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C4.2: Determinants of culture — Transcript

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0:02all right so
0:03let's see what determines culture
0:07so when we're talking about cultural
0:10aspects
0:11values and norms um
0:14they're they don't they just don't
0:16appear fully formed
0:18they evolve through time in response to
0:21a number of
0:22um factors that a group of people may
0:26uh deal with or have to work through
0:30you know they can include political
0:32economic philosophies history of the
0:34culture
0:35social structure of society religions
0:38involved
0:39language educational norms
0:42um you know philosophies can clearly
0:46influence the value system of society
0:49um i mean if you look at
0:52you know freedom and justice individual
0:54rights and achievements
0:56you know they're different values found
0:58in the united states than in other
1:00countries
1:01around the world um because society
1:04operates according to different
1:05political and economic philosophies
1:07this transitions into um
1:14you know society's culture and here are
1:16some that you know in a graphical
1:18display some determinations
1:19determinants of culture of course
1:21religion is a big factor
1:23political philosophy and even united
1:25states we have a democratic and
1:26republican parties who have
1:28different philosophy and express a
1:30different culture
1:31economic philosophy we talked a little
1:33bit that in previous chapters education
1:36language social structure these are all
1:39things that help form cultural norms
1:42value in a value system
1:45okay so let's talk about
1:48um social structure you know social
1:51structure refers to
1:54the basic social organization of a group
1:57of people
1:58so although social structure consists of
2:00many different aspects two dimensions
2:02are particularly important when
2:03explaining differences among culture
2:06the first is the degree to which
2:10the basic unit of society organizes
2:14organization is either more towards an
2:17individual
2:19structure or a group structure so
2:21western societies
2:23in north american societies tend to
2:26emphasize
2:27the individual where um
2:31groups are a bigger emphasis and many
2:35asian societies the second dimension is
2:39the degree to which society is
2:40stratified
2:41into social classes or castes so social
2:45societies are sometimes characterized
2:47by the degree of social stratification
2:51and you can have upper middle lower
2:54classes that are all going to contribute
2:58to
2:58the culture of that class and the
3:00culture of the society in total
3:05all right so let's talk about groups a
3:07bit
3:08so group is an association of you know
3:12two or more individuals who have a
3:13shared sense of identity
3:15and who interact with each other in a
3:17structured way
3:18on the basis of a common set of
3:20expectations about each other's behavior
3:23you know as human beings we're very
3:24social so we like
3:26groups and group life is a part of
3:29um our everyday life so individual as
3:32individuals we're involved in many
3:33groups we have families
3:35work groups social groups um
3:38student educational groups recreational
3:40groups
3:41um so groups are and they're found in
3:44all societies
3:45and differ according to the degree of
3:47which the group is viewed
3:48as primary means of social organization
3:51sometimes their groups are formed by age
3:53or or sex and you could have you know
3:57a male bowling league or our female
3:59softball team
4:02so membership is sort of a very
4:05important aspect of the group
4:09all right now
4:12the individual uh if you have a more of
4:15an individual philosophy
4:17uh which we call individualism uh it's
4:20more than just an
4:21abstract political philosophy in many
4:23countries the individual is the basic
4:25building block of a social organization
4:30so the way people perceive themselves
4:34and how they relate to each other in a
4:36social and business setting starts at
4:38the individual level
4:40so the value system of many western
4:41societies for example emphasized
4:43individual achievement uh and
4:46you know what awards have you gotten
4:49what degrees do you have where do you
4:50work what you know
4:52uh what's your family like the social uh
4:55standing of these individuals
4:57are not so much a function of who they
4:59work for
5:01um as of their individual performance
5:05uh and whatever work they choose so for
5:07the you know in the united states is
5:09very much when you meet someone
5:10oh hi how are you doing oh what type of
5:13work you do
5:14you know it's not so much who you work
5:15for it's what's your job title you're a
5:17lawyer
5:18doctor manager accountant uh finance
5:21person
5:22you know it sort of defines your
5:23individual uh
5:25character and also can define what group
5:28you're in you're involved with
5:31um so this is beneficial and could be um
5:34as it benefits and drawbacks for example
5:36united states the emphasis on individual
5:39performance finds expression in in um
5:44in a culture of independent independent
5:48people with uh entrepreneurial uh
5:52ship spirit and the benefit of this is a
5:55higher
5:55level of entrepreneurial activity in the
5:58united states that resulted in
6:00uh many new businesses and products and
6:03different ways of doing business
6:05uh were created you know such as vcrs
6:08dvd players personal computers
6:10photocopiers
6:11uh computer software computers
6:14biotechnology supermarkets
6:16uh big box retailers you know
6:20so the united states economy is really a
6:23very dynamic
6:25playground of individual ideas and
6:27philosophies
6:31now one drawback of all this
6:33individualism in the united states is
6:35that
6:35people aren't tied to one job um
6:38they don't have as much job loyalty and
6:40there's a lot more mobility between
6:43uh people in the companies they work for
6:45so moving from company company may be
6:47good for
6:48your individual pay and um the skills
6:51you're trying to build in the process in
6:53a good resume
6:54but sometimes the lack of loyalty and
6:56commitment to individual companies
6:58and the tendency to move off to a better
7:00offer can result in
7:02managers who have good general skills
7:04but lacking the knowledge and experience
7:08and network of interpersonal contacts
7:10that it takes to be successful within
7:12their company
7:13organization so you know think of it
7:14from a company's point of view
7:16we hire this person we train them we
7:18paid for their college
7:19they're very important they have a lot
7:20of history with the company a lot of
7:22knowledge
7:22and now they're leaving to go to another
7:24employer
7:25where that's going to hurt the company
7:28because now we're going to have to
7:29reinvest in somebody else
7:30so it does you know the longer people
7:33work for companies the more useful and
7:34beneficial they become
7:36and in today's individualism in american
7:39society
7:40people move on to jobs pretty quickly i
7:41remember when i was in high school
7:44they said you most likely have two or
7:46three jobs
7:47after high school and that that would be
7:50considered you'd be lucky if you had one
7:51but most likely you had two or three
7:54today we're telling people you'll most
7:56likely have seven to ten
8:00i've had thirteen so
8:03things change quite a bit however i have
8:05been involved um
8:08and teaching uh at this current school
8:11for
8:12the past 13 years so it's been a long
8:14time but um
8:15in your careers i'm sure you've seen um
8:20you've probably switched jobs more than
8:22once in the past
8:23and it's not necessarily and a lot of
8:24times it's a good thing okay so
8:27let's talk about the group in society
8:29now
8:30the western emphasizes the individual
8:33the group is primarily a social
8:35characteristic of many other societies
8:37you know in japan
8:38is a very group oriented society and the
8:40social uh
8:42status of an individual is determined as
8:44as much by the standing
8:46of the group they belong to as their own
8:48individual performance
8:50so the group or the family of the
8:52village um
8:54to which the individual belongs is a
8:56very
8:57they're very tied to it's a sense of
8:58pride and a sense of their identity
9:01um and this has you know
9:04of course benefits uh to the japanese
9:07culture and business as well
9:10uh i find that you know i've taught
9:13probably people from every nation on
9:15this world
9:16at one time or another and i know that
9:19from when people come from countries
9:20with high amount of collective
9:22collective group oriented mentality that
9:25they tend to work closer in teams when
9:29they're on teams together
9:31although which is the good side of it on
9:32the bad side there tends to be
9:34a little too much collusion in
9:36individual individual work they can't
9:38really separate
9:40sometimes that this is individual
9:41assignment meant for you to complete by
9:43yourself without help
9:45um and they fall back on doing
9:48a group or effort for even the
9:50individual work which of course is
9:52against um you know our academic
9:55policies
9:56uh it's considered academic dishonesty
9:58to work
9:59uh together on an individual assignment
10:01and a lot of a lot of
10:03international students aren't aware of
10:05that
10:07and sometimes can cause a problem
10:12all right okay social stratification
10:18okay so in society is always a
10:21hierarchical
10:23basis of categories that we can put
10:25people
10:26in and this is what we call the social
10:28social stratification
10:30and the strata are typically defined in
10:33the basis of characterization such as
10:36the family you come from your occupation
10:39your income
10:40uh individuals can be born into
10:42particular
10:43uh scenarios uh in social groups
10:46uh that their parents belong into and
10:49you know
10:49um so here we're talking about uh middle
10:52class
10:53upper class lower class to be very
10:55general
10:56um you know individuals born into
11:00you know the the higher classes the
11:02upper middle class
11:03um tend to have better chance at life
11:06and more opportunities
11:08than people born in a lower class
11:10they're likely to have better education
11:12live in better areas with less violence
11:14and better school districts have a
11:15higher standard of living
11:17live longer have better work
11:18opportunities have better networking
11:20opportunities with peers
11:25you know so this we've seen this it
11:28isn't as
11:29as a huge in the united states where the
11:32the differences between the strata uh
11:35levels isn't as great
11:36as in other countries where there can be
11:38a vast difference
11:39you know uh now social mobility is
11:42one of the reasons that american society
11:45um
11:46is very promising to many people who
11:48want to come here because individual
11:49it's very easy for individuals to move
11:51out of a lower strata
11:53that they were born into or became or
11:56were involved economically and
11:59and move into a higher strata in the
12:01united states it typically takes
12:04mostly money but a little bit of refined
12:08understanding of the norms of the folk
12:11ways of the upper classes
12:13uh but it's very possible for someone
12:15who is born poor
12:17to in our lower class to become part of
12:20the higher society of america or middle
12:22or upper middle class
12:25and the main pathway for people to do
12:27that is through education
12:30if you're dealing with a caste system
12:32which is most
12:33probably most defined in india
12:37it's a closed system in which social
12:39position is determined
12:40by family into which the person is born
12:43uh and
12:44change in that position is usually not
12:45possible during the individual's
12:47lifetime
12:48so a caste position carries with its
12:50specific occupations
12:52member of one cast might be a shoemaker
12:54member of another could be a butcher
12:56or baker and these occupations are
12:58embedded in the caste system and passed
13:00down
13:00from family member to family members to
13:02succeeding generations
13:04something that we know we may not be so
13:06aware of
13:08um in this country
13:11but you know it's certainly um you know
13:14in india it's becoming
13:15they're moving away and trying to
13:16minimize the caste system because
13:18you know it's really not fair and it's
13:21really not
13:22good for an overall productive economy
13:26now a class system is less rigid and i
13:29was talking about this before where
13:30social
13:31mobility is more possible and generally
13:34a motivation for people to improve their
13:36lives um
13:38so you could be born into one group at
13:40birth and change
13:42quite easily through achievement or luck
13:44winning the lottery
13:47so individuals born into a class at the
13:49bottom of the hierarchy can work their
13:51way up
13:52uh get a good education uh with
13:54government support get a good job
13:56save money acquire wealth acquire assets
14:00and capital
14:00and you know even make it to the top of
14:03the hierarchy and people at the top of
14:04the hierarchy
14:06can slip downward you know you may have
14:08um
14:09you know your parents may have been the
14:11top of the hierarchy but you
14:13you chose a different way of life that
14:15puts you into a lower
14:17class but you may not even care about
14:21that because
14:22you may have different values spiritual
14:24values or other
14:25values that are not so
14:29money oriented and that so you're not so
14:32concerned about what cash
14:33what class you're in all right
14:37okay uh let's talk about
14:41um religion
14:44okay so let's look at the world's
14:50uh most populous religions so
14:52christianity
14:53is is a religion with the most followers
14:56followed by islam hinduism buddhism and
14:59confucian
15:00confucianism it's a hard one to say um
15:04so we have you know these these
15:06different areas
15:07these different religions of the world
15:09that we all know the top religions and
15:13um you know in in religion is really
15:17um a system of shared beliefs and
15:20rituals that are
15:21concerned with um spirituality and god
15:25and
15:26morals and principles and values are all
15:28mixed in there to shape the behavior
15:30so a religion is um
15:34crafted out of a belief system in a
15:36higher
15:37power um and
15:41within a religious system there's many
15:45um rules and
15:48and and cultural observations you have
15:52to make and maintain and each religion
15:55some religions may be similar some may
15:56be totally different but each has their
15:58own
15:59uh demands on their um
16:02followers now the relationship among
16:06religion ethics and society
16:08is subtle and complex uh and among the
16:11thousands of religions in the world
16:13today
16:14it's it's definitely prevalent in most
16:16people's lives not everyone
16:20um so we're gonna
16:22i'll do my best attempt at um
16:26reviewing these religions because it's
16:27important too it's very important to
16:29understand
16:30uh and i myself have studied other
16:32religions and and
16:34um it's very important to understand
16:38the values and and the social
16:41norms of different religions and what
16:43they value and different things they're
16:45allowed to do or not allowed to do
16:47you know you know for example if you're
16:48going to have guests over
16:50you you want to understand their dietary
16:52restrictions and you don't want to
16:53offend them by offering them food they
16:55can't consume
16:56you know puts in a very awkward uh
16:58situation so
17:00it's important for business and and um
17:03you know even selling products to
17:05different religions there's certain
17:07icons and
17:08ingredients and things that need to be
17:10adhered to here's a map
17:12of the world's religion and it's colored
17:16by
17:16if you have a higher concentration in
17:18one religion in a particular area it
17:20wins over the color grouping
17:22so we have a roman catholic is prevalent
17:26in western europe
17:27south america and central america and
17:31parts of north america
17:32where um protestant is
17:36big in the heartland of america and the
17:39northern part of europe
17:40australia south africa we and then you
17:44know the list just goes down um
17:46and you can see um
17:50there's a pocket of mormonism in the
17:51united states near utah
17:53uh there is um various pockets of
17:57different religions
17:58uh kind of around the world
18:02that you have your sunni and your shia
18:06in the middle east and northern africa
18:09hindu
18:10hindu in india you know
18:13and this is i mean i think most of us
18:15realize this map is
18:16nothing new to many people but um
18:23let's see okay so ethical systems are a
18:27set of morals principles or values that
18:29are used to guide and shape behavior
18:32so so they're related to
18:36religion and ethical systems are pretty
18:38closely related to each other
18:41um so so it's under
18:44a religion usually includes an ethical
18:46code
18:47conduct or system that members adhere to
18:50so that's why i just want to bring that
18:52up first so if we look at christianity
18:55um christianity is is the world's most
18:58popular
18:59religion now what are the
19:03now why is christianity the world's most
19:05popular religion
19:07and any of the religions of the world
19:10i'm not going to judge
19:11what's whose religion is better and or
19:13not better
19:14but i would definitely say that
19:16religions that involve
19:17recruitment as part of their religion i
19:20know mormonism has
19:22um in christianity uh
19:26has a history of
19:29uh spreading the good news as they say
19:32and that
19:33certainly um western europe who came in
19:36and colonized the central south
19:39and and in north america brought that
19:42philosophy and many monks and priests
19:44came over
19:44to to convert the natives um
19:48and that's how um a religion
19:52can grow uh the number of people
19:54involved in the religion also through
19:56encouragement of their members to have
19:58as many children as possible
20:00if you take a religion like judaism
20:03they don't tell their members to go and
20:07recruit
20:08and accept and try to convert people
20:10into judaism
20:12and you can see that that even though
20:13it's a much older religion
20:15is a much smaller percentage of the
20:17total world's population
20:18in that religion than in christianity
20:20because of that basic
20:22uh principle
20:25then we look at you know economic um
20:29results of or consequences of religion
20:31and
20:32in christianity there's a group of
20:34christians that are protestant and they
20:36have what's called a protestant work
20:38ethic
20:39and they're encouraged to create wealth
20:41and and and not
20:42to be wasteful and that's generally
20:45a helpful force in a christian and sorry
20:48in a capitalistic environment
20:51so um i mean
20:54christianity is um
21:01i think it it's definitely shown that it
21:03can go hand in hand
21:04with capitalism and
21:10the the not just the protestant work
21:12ethic but you know generally in
21:14christianity people are able to engage
21:16in in business
21:18and in in interest lending of capital
21:21for interest in
21:22hard work is is um is
21:26is looked favorably upon
21:33okay so let's move on i'm not going to
21:34spend too much time in these religions
21:36okay
21:36so islam
21:42um
21:44islam is
21:47you know the second most popular
21:49religion on earth
21:51um it dates back to
21:54i think about 600 years 600
21:58a.d or so where the prophet muhammad
22:00began spreading the word
22:02um about the religion
22:06muhammad left mecca for the oasis
22:10uh
22:13i think we call it medina today
22:16and followers of islam are called
22:19muslims um and they're
22:23you know mostly in the north africa and
22:25east
22:26middle east region of the world and of
22:29course
22:29islam has its roots in judaism and
22:32christianity
22:33and even islam views christ as one of
22:37god's prophets
22:39and it's you know just it's similar to
22:41christianity and judaism as this
22:43monolithic religion
22:44um principles of islam um there's one
22:48true omnipotent god allah and islam
22:51requires
22:52uh conditional acceptance of uniqueness
22:56power and the authority of god and the
22:58understanding of the objectives of
23:00life to fulfill
23:04his will in hope of
23:08admission into paradise and there are
23:10many good um
23:11major principles of islam honoring
23:14respecting your parents respecting the
23:16rights of others being generous
23:19uh avoiding killing not committing
23:22adultery
23:23dealing justly with others being pure of
23:26heart and mind
23:27safeguarding the possessions of orphans
23:30being humble and unpretentious i mean
23:33the
23:34of these three religions judaism uh
23:36islam and christianity
23:38to me they seem very similar they're all
23:41a force of good
23:43um and they try to bring god into
23:45people's lives in a beneficial
23:48and in a um
23:51supportive uh and um
23:55useful manner now the one thing that's
23:58interesting about
23:58islam is that they do not allow
24:05their banks to charge interest or usury
24:08it's considered
24:10something you don't do so the banking
24:14system had to involve
24:16to to deal with this and and they've
24:19they've come up with ways where they uh
24:22if they lend money to a business they
24:23become
24:24sort of a part owner that can receive
24:26some of the profits of the business
24:28um so they've come up with ways that
24:31their bid their banks can function
24:33and i know what i kind of agree that the
24:35charging of interest
24:37is criminal and shouldn't be done
24:40if you um and there are better ways um
24:43to be compensated for sharing capital
24:46and if you look at the student loan
24:48you know over a trillion dollars is owed
24:51in student loans and
24:52and and they want to raise rates that
24:54people pay an interest on student
24:56loans and i think that's ridiculous i
24:58think that you know
25:00um in the united states should be giving
25:03student loans to students in need
25:05interest free
25:07because the return on on educating the
25:10population is so great
25:12that they're going to get their money's
25:14uh the money back that they invest in
25:16these people
25:16tenfold through how does that work you
25:20say well it works like this
25:21hey government i want to go to school
25:23and become a doctor or i want to become
25:25a lawyer
25:26or an accountant great here's some money
25:28don't worry about the interest
25:30pay us back when you get a job you get a
25:32job so instead of working
25:33at a low level job for minimum wage
25:36you're now earning a hundred thousand
25:37dollars a year
25:38you're going to be paying a lot more in
25:40taxes throughout your whole life back to
25:42the government
25:42so that investment in you may have you
25:44know they may be foregoing
25:46a few thousand dollars of interest but
25:49they're going to get back
25:50many many more times that in tax revenue
25:53for you being a more productive member
25:55of society so
25:56you know interest to students i think is
25:58is really
26:00a dastardly thing and needs to be
26:02immediately revoked
26:04and money should be lent i mean the
26:05money that's lent to students should be
26:07paid back of course
26:08but we shouldn't be making a profit on
26:10student loans
26:12to students it's just it just sickens me
26:17so okay let's move on to hinduism
26:21now this is the third most popular
26:23religion uh
26:26and most of them are in india
26:29uh and they focus on the importance of
26:32achieving spiritual growth
26:34and development um
26:37you know and how what is the impact on
26:40business and economy
26:41uh since they value spiritual or the
26:44attainment of spiritual
26:46um achievements over material
26:48achievements
26:49it can sometimes
26:53not
26:57be the best match with capitalism
26:59although
27:01i think it does have i do kind of like
27:04this idea of focusing on your
27:06spirituality and growing as a person
27:08spiritually
27:09rather than spending your life trying to
27:10accumulate money in material objects
27:12because the over consumption of
27:16you know just look at america united
27:18states is five or six
27:20percent of the world's population but we
27:21consume 25 percent of the world's goods
27:24and services and energy
27:26that is disgusting you know if we let a
27:29more minimalist life
27:30there wouldn't be such a strain on the
27:31global environment there wouldn't be
27:34such a strain on the value of
27:37the price of raw materials and
27:38commodities
27:40you know um we're getting to a point
27:42where we have to share this world and
27:44its resources
27:46more equitably and we have to be really
27:49just take what we need
27:50um not take all that we can get
27:54type of uh idea
27:57also what i like about this religion is
27:59uh the idea of karma
28:01and um you know the spiritual
28:05progression of a person's soul
28:07and and the idea of achieving nirvana i
28:10think these are all very interesting
28:12concepts and
28:14um
28:16okay moving on um
28:21all right so buddhism now
28:24if we look at buddhism this is this is
28:26um
28:28i find this to be very interesting and
28:30in the um
28:31i've actually studied buddhism quite a
28:34bit
28:35and um and it was you know found in the
28:37sixth century by
28:39uh siddharth uh
28:43i i'm not really sure how to pronounce
28:45the last name
28:47i don't want to mispronounce it but the
28:48indian prince who renounced his wealth
28:51to pursue um a different lifestyle and
28:54in pursuit of spiritual perfection and
28:57over time
28:58he did achieve nirvana and decided to
29:00remain on earth to teach his followers
29:01so they too can achieve the state of
29:03spiritual enlightenment
29:05um and they have this
29:08the noble eightfold path for
29:11transformation
29:13and it emphasizes the right seeing the
29:16right thinking the right speech the
29:17right action the right living the right
29:19effort
29:20the right uh mindfulness meditation
29:24so um
29:29buddhism is sort of a very unique
29:33spiritual um
29:36organization of thoughts and it's really
29:39like most religions
29:40it focuses on uh living your your life
29:44in a truer or more correct or godlike
29:46manner
29:47um for the betterment of your
29:50spirituality and the spirituality of
29:52people around you
29:54so it's quite an interesting religion
29:56and dealing with people
29:57um you know who are
30:02buddhists they may be looking
30:06at aspects differently than people of
30:09other religions so marketing to
30:10or creating products for uh buddhists
30:13are going to be different than other
30:15religions that's sort of the point of
30:16looking at
30:17you know all these but in buddhism a
30:20business spirit
30:21is acceptable so it's okay to be
30:25a merchant or trade uh confucianism
30:30uh and this is another you know um
30:34religion that's looking to um
30:37attain pers personal uh salvation
30:41through right action
30:42so this i mean this is a very old
30:44religion i founded in the fifth century
30:48um it's
30:50it's still prevalent in china today and
30:52it's it's
30:53confucianism is built around a
30:55comprehensive ethical code
30:57that sets down guidelines for
30:59relationships
31:01uh with others high moral ethical
31:03conduct and loyalty to others are
31:04central to confucianism
31:08so it has a you know an interesting
31:11history
31:12unto itself as well now with any of
31:14these religions that i went over very
31:15briefly
31:16i don't mean to offend anybody so if
31:18i've said anything that
31:20is um slightly incorrect or not the true
31:24nature i do apologize in advance
31:26religions can be a uh
31:28a multi-layered and faceted
31:32um organization of ideas and thoughts
31:34and it's i really
31:35this is in the lecture where i'm going
31:37to completely explain
31:39the um all these religions in depth in
31:42their relationship to business
31:44but i think as a business person you
31:46should be aware of you know the five
31:48most populous religions and have the
31:51basic understanding of these religions
31:53for the sole purpose is not to offend
31:55somebody in another religion
31:57you know you're pretty you understand
32:00the rituals and and the um
32:05and the societal um
32:09norms of your religion and that's fine
32:12but you have to be tolerant other
32:14people's religions and under the more
32:16you understand other people's religions
32:18respect them the more they will respect
32:20you and then the better business you can
32:22do
32:23okay language
32:26a little bit less touchy of an area and
32:28um
32:30different countries have different
32:31languages of course and some countries
32:33have many languages
32:36you know you take um that's why
32:39um as a
32:43american traveling abroad i'm always
32:46you know astonished at how how many
32:49languages
32:51um foreign people can speak two three
32:54four sometimes five
32:55is not uncommon and i'm always quite
32:57embarrassed when people find out i can
32:59only speak one language
33:01uh unless you include the language of
33:02love then that's two languages
33:04but uh just kidding putting a little
33:06humor into the lecture
33:07uh well we have the spoken and unspoken
33:12those are two definitely definite
33:14languages now the unspoken language is a
33:16little bit more universal
33:17where the spoken language is a little
33:19bit more uh specific to different groups
33:21of people
33:22so it's it's one of the defining
33:25characteristics of a culture and it's
33:26something that combined
33:27a culture together
33:35so we have chinese and english who spoke
33:37are spoken by the largest number of
33:38people
33:39in the world english is sort of the
33:41language of international business
33:43which is beneficial to people like me
33:45who only speak english
33:48so much of the world's business is
33:49conducted in english
33:51and all the air traffic control towers
33:53in the world
33:54conduct plane travel in english as well
33:57so it's it's sort of a unit
33:58the closest we have to universal
34:00language
34:02and it's essential for international
34:05uh business people to learn english uh
34:08because so much of the world
34:09business in in is conducted in english
34:13and luckily for the world's business
34:17uh other countries such as china and
34:19india
34:20and europe and um
34:23do a really good job in educating
34:26their children in how to speak english
34:30as a second language now
34:34sometimes translation can be
34:38difficult because some words in some
34:41languages
34:42seem similar or close or have other
34:45meanings in other languages
34:46and a key um
34:50i remember there's a the chevy nova
34:54was a car that didn't sell well in
34:55spanish-speaking countries because nova
34:57meant no go or did not go so
35:01who wants to buy a car whose name is
35:03does not go or
35:04you know and here they give a funny
35:07thing about some product here called
35:08barf
35:09um you know so you so getting the
35:12translation right
35:13is critical if you ever try to build a
35:15piece of furniture from a company
35:18that is not well versed in english and
35:20they try to make a user's guide in
35:22english and it's not
35:23transcribed properly that
35:27can make it really difficult for us to
35:28follow those directions
35:31so let's go back to the unspoken
35:32language
35:35now nonverbal cues facial expressions
35:38hand gestures
35:39are a very important type of
35:42communication so
35:45different cultures have slightly
35:46different non-verbal cues
35:48or or uh and can be interpreted very
35:51differently and can create
35:52misunderstandings
35:53you know in the united states we have a
35:55lot of aggressive
35:56nonverbal cues
36:00that can confuse foreigners
36:04and in many countries simple looks
36:07a movement of eyebrow a certain stare
36:11a body stance these all non-verbal cues
36:14they can
36:15really tell if someone is feeling
36:18comfortable
36:18uncomfortable with you um you know could
36:22express a much more in some cases than
36:25anything
36:26you could say so it's important that you
36:27understand the differences on different
36:29cultures and these unspoken
36:31you know you know um
36:35non-verbal cues such as in this picture
36:38we have the okay sign
36:40which i'm told in some in some cultures
36:42when you make this okay sign
36:44it means so we could be american
36:48sitting there saying okay this is good
36:49and the person is looking at you like
36:51did you just call me an
36:54putting your feet up on your desk may be
36:57acceptable in some cultures
36:58in other cultures it's very offensive
37:01you know
37:04to have such a relaxed stance at work uh
37:07you know so
37:08there are many more examples of
37:11you know the non-verbal cues that
37:16you need to pick up on and the more
37:18successful you are
37:19at realizing them and
37:25the more successful you will be in
37:27business
37:32okay so moving on to uh education
37:35education is another area where
37:43their differences can occur between
37:46society and how society conducts their
37:49education
37:50so you know formal education is a way
37:52for people to learn languages concepts
37:54mathematical skills
37:56business skills um you know and
37:59it socializes young people into norms of
38:02society and to
38:04put them into groups teach them values
38:06and norms
38:08so schools generally teach you know
38:10basic facts about social and political
38:12nature of society
38:14and they focus on the fundamental
38:15obligations of citizenship
38:17and understanding the basic histories
38:19and things like that
38:24now the educational system between
38:27countries
38:28can be quite different you know and what
38:31they
38:32do they focus on training or educational
38:34constructs
38:35stem education science engineering
38:39technology math
38:42um and what is the educational level
38:46that
38:46the students are you know how long do
38:49they go to school for
38:50how many years when do they graduate how
38:52many days a week
38:53how many days a year what are the hours
38:55what is the curriculum
38:56all these things can be different
38:57between different cultures and different
39:00um societies
39:03now generally the the better the
39:05educational system of a country
39:07the more the more effective they are the
39:10better indicator
39:11of economic success for that country so
39:14if a country has a high literacy rate
39:16a high
39:19university rate of graduation that
39:22generally
39:23will mean more successful economic
39:25development for that country and more
39:28opportunity for its citizens
39:30uh to do well now
39:33in the united states we had a lack of
39:35some stem workers
39:37so we added a many
39:41uh engineers and scientists from other
39:44countries would come to the united
39:45states to work here
39:47uh and that for a long while really
39:49supplemented
39:50um a soft softening of the domestic
39:54supply of these types of workers so in
39:56the united states for many years
39:58um the immigration policies made it
40:01beneficial
40:02and since the country the economy is so
40:04strong it was very attractive to many
40:06individuals from foreign countries
40:07to come to united states and that helped
40:10maintain
40:10and prolong and fuel the economic
40:12development of the country because we're
40:14sort of
40:15draining the world of its best minds for
40:17an extended period of time
40:19although today they are they have
40:21tightened up on the immigration policy
40:23over the years and it's been
40:25difficult i've seen many students
40:27struggle with the fact that they want to
40:29stay in the country
40:30and work but they're asked to leave and
40:32my idea was
40:34and not simply just my dear alone but
40:37that um
40:38if you earn a graduate degree or
40:39doctorate or or graduate level degree in
40:41the united states
40:42you should automatically be given a visa
40:44for five years
40:46to pursue and and work and then after
40:49five years you can be re-evaluated that
40:51if you were successful
40:52and contributed greatly to the economic
40:54growth of the country then you could be
40:56considered for a green card and
40:57eventually citizenship
40:59uh to promote the economic benefits of
41:03having educated people stay in the
41:04country and work
41:06here because we certainly want to have
41:08more a more educated workforce because
41:10it will make a stronger economy

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