53In science, the most prominent scholar was the Persian Al-Juarismi. The algebra and these numbers that we have we owe to him.
104. 14:01They were not his invention, he discovered them in India, but it was he who popularized them and expanded them in the west. And he even founded an astronomical observatory in Baghdad.
105. 14:10"This guy has talent"
106. 14:11Al-Battani studied astronomy through trigonometry and many of his discoveries arrived in Europe thanks to the Alfonso X School of Translators of Castile.
107. 14:19Other famous scientists were for example, Al-Razi, who made a compilation of all the medical knowledge of antiquity and invented the still among other things ...
108. 14:28Yabir ibn Hayyan was a very famous chemist and master of alchemy, although many think that name was a pseudonym for a group of people ...
109. 14:36Some time later Alhacén arrived, creator of the scientific method and father of optics ... And much later Avicenna and Averroes would arrive, but I leave that for science videos.
110. 14:45Poets were also important, such as Al-Isfahaní with his Book of the Flower ... or Al-Mutanabbi with his poetic compilations.
111. 14:52Ibn Ishaq was one of Muhammad's first biographers and Abu Atahiya was a famous poet who ended up chirping for writing romantic verses to a concubine of the Caliph al-Mahdi.
112. 15:03"The mother who bore..."
113. 15:05And most important was the compilation of Persian fiction stories that would lead to The Thousand and One Nights. Aladdin comes out of these stories, or Ali Baba and the 40 thieves.
114. 15:14But not everything was so beautiful. With the boom in trade slavery intensified the host. The Abbasids were lined up by fucking many African and Iranian tribal populations.
115. 15:24The elites lived isolated from the world, between expensive refinements, and sasanid-style harems with many women, when the Koran said that with 4 you already had plenty. Come on, they were moving away from the Koranic law.
116. 15:35Harun al-Rashid had many milks against the Byzantines of Empress Irene and forced him to pay him a lot of money, although he later gave the elephant Emperor Charlemagne an elephant.
117. 15:45He gave milk against Shiites and heretics and managed to subdue them, and began to persecute the dimis, the result of an Islamic revitalization of the caliphate. He even ordered the killing of that powerful Mawali Iranian family of the Barmaki.
118. 15:57The caliph tried to centralize everything more and more, but his caliphate began to crack on all sides.
119. 16:03To begin with, in 789, Idris I became independent in the Idrisí Emirate, in what is now Morocco, and with capital in Fez. In the year 800, Ibrahim I did the same in the Emirate Aglabí de Ifrikiya, what becomes Tunisia.
120. 16:18The idea of ​​the same caliph al-Rashid was to divide the caliphate into two so that his two sons would distribute it to his death. But the usual thing happens, the children end up giving themselves host to each other.
121. 16:28Muhammad al-Amin sent the Caliphate army to Jorasan to fuck his brother Abd Allah al-Mamún in 811 ... and so began the 4th Fitna.
122. 16:37Al-Mamun sent General Tahir ibn al-Husain to conquer Baghdad and, after years of encircling the city and the desperate Caliph al-Amin giving weapons to the poor and prisoners, they managed to end him and al-Mamun came to the power of the caliphate in 813.
123. 16:51But he messed up a lot when he decided to live in Merv, in the Jorasan, and appoint an Shiite heir, al-Rida.
124. 16:57The truth is that many Arabs had become a little more Oriental, more Persian, and all this made many Abbasid nobles turn against them.
125. 17:05In summary, that the 4th Fitna continued and, in the end, al-Mamun decided to settle in Baghdad and throw the Iranians and finally have peace.
126. 17:12But then he became a mutazilist, and he began to say that the Qur'an was not so sacred and things like that, and he went back to rolling.
127. 17:18And it was in these years when Muslims invented the Inquisition.
128. 17:23Well, they called him Mihna, and it served to eradicate the heretics Ahle Hadiz, who promoted the old traditions and only regarded the Koran and the Hadiths as sources of religious authority.
129. 17:34Based on these, already in the nineteenth century Salafism would emerge, which is like the most radical and ultra-conservative branch of Sunni Islam, hence jihadism and all that would come out.
130. 17:43In addition, the caliph tried to defend himself against the Ulema, legal scholars of Islam, a kind of guardians of the faith, who sought to control the theological power of the caliph and who considered Muhammad as the only normative example.
131. 17:55And to empower the situation ... do you remember General Tahir ibn al-Husain? Well, in 821, Jorastan became independent in the Emirate Tahirí.
132. 18:04After the death of Al-Mamún his brother Al-Mutasim arrived in 833, who was governor of Egypt and had a very powerful and faithful army composed of Turkish slaves bought in Samarkand, the so-called mamluks, or Mamluks.
133. 18:18The Turks were tribes who came from Central Asia, they were not yet in Turkey ... Later they will be important, because these Turks would begin to gain power in the administration.
134. 18:27At this time they helped the Caliph Al-Mutasim to quell the great rebellions that were throughout the kingdom.
135. 18:32He decided to continue expanding the mutazilist doctrine, and in 836 he moved the capital to Samarra, several kilometers from Baghdad, far from intrigues and movements.
136. 18:42From there stands out the luxurious Abbasid palace ... and also the Great Mosque, famous for this spiral minaret in the Mesopotamian style.
137. 18:49However, Caliph al-Mutawakkil I had to give up before the Ulemas.
138. 18:54They would make the rules from now on, and orthodox Sunism returned to the caliphate, and the philosophical mysticism of the Ahle Hadiz prevailed.
139. 19:02One thing Al-Mutawakkil I did was take the 10th Shiite imam from Medina to Samarra, under house arrest, and completely isolated him from his own.
140. 19:11If you remember, the religious leader of the Shiite doudecimanos were more these imams, direct descendants of Muhammad, than the caliph himself.
141. 19:19When Imam No. 11 died, it was said that he had had a son, Muhammad's last descendant, and had to hide to save himself.
142. 19:27From there the Shiites speak of a hidden magnet that will return as a Messiah, the so-called Mahdi, and will bring an era of justice.
143. 19:34Al-Mutawakkil I also conspired against his privileged Turkish troops and murdered him in 861, and after this came a time called the Anarchy of Samarra, with a 5th Fitna between two caliphs who wanted power and revolted throughout the caliphate.
144. 19:48Just that same year, Yaqub al-Saffar, a poor Persian who did not know Arabic and who had formed a guerrilla militia, rose in Sistan and created the Safarid Emirate.
145. 19:58He defeated the Tahiríes and began to annoy the caliphate.
146. 20:01Others who became independent were the Egyptians. The Turkish governor of that province, Ahmad ibn Tulún, created the Sultanate Tuluní of Egypt in 868,
147. 20:10Although it did not last long, but it gave him time to build a large mosque in Fustat, in what is now Cairo, the capital.
148. 20:17The term Sultan was like a Turkish military chief who controlled a territory, and then derived something more like Emir or King.
149. 20:23From 870 the Abbasid Caliphate lived a small recovery with the Caliph al-Mutamid, although the one who actually ruled in the shadows was his brother al-Muwaffaq.
150. 20:33But the stability lasted almost nothing. Stresses the revolt of the Zany or Zanj, Sudanese black slaves who lived in very unfortunate conditions for what is now Kuwait.
151. 20:43Its leader, a preacher named Ali ibn Muhammad, was like Spartacus, and he came to destroy the city of Basra in 871.
152. 20:50After 24 years of war, these slaves ended up massacred by the Abbasids.
153. 20:55Then we would have to talk about the Samánidas, a dynasty of Persian origin that rose towards the year 900 and conquered the Safáridas creating the Samaní Emirate.
154. 21:03They ruled Turkestan for about a century, with cities like Bukhara, Samarkand or Nishapur, and encouraged a revival of Persian culture over Arabic.
155. 21:12In 909 the Fatimids conquered a large part of Maghreb, including the agri-emirate of Ifriqiya, and proclaimed the Fatimí Caliphate, of Shiite Ismaili orientation.
156. 21:22They are called Fatimids because they thought they were heirs of Fatima, Muhammad's daughter. His 1st caliph was Ubayd Allah, and his capital was Kairouan.
157. 21:30Another one who called himself Caliph was Emir Abderramán III in 929, with the Caliphate of Cordoba, because it was in this Hispanic city where the capital was established.
158. 21:39Finally, in 935, Egypt controlled by the Abbasids changed hands again, and the Emirate Íjsida was established.
159. 21:47And finally we must talk about the guns of southern Iraq, which, led by Hamdan Qarmat, called for more equality and religious reforms.
160. 21:54One of the guerrilla guerrilla leaders came to Mecca in 930 and stole the black stone of the Kaaba, the sacred stone.
161. 22:01The Abbasids pissed off the host, and it still took 20 fucking years to recover it and leave it again in the Kaaba.
162. 22:07To top it off, during those years, the big cities, which were overcrowded, ended up full of thousands of deaths due to epidemics of plague and typhus.
163. 22:15Finally, among all this chaos, Baghdad fell into the hands of Turkish generals who used the caliphs as puppets,
164. 22:20and already in 945 Ahmad ibn Buya, or Muizz al-Dawla, a Persian Shiite from the Caspian Sea coast, conquered the capital with a powerful army.
165. 22:29It allowed the Abbasids to remain caliphs, in plan merely religious figures, but now political control would be governed by this Emirate Búyida.