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C# Full Course for free 🎵 — Transcript

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0:00hey what's going on everybody it's you
0:02bro hope you're doing well
0:03and in this video i'm going to show you
0:05all everything you need to know to get
0:06started writing code in c-sharp
0:08so sit back relax and enjoy the show
0:13if you wouldn't mind please like comment
0:15and subscribe
0:16one like equals one prayer for the
0:18youtube algorithm
0:20i'm gonna tell you why you need to learn
0:22c sharp c
0:23sharp is a very flexible language we can
0:26use c
0:27sharp for all sorts of things console
0:29apps web services
0:31games and if you're an aspiring game
0:32developer c-sharp is definitely a
0:34language you want to learn
0:36along with c plus but why not learn both
0:38and the average salary for a c-sharp
0:41developer if you have some experience
0:43is 63 000 per year according to
0:45glassdoor
0:46if that all sounds good let's begin to
0:48code with c-sharp we'll need an ide
0:51that's an integrated development
0:52environment think of it
0:53as software that helps us write other
0:55software one that i would recommend is
0:58visual studio community so you can just
1:00google that then head to this url at the
1:02top here
1:03okay then we are going to download
1:05visual studio and just follow the
1:07installation procedures
1:08so let's open this and run it so
1:11continue and here we have a bunch of
1:13different packages that we can download
1:14you'll want to check
1:15dot net desktop development for using c
1:18sharp
1:19and if you're interested in using unity
1:20you might as well just download this
1:22package too
1:23then we are going to install you have
1:25the option to sign in but i'm just going
1:27to click
1:27not now maybe later you can also pick a
1:30color theme for your ide i'm going to go
1:32with dark because i like to feel like a
1:33pretend elite hacker
1:35then start visual studio now with this
1:37home screen we'll continue without code
1:39i'll show you all how we can create a
1:40new project
1:41all right now to create a new project
1:43we'll go to file
1:45new project select c sharp
1:48console application next we'll need a
1:51name for this project
1:52i'll call this my first
1:55program next then create
1:58all right now this font size is very
2:01small you can either zoom in here or
2:02down at the bottom or you can change
2:04the font as well as the font size by
2:06going to tools
2:08options environment fonts and colors
2:12and you can change the size here what
2:13about 18
2:16and we should be good and here we have a
2:18small program that was created for us
2:20automatically
2:20all this does is display some output the
2:23words hello world
2:24to compile and run a program you just
2:26have to click this green play button at
2:28the top
2:30and this will create a console window
2:32that displays our output of
2:34hello world whatever we have written
2:36here within quotes
2:38and this line of code is known as the
2:40main method it's the entry point for
2:42where our program begins
2:44and this set of curly braces after the
2:46main method is the
2:47body of the main method so our program
2:50will begin
2:50by executing any code at the top of the
2:53main method
2:53and it will work its way down and
2:55execute any subsequent code that follows
2:58so this main method is made up of a
2:59bunch of words that we don't quite
3:01understand yet
3:02static void main string args in time
3:05we'll learn what each of these words
3:06mean but that's more of an advanced
3:08topic
3:09so a textbook that i read once said to
3:11think of the main method as like a
3:13magical spell or incantation that we
3:15have to say
3:16in order for our program to run so let's
3:18see what happens if i remove the main
3:20method
3:20i'll still keep this line though
3:22console.writeline hello world
3:24and let's try it okay so it looks like
3:27there were build errors so we cannot run
3:29the program as it is now
3:30so we do need that main method and if
3:32you are missing it you can just type it
3:34in
3:34and it should work now now this is a
3:37standard writeline method whatever text
3:40that we put within quotes will appear
3:42within
3:42our console window to display as output
3:45so let's actually change it right now it
3:47says hello world but let's type
3:48something else
3:49so make sure that this is within double
3:51quotes let's change this to
3:53i like pizza
3:56and then run this again
4:00so now my output should say i like pizza
4:03and then you can add a second line of
4:04output just by writing
4:06console.writeline then within
4:08parentheses and within double quotes you
4:10can write something else
4:11like it's really
4:14good and now we have two lines of output
4:17i like pizza
4:18it's really good so to write output to
4:21the console window you type
4:23console.writeline then within quotes
4:25some text that you want to write one
4:27thing that you may want to change
4:29is the font and the font size of your
4:31console window because right now it's
4:33very difficult for me to read
4:35so to change that right click in the top
4:37left corner go to
4:38properties then go to font let's
4:41increase this to maybe 28
4:43you can pick a new font style as well
4:45i'll keep it the same
4:46then you can also change the color
4:48scheme too i'll change the screen text
4:50to maybe green then okay all right but
4:54now this window is huge so let's change
4:56that
4:56so again go to the top left corner go to
5:00properties
5:01then go to layout let's change the width
5:04to
5:04what about i don't know 50 and the
5:06height to
5:08let's say 15 i think that should be good
5:12okay yeah that's not too bad and here
5:14it's actually a lot easier to read
5:16i like pizza it's really good oh one
5:19last stupid thing that i wanted to show
5:20you all is how we can make our console
5:22beep type console dot beep
5:25parentheses semicolon so then our
5:28program is going to beep when it reaches
5:30the end
5:32it's not really important at all i just
5:34thought it would be something fun to
5:35throw in at the end of this video so
5:37that's how to make your console beep
5:38for some reason all right well that's
5:41the very basics of c sharp to get you
5:43started in the next video we'll cover
5:45more on output and comments so i'll post
5:49this code to the comment section down
5:50below
5:51and well that's the very basics to get
5:53you started in
5:54c-sharp hey you yeah i'm talking to you
5:58if you learned something new then help
6:00me help you in three easy steps
6:03by smashing that like button drop a
6:05comment down below
6:06and subscribe if you'd like to become a
6:08fellow bro
6:21[Music]
6:30hey what's going on everybody it's you
6:32bro hope you're doing well
6:34and in this video i'm going to show you
6:35all a few different ways in which we can
6:37format output in c sharp
6:38so sit back relax and enjoy the show
6:43if you find this video helpful please
6:45remember to like
6:46comment and subscribe your support will
6:49help keep this channel running
6:51all right everybody here's a few
6:52different ways in which we can format
6:54output in c sharp
6:55as we covered in the last video to
6:56display something to our console window
6:58we would type
6:59console.writeline then you need a set of
7:02parenthesis then a semicolon at the end
7:04you place your message within the
7:06parenthesis this is known as a method
7:08and we have a semicolon at the end the
7:10semicolon is kind of like
7:12the period at the end of a sentence when
7:14we finish a statement in programming we
7:16end it with a semicolon
7:18so to display a message within double
7:20quotes you would type something
7:22so this is known as a string literal
7:24we're literally printing something to
7:26our console
7:27so we kind of covered this in the last
7:28video this will display the word
7:30hello now there's another way in which
7:32we can display output that is just
7:34right console dot right parentheses
7:37semicolon
7:38and within quotes let's display
7:40something else what about
7:42hey now let's take a look at the
7:44difference between the two
7:46all right we have hey immediately
7:48followed by hello
7:49all in the same line in the last video
7:51we used two right line statements
7:53each string literal had their very own
7:56line but in this case
7:57it's all one line so with writeline
8:00after you finish your string literal
8:02it's going to hit enter like we're
8:03hitting the enter key and we'll move
8:05down to a new line
8:06right doesn't do that so you have two
8:08different ways in which you can display
8:09output to the console window
8:11right and right line write does not hit
8:13the enter key after the end
8:15it doesn't create a new line and
8:16rightline does so you can use either one
8:18depending on what you need
8:19now there is a shortcut to create a
8:22rightline statement you type
8:23c then hit tab twice and that will auto
8:26generate
8:26a right light statement for you okay so
8:29the next topic to cover is comments we
8:31can add a comment to our code
8:33and this will not be displayed as output
8:35so to write a comment within your code
8:37you need
8:38two forward slashes and you can see that
8:40the color
8:41of our text changed to green so i'm
8:44going to tell you
8:44this is a comment and this has no effect
8:48on our output
8:49this comment will not be seen all we see
8:52here is
8:52hey and hello you can also write a
8:55multi-line comment
8:56you would type forward slash asterisk
8:59this is a multi-line
9:04comment then to end a multi-line comment
9:08you would end it with asterisk then
9:10forward slash again
9:11and last but not least we have escape
9:13sequences we can add an escape sequence
9:15to a string to format our output
9:17so let's create a writeline statement
9:19and type whatever your name is
9:22okay now to create an escape sequence we
9:25need to
9:25add a backslash followed by a certain
9:28character
9:29depending on what character you select
9:31it's going to have a special effect on
9:33your string
9:34so if i typed backslash t that will add
9:37a tab escape sequence before displaying
9:39my name
9:43all right so we have a tab before my
9:45string so let's change this to maybe
9:48a backspace i'll add that here so
9:51backslash b that will add a backspace
9:55and my name is now br
9:59code alright so we can also do newline
10:04and for new line so my first name is on
10:08one line
10:09and my last name is on a second line now
10:12you may have noticed that there's all
10:13this garbage at the end of my console
10:15window when my program is done running
10:17so one way in which we can hide that at
10:19the end of our program type
10:21console.read key so basically this will
10:24prevent
10:25our program from ending until we type a
10:27key
10:29and it should be hidden now so if i hit
10:31the enter key well then my program is
10:33going to finish running
10:35all right everybody so those are a few
10:37ways in which we can format output in c
10:39sharp if you can give this video a
10:41thumbs up drop a random comment down
10:43below
10:43and well those are a few ways to format
10:46output in c
10:47sharp hey what's going on everybody
10:50it's bro hope you're doing well and in
10:52this video i'm going to explain
10:53variables in c sharp so sit back relax
10:56and enjoy the show
11:00do you all remember back in middle
11:01school when we learned about algebra we
11:03had to solve an equation to find the
11:05value of x
11:06and x as some representation of a number
11:09well with programming we can create our
11:10own variables but we are not limited to
11:12just
11:13numbers we can store characters words
11:16and even these things called booleans
11:17which are either true or
11:19false so i'm going to show you all how
11:21we can create our own variables in c
11:23sharp creating a variable takes two
11:25steps declaration and initialization
11:28to create a variable we first have to
11:30declare what type of data we'll be
11:31storing
11:32if we need to store a number we'll type
11:34int short for integer
11:36and we'll need a unique name for this
11:38specific variable
11:40so let's just call this x and then end
11:42the statement with a semicolon because
11:44with programming semicolons are kind of
11:46like
11:46periods when you finish a sentence okay
11:48so this step
11:50was declaration and i'll just add a note
11:52here
11:53so this step is declaration
11:57and now to assign a value we will
11:59initialize this variable
12:00so to assign this variable x a value
12:03type
12:04x equals and then some value
12:07let's say one two three then semicolon
12:11okay so we now have a variable named x
12:14and this step is initialization
12:18now you can combine these two steps so
12:20to do that we would say
12:22and let's say y this time equals
12:25three two one semicolon so we have two
12:28variables
12:29x and y so this step right here is both
12:32declaration and initialization now these
12:35variables
12:36behave as the value that they contain so
12:38let's display some of these
12:40so within a console.writeline statement
12:43i'm going to display x and then with a
12:46second rightline statement i will
12:48display
12:49y so console.rightline
12:52y and we have one two three
12:55three two one now you can use these for
12:58like math two we could say
13:00like int z equals x
13:03plus y and then display whatever
13:06z is console.writeline
13:10z and the result is
13:14444. so these names for these variables
13:18really aren't descriptive
13:19x y and z we can give some more unique
13:21names that describe what kind of value
13:24that
13:24these variables contain so let's say int
13:27edge and i'll assign this variable age a
13:30value
13:30of 21 and then i can display my edge
13:33within a writeline statement or use it
13:35for something
13:36so let's say console.writeline
13:39and then i can display a message along
13:42with my age
13:43so let's say your age
13:47is so this part is within quotes
13:50to display the value of my age i will
13:53add
13:54plus edge make sure age is not within
13:57quotes
13:58because then we're printing a string
14:00literal and not the
14:01value contained within edge so this
14:03should display
14:06your age is 21. so there's more data
14:10types than just int
14:11this time let's use a double a double
14:14is really just a decimal number it's
14:16like a floating point number but with
14:18more precision
14:19there are floats in c sharp but i don't
14:21really think they're that important for
14:22beginners
14:23so with a double we can store a decimal
14:26number
14:26and int only stores a hole integer
14:30so if i try to display like 21.5
14:34and then display it this is what happens
14:39so we'll run into a build error so with
14:41int we can only store
14:42whole integers but with a double we can
14:44store something that includes a decimal
14:47so let's say we have a double height and
14:50i'll assign this
14:51a perfectly average height of 300.5
14:55centimeters i guess and now since this
14:57variable is initialized we can use it
14:59for something
15:00we can change the value or we can use it
15:03within a message
15:04so let's use console.writeline and i'll
15:07display
15:08my height within some sort of message
15:11let's say your
15:12height is space
15:15plus height plus another string let's
15:19say
15:21cm 4 centimeters
15:24then let's try it okay your age is 21
15:27your height is 300.5 centimeters
15:31so a double variable can store a
15:34decimal number unlike with integers
15:37they only store whole numbers now the
15:40next data type is
15:41boolean and to declare a boolean
15:43variable we type
15:44bool then a variable name so booleans
15:48can only store
15:49true or false so this might be good if
15:51you need
15:52something that only has like two options
15:54like a light switch it's on
15:56or it's off if somebody's online that
15:58could be true if they're offline
16:00that's false or maybe somebody is alive
16:03let's say
16:03bull alive either true or
16:06false but the last time i checked i am
16:08alive so i'm going to say that is true
16:11and then we can use this boolean
16:12variable for something
16:14so let's use this within a
16:16console.writeline statement
16:18console.writeline and what should we say
16:22are you alive
16:28plus alive
16:31are you alive that is true so if i
16:34change this to false
16:36this would display are you alive
16:40that is false so that is a boolean
16:44variable it's only true or false
16:47so for practice i'll encourage you to
16:49try and type something besides true or
16:51false like the word pizza
16:53we can't shove a whole pizza into a
16:55boolean variable it can only be true or
16:57false so let's change that back okay the
17:00next data type
17:01is chart it's a character a single
17:04character
17:05what about symbol char symbol
17:08and we need to place this within single
17:11quotes
17:11so let's say our character is the at
17:14sign
17:15and then let's display it
17:19console.writeline
17:23your symbol is
17:27plus symbol
17:33your symbol is at sign so make sure that
17:36this is within single quotes when you
17:38assign a value
17:39so with chars we can only assign a
17:42single character if i
17:43attempted to add like a different symbol
17:45too well this wouldn't work then
17:48see we're getting an error here so
17:50that's where strings come in with a
17:52string we can store
17:53a series of characters and to declare
17:55this we type
17:56string with a capital s string let's say
17:59name
18:00string name and this value is within
18:03double quotes
18:04so type whatever your first name is and
18:06then we can use our name for something
18:09let's display a message that says hello
18:11whatever your name is
18:13console.writeline
18:16hello plus name
18:21okay hello bro your age is 21 your
18:24height is 300.5 centimeters
18:27are you alive false your symbol is at
18:30sign
18:31let's say that we have a username and
18:33i'll say
18:35string username
18:39equals symbol
18:42plus name and then i'll display this
18:48console.writeline
18:52your user name
18:56is colon space
18:59quotes plus user
19:02name whatever you typed here
19:07okay your username is at bro
19:11those are variables they're containers
19:13for values
19:15but you can store more than just numbers
19:16you can store boolean values
19:19characters and strings and a string is a
19:22series of characters
19:23so if you would like a copy of this code
19:25i will post this to the comment section
19:27down below
19:28and well those are variables in c sharp
19:33okay it looks like we're on constants
19:35constants are
19:36immutable values which are known at
19:39compile time
19:40and do not change for the life of a
19:42program let's say that we have a
19:44double variable named pi and this equals
19:47the first few digits of pi
19:503.14159 if this is not a constant
19:53people can actually change the value
19:55contained within this variable and that
19:57could be a security concern let's say pi
19:59now equals 420 and then i will display
20:02the value contained within pi
20:04so if you do not want people to be able
20:06to change this value
20:08we can precede the data type of this
20:10variable with the
20:12const keyword and this variable is now a
20:15constant and we can't update this
20:16variable
20:17now that it's a constant so yeah that's
20:19a constant it's an immutable value which
20:21is known at compile time
20:23and does not change for the life of the
20:25program and it adds a little bit of
20:27security to our programs because people
20:29cannot later change these values
20:31so yeah those are constants in c sharp
20:35oh yeah typecasting typecasting
20:39is the ability to convert a value to a
20:41different data type
20:42it's useful when we accept user input
20:45because when the user types in something
20:47it's going to be a string and strings
20:49can only do so many things
20:50and different data types can perform
20:53different things
20:54so it may be necessary to convert from
20:56one data type to another
20:57like for example we can't use strings
20:59for any sort of math we would need to
21:00convert a string
21:02to an integer or double to be able to
21:04use a string representation of a number
21:07so let's begin let's say we would like
21:09to convert a double to an integer
21:11let's create a double variable named a
21:14and i'll assign this a value of 3.1 for
21:17the first few digits of pi
21:19so what we could do if we wanted to
21:20convert this number to an
21:22end we could store this within a
21:23separate variable let's say
21:25int b equals now to convert this value
21:29to an integer we can use the convert
21:32classes
21:332 and 32 method so convert
21:36dot 2 into 32 parentheses semicolon
21:39and within the parentheses i'm going to
21:41place what i want to convert
21:43i'm going to convert the value stored
21:45with an a and then assign it to
21:47variable b and then let's display this
21:49variable with a rightline statement
21:51so console.writeline and then i will
21:54display whatever b
21:55is then let's try it
21:58and the value stored within a b is three
22:01so if we convert a double to an integer
22:04it's going to truncate
22:05any decimal portion if there is any so
22:07since we wrote this program this way
22:09it's not going to get rid of the value
22:11within a
22:12so if i were to display a it's going to
22:14be 3.14
22:16all we did is that we took the value
22:18stored with an a
22:19and created a copy of it then converted
22:22it to an integer and stored it within b
22:24it's also possible to display the data
22:27type of whatever variable that we're
22:28working with
22:29so after a within our rightline method
22:32type
22:33dot get type then add a set of
22:36parenthesis this is the
22:38get type method so this will display
22:41instead of the value stored within a
22:43it's going to display the data type of
22:45whatever a is
22:47so the data type of a is currently
22:50a double now let's change this to b
22:53b dot get type and our variable b
22:56is an integer into 32
23:01so if you need the data type of a
23:03variable follow
23:04that variable with dot get type then a
23:07set of parentheses
23:08this is a built-in method of variables
23:11let's convert an into double this time
23:14let's create
23:14int c equals what about 1 2 3
23:18and we'll create double d equals
23:22convert dot to double
23:26then parenthesis semicolon within the
23:28parentheses
23:29we will convert c so place that within
23:31there
23:32and within a writeline statement we will
23:34display
23:35whatever d is console.writeline
23:38d so if your
23:42double doesn't contain like a decimal
23:44portion it's not going to display
23:46like point zero but if i were to add
23:48like
23:490.1 to the end of this then it will
23:51display a decimal portion
23:55so 123.1 and the data type
23:58of d let's follow this with the get
24:02type method so the data type of d
24:05is in fact a double okay now let's
24:08convert an integer to a string
24:10we'll need int what about e e equals
24:13three two one and i'll create string
24:17f equals convert dot
24:20to string are you beginning to see a
24:23pattern here
24:24then parenthesis semicolon then pass in
24:27e
24:27so place that within the parenthesis and
24:30we will display whatever
24:31f is console.writeline
24:35the value stored within f and that will
24:38be
24:41three two one so a string we can't use
24:44for any arithmetic but with ins and
24:46doubles we can
24:47so if we convert an integer to a string
24:49we can no longer use this for any math
24:52but if we converted a string to an
24:53integer then we can use it for any sort
24:56of math
24:56so let's follow this with get type
24:59method
25:00f dot get type and the data type
25:03of f is in fact a string okay
25:06exercise number three let's convert a
25:09string
25:09to hr hr is just a single character
25:14string g equals so a string is always
25:18within double quotes what about the
25:19dollar sign
25:21and a char is always within single
25:23quotes we treat strings
25:25and chars differently you can store a
25:27single character within a string
25:29however strings are different from chars
25:31there's different things that we can do
25:33so let's say char what comes after g e f
25:36g
25:36h char h equals
25:40convert dot to
25:43char then of course parenthesis
25:47semicolon within the parentheses we will
25:49place g
25:52and then display whatever h is so
25:57console.writeline h
26:00so h will still be a dollar sign
26:04but we treat it different because it's a
26:05character there's different things that
26:07we can do
26:07then let's get the type of whatever h is
26:12and h is hr
26:15a single character okay last but not
26:18least let's convert
26:19a string to a boolean string
26:23i equals true within double quotes
26:27so this is different from true without
26:30double quotes
26:31because this is a boolean and right now
26:33we're getting an error
26:34so represents a boolean true or false a
26:37string
26:38is always within double quotes so we
26:40would treat this string
26:41different from this boolean even though
26:44they say the same thing
26:45okay then let's convert this string to a
26:48boolean
26:49type bool not cool bull
26:52j equals convert
26:56dot to boolean
26:59parentheses semicolon pass in i
27:03then we will display whatever j is
27:06console.writeline j and this will
27:09display
27:12true then let's get the type of this
27:14variable
27:15so j dot get type method
27:19and the data type of j is a boolean now
27:23all right everybody so that's how to
27:25type cast we can convert
27:27a value to a different data type and
27:29it's really useful when we accept user
27:31input because
27:32it's always going to be a string and
27:34there's different things that we can do
27:36with different data types so it may be
27:38necessary to convert from one data type
27:40to another
27:41so if you would like a copy of all this
27:43code i will post this to the comment
27:44section down below
27:45and well that's typecasting in c sharp
27:49hey what's going on everybody it's you
27:52bro hope you're doing well and in this
27:53video i'm going to show you all how we
27:55can accept some user input in c
27:57sharp so sit back relax and enjoy the
28:00show
28:02all right here's how we can accept some
28:04user input now when we do accept user
28:06input
28:07it's of the string data type so let's
28:09create a variable
28:10to hold and store our input let's create
28:13a variable
28:14named name and we will ask the user for
28:17what their name is
28:18now to read some user input type
28:22console.readline
28:24then parentheses semicolon so when the
28:26user
28:27types in something then hits enter we
28:29will take
28:30that user input and store it within this
28:32variable name
28:33which we can then use for something so
28:35within a writeline statement
28:37let's use the user's name for something
28:39hello
28:40plus name and let's take a look
28:45okay now to enter in some user input
28:47we'll have to type this into the console
28:49directly
28:50however it is good practice to let the
28:52user know what we want them to type in
28:54exactly because
28:55how's the views are supposed to know
28:57that they're supposed to type in their
28:58name right here
28:59so what we'll do is preceding our
29:01readline statement let's create a prompt
29:03to tell the user what we want them to
29:04type in
29:05so within a rightline statement let's
29:07say what's
29:08your name and then try this again
29:14okay what's your name now the user knows
29:16that they have to type in their name so
29:18type in your first name hit enter hello
29:21whatever your first name is
29:22okay this time let's accept a user's age
29:26and then we'll typecast the user's age
29:28into an integer variable
29:30so let's copy what we have paste it
29:34console.writeline what's your
29:37edge and we'll create a new variable of
29:40the int data type
29:41named age now we'll need to cast this
29:44user input into
29:45an integer so to do that we would type
29:48convert dot 2 and 32
29:52parenthesis semicolon now take this
29:55statement without the semicolon
29:58cut it and then paste it within the
30:00parentheses so what we're doing
30:02is accepting some user input then
30:04converting it
30:05to an integer that we're storing within
30:07this variable edge
30:08and then we will display the user's age
30:12console.writeline
30:13u r plus age plus
30:18years old then let's run this again
30:23so our program is actually going to wait
30:25at each prompt until the user types
30:27something in
30:28so what's your name bro let's say that
30:30i'm 21 i'll hit enter
30:32hello bro you are 21 years old
30:35now one issue that you may run into is
30:37if the user types in something that's
30:39non-numeric and we try and convert it
30:42so let's try this again what's your name
30:44bro
30:45and instead of an age what if i type in
30:47a word like pizza
30:48this will cause an exception an
30:50exception will interrupt our program
30:52and this specific exception is a format
30:56exception input string was not in a
30:58correct format
30:59so there will be a future video on
31:02handling exceptions which will prevent
31:03the program from pausing and being
31:05interrupted
31:06but that's a future video in the
31:08meantime we'll just have to be sure that
31:10we're entering in the correct user input
31:12well okay then everybody that's how to
31:14accept some user input in c
31:16sharp i will post this code to the
31:18comment section down below
31:19and well yeah that's how to accept user
31:22input in c
31:23sharp hey everyone we're going to cover
31:26some basic arithmetic
31:27in c sharp so sit back relax and enjoy
31:30the show
31:33everyone i thought we could just cover
31:34some basic arithmetic real quick
31:36let's say we have a variable friends and
31:38i will assign this a value of what about
31:40five
31:41and within a writeline statement i will
31:43display the value stored within friends
31:45so of course
31:46friends will have a value of five but
31:49what if i need to
31:50update this like increment it i could
31:52say friends
31:53equals friends and we make a friend so
31:56we could say friends equals friends plus
31:58one
31:58because remember the value stored within
32:00friends is five
32:02this is no different from saying friends
32:03equals five plus one which would be six
32:06so let me display the value stored
32:08within friends and of course
32:09that's six of course you can change this
32:11to a different number too you could say
32:13friends equals friends plus two then the
32:16amount of friends that we have
32:17is seven so there is a shortcut of
32:20writing this too because this can be
32:22somewhat tedious
32:23what you could say is friends plus
32:25equals
32:26then the amount that you want to
32:27increment this variable by
32:29so if i need to increment friends by two
32:32i could say friends
32:33plus equals two and that would do the
32:35same thing that's like a shortcut
32:37so of course that would be seven so
32:39there's a third way to increment and
32:42decrement two
32:42this method is found within loops you
32:44could say friends
32:46plus plus however this will only
32:48increment a
32:49variable by one so if friends is
32:51initially five
32:52then we say plus plus well then friends
32:54will equal six
32:55so there's three different ways to
32:57increment a variable
32:58this way is found within loops this is
33:00the standard way and that's kind of the
33:02shortcut this line right here
33:04okay so let's decrement friends so we
33:06could say friends
33:08equals friends minus one or we could say
33:12friends minus equals one or
33:15friends minus minus so if we combine all
33:19these the amount of friends that we have
33:20is two let's work on some multiplication
33:24if we need to double the amount of
33:26friends that we have we would say
33:27friends equals friends times
33:31we use an asterisk for multiplication
33:33and programming
33:34times two then the amount of friends
33:36that we have
33:38is 10 and the shortcut would be
33:43friends asterisk equals 2
33:46and that would do the same thing now
33:49division
33:50let's say that steve breaks up our group
33:52of friends
33:53so we could say friends equals friends
33:55divided by two and for division we use a
33:58forward slash
33:59now pay attention to this our current
34:01number of friends is five but what if we
34:03divide this by two
34:05well you would think that we get 2.5
34:07right well you're wrong we end up with
34:092.
34:09that's because friends is an integer we
34:12can only store whole numbers
34:13we can't store that decimal portion that
34:150.5
34:16so if this was a double well then that
34:19would be 2.5
34:21so that's referred to as integer
34:23division and that's something you have
34:24to look out for
34:25so if friends equals friends divided by
34:282
34:28well then the shortcut would be friends
34:31forward slash
34:32equals 2 and that would do the same
34:33thing and then remember i'm storing this
34:36within an integer so we will truncate
34:38that decimal portion and we end up with
34:402.
34:41and our last operator for this topic is
34:43the modulus
34:45also known as the remainder operator now
34:48for
34:48this example i'm going to change the
34:49amount of friends that we have to 10
34:51so we can find the remainder of any
34:53division but i'm going to store this
34:55within a new
34:56variable int remainder
34:59and to find the remainder we could say
35:01friends
35:02then modulus which is represented by a
35:04percent sign
35:05than 3 so 10 divided by 3
35:08will have a remainder and we will store
35:10that remainder within a new variable
35:13so let's pretend that we have a total of
35:15ten people and we have to break up into
35:17groups of three so there's going to be
35:20one person remaining
35:21and i will just display that remainder
35:23of one but if this was in groups of two
35:26so friends modulus two well ten divides
35:29by two evenly
35:30so there will be no remainder and the
35:32value will be zero
35:34so if you need to find the remainder you
35:36can always use this modulus
35:38the remainder operator and it's also
35:40pretty good for finding if numbers are
35:42even or odd too so that's always a plus
35:44as well
35:45alright everybody so that is some basic
35:47arithmetic i will post this code to the
35:49comment section down below
35:50and well that's some basic arithmetic in
35:53c sharp
35:54hey everyone in this video i'm going to
35:56show you all a few useful methods of the
35:59math class
36:00so sit back relax and enjoy the show
36:05alright everybody so here's a few useful
36:07methods of the math class that you might
36:09be interested in
36:10let's begin with creating a double
36:12variable named x
36:13and i'll assign a value of three now the
36:16first useful method
36:17is the pow method that will raise a
36:20value to a certain power
36:22and we'll store this within a new
36:24variable let's say a
36:25double a equals then to access the math
36:28class type
36:30math with a capital m dot and here's a
36:33whole bunch of methods they have access
36:34to
36:35so we are looking for the pow method
36:38right here
36:38then add a set of parentheses semicolon
36:41now within the parentheses the first
36:42value is your base so the base will be x
36:45and that is three
36:46and what power do we want to raise x to
36:49let's raise x to the second power
36:51and then display whatever our result is
36:53a so within the right line statement
36:55i'm going to display a so here is the
36:58result
36:583 to the power of 2 is
37:01drum roll please 9.
37:04so if we need 3 to the power of 3 that
37:07would be
37:08you know x whatever you're working with
37:10that's the base
37:11comma 3. so 3 to the power of 3
37:15is 27. okay let's try square root i'll
37:19turn this line into a comment
37:20and we'll create double b equals
37:24then again to access methods from the
37:25math class type
37:27math with a capital m dot and we are
37:30looking for
37:30square root that is all the way down
37:34here
37:34s q r t parenthesis semicolon within the
37:38parentheses
37:39we will find the square root of x
37:43and then store it within b console.write
37:47line
37:48b
37:50and that would be 1.73 something
37:53something something something
37:55so that is the square root method let's
37:57move on
37:58let's create a double c and we'll find
38:01the absolute value of x
38:04so math dot a b s
38:08so the absolute value is how far away
38:11something is
38:11from zero so if you have a negative
38:13number like negative three
38:15well it's going to turn that into a
38:17positive number
38:19so the absolute value of negative 3 oh
38:22we need to display c
38:24so the absolute value of negative 3 is
38:27in fact
38:273 so that is the absolute value method
38:31let's move on rounding so double
38:35let's see we're on d equals math.round
38:38and we can round a number
38:40pay attention to the capitalization too
38:42okay
38:43now let's change x to 3.14
38:47and then we will round x so place that
38:49within the parentheses of the round
38:51method
38:52and we will display d
38:56and 3.14 rounded is 3.
38:59now you can always round a number up by
39:02using the ceiling method
39:03let's create double e equals
39:07math.ceiling all right then we will
39:10place
39:11x within this method and display
39:14e so 3.14
39:18rounded up using the ceiling method is
39:214.
39:22alternatively there is a floor method
39:24that will always round down
39:26and i'm just going to copy this so
39:28double
39:30f math dot floor and
39:33let's change this to 3.99
39:36and display f
39:39so 3.99 rounded down is three
39:43okay now we'll need two variables for
39:46this next example
39:48so let's create double y equals
39:52what about five okay so we have the
39:55max method we can find the maximum value
39:58of two values or variables so
40:01double g equals math.max
40:06and within the parentheses we want to
40:08compare x and y
40:10and separate each of these with a comma
40:13so this will find
40:14the max between x and y and store the
40:17maximum number within
40:18g and then we should display g
40:22so the maximum between x and y is y
40:26and that contains five then we have min
40:30so double h math.min
40:36console.writeline h so the minimum
40:39between
40:40x and y is x 3.99
40:44all right everybody so those are a few
40:46useful methods of the math class
40:48i will post this code to the comments
40:49section down below and well
40:51yeah those are a few useful methods of
40:53the math class
40:55hey what's going on everybody it's bro
40:57hope you're doing well and in this video
40:58i'm going to explain how we can generate
41:00some random numbers in c
41:01sharp so sit back relax and enjoy the
41:04show
41:07all right people here's how to generate
41:09some random numbers
41:10just so you know these are not true
41:11random numbers but rather
41:13pseudo random numbers and they're fairly
41:15darn close so to create some random
41:17numbers we'll need to instantiate a
41:19random object
41:20type random with an uppercase r random
41:23with lowercase r
41:24equals new random parentheses semicolon
41:28so the name of our random object is
41:30random really you couldn't name this
41:32anything but i usually just call it
41:33random
41:34and we can use this object to generate
41:36random numbers and there's a few
41:38built-in methods of this random object
41:40to access them add a dot and we'll focus
41:43on
41:43the next method and next double method
41:46next we'll generate a random whole
41:48integer so we'll want to specify a range
41:51this by itself will generate a random
41:53number between i believe
41:54zero and just over two billion so we'll
41:57probably want to set a range
41:58let's pretend that we're rolling a six
42:00sided dice i need a random number
42:02between
42:03one and six so i can set that range
42:05within the parentheses
42:06so the minimum would be one comma and
42:09the max would be
42:10technically seven because the second
42:12number is going to be exclusive
42:14so this will give us a random number
42:16between one and
42:18six just specify the range and we'll
42:20store this within a variable
42:22int num equals random.next a random
42:25number between
42:26one and a six all right then let's
42:29display this
42:30console.writeline num and we should have
42:33a random number between
42:34one and six
42:38and we got six all right then you can
42:40always make adjustments to this too like
42:42you can add
42:42i don't know 100 and that should give us
42:45a number between
42:46101 and 106. so that's always an option
42:50too
42:51okay now what if you need to roll a
42:5320-sided dice like we're playing
42:54dungeons and dragons we use polyhedral
42:57dice
42:57so that would be 1 comma 21 and this
43:00will give us a random number between
43:021 and 20 and we rolled an 8.
43:05now there is a next double method which
43:08will generate a random
43:09decimal number so let's say double num
43:13equals random dot next double
43:18and the random number will be between 0
43:21and
43:211. so we have 0.701
43:26something something something something
43:28so if you need a random
43:29decimal or random double number you can
43:31use random.next double
43:34otherwise if you need a random hold
43:36integer you're better off using the next
43:38method of random
43:40now if you need let's say three random
43:42numbers we can keep on reusing the same
43:44random object we only need to
43:45instantiate it once
43:47let's say we're going to roll three dice
43:49so three
43:50six sided dice let's copy what we have
43:53and paste it twice
43:54so we have num1 num2 num3
43:58then let's display these
44:00console.writeline num1
44:02num2 and num3
44:06so we will have three random numbers and
44:09the result
44:10is three six and four well okay then
44:13everybody that
44:14is how to generate random numbers in c
44:16sharp
44:17i will post this code to the comment
44:19section down below if you can give this
44:21video a thumbs up
44:22drop a random comment down below and
44:24well that's how to generate random
44:25numbers
44:26in c sharp hey what's going on people
44:29it's
44:29bro hope you're doing well and in this
44:31video we're going to create a small
44:32program to find the hypotenuse of a
44:34right triangle
44:35in c sharp so sit back relax and enjoy
44:38the show
44:41everyone i thought for practice we could
44:43create a small program to find
44:45the hypotenuse of a right triangle this
44:47will be more or less just for practice
44:49so we'll need some prompts
44:51let's ask for sides a and b let's begin
44:54with a
44:55enter side a and then we'll store
44:59the user's input within a double double
45:02a equals and we'll convert the user
45:05input
45:06to a double convert to
45:09double then within the parenthesis
45:15console.read line
45:17then another set of parenthesis make
45:19sure there is a semicolon at the end too
45:21okay then for side b we can just copy
45:24what we have
45:25change any instance of a to b enter
45:28side b double b
45:32and we'll have to calculate whatever c
45:34is double
45:35c math dot square root
45:40then we need to multiply a times a
45:46that's effectively a to the power of two
45:49plus
45:51b times b and
45:54let's display the result
45:58console.writeline
46:00the hypotenuse
46:04is plus c
46:09and let's give it a go okay enter
46:12side a how about three enter side b four
46:16the hypotenuse is five well everybody
46:18that was
46:19a very small practice program if you
46:22would like a copy of this code i will
46:24post this to the comment section down
46:25below
46:26if you can give this video a thumbs up
46:28drop a random comment down below
46:30and well that is a very small sample
46:32program
46:33in c sharp hey what's going on everybody
46:37it's you bro hope you're doing well and
46:38in this video i'm going to show you all
46:40some useful string methods in c
46:42sharp so sit back relax and enjoy the
46:44show
46:47all right everybody here's a few useful
46:49string methods that you may be
46:51interested in
46:52so to begin we'll need a string to work
46:53with or a variable containing a string
46:56so why don't we create a variable named
46:58full name to store your own full name
47:01now to access some methods available to
47:04strings we'll need
47:04to type a string or a variable
47:06containing a string
47:08then follow this with a dot and there
47:09should be a prompt for
47:11a whole bunch of methods that we have
47:13access to i'll show you some of the more
47:15useful ones
47:16like two upper full name dot to upper
47:18then to invoke this
47:20add a set of parentheses then a
47:22semicolon to finish this statement but
47:24then we'll need to reassign this
47:26full name equals full name to upper
47:29then we can display our full name and
47:31when i run this
47:32my name should all be uppercase
47:35just like that okay now alternatively
47:38there's
47:39two lower it's the same process as
47:41before
47:42but change the method to lower
47:46and my name should all be lowercase okay
47:49so that's
47:49two upper and two lower let's move on
47:52for this next example we'll need a phone
47:54number
47:55so let's create a string named phone
47:58number equals and make up some phone
48:01number and be sure to include some
48:03dashes
48:03one two three four five six seven eight
48:06nine zero
48:07okay what i'm going to do is replace
48:09these dashes with a different character
48:12so to do that we'll need to use the
48:14replace method
48:15so phone number dot replace
48:20so within the set of parentheses we'll
48:22need the character we're going to
48:24replace
48:25and another character we're going to
48:27replace the old character with
48:29so i would like to replace all dashes
48:32with a forward slash so separate each of
48:35these characters with a comma
48:38so this will replace my phone number the
48:40dash is within the phone number
48:42with forward slashes phone number equals
48:44phone number dot replace
48:46and let's display our phone number with
48:49a right line statement
48:51so all of these dashes have been
48:53replaced with forward slashes
48:55now if you replace these with no
48:57characters just an empty set
48:59of quotes that will effectively remove
49:02those dashes within the phone number
49:04which could have some uses too so that
49:06is the replace
49:07method available to strings next we have
49:10the insert method we can insert
49:12a character or a string at a given index
49:14within a pre-existing string
49:16let's say i would like to take my full
49:18name and turn it into some sort of
49:20username
49:21by preceding my first name with the at
49:23sign
49:24so to do that i can use the insert
49:26method i'll create a new
49:28variable for this example let's say
49:29string username
49:31equals full name dot insert
49:34and with the insert method we will list
49:36an index
49:38and what we would like to insert so
49:40computers they always start at zero
49:42the beginning would be zero that would
49:43be the first index
49:45so at the beginning index zero i would
49:47like to insert
49:48an at sign and this will create a new
49:51variable called username
49:53so i will display that within a
49:55rightline statement
49:57console.writeline username and my
50:00username is now at whatever my full name
50:03was
50:04now this doesn't necessarily have to be
50:06a single character we could
50:07say like mr dot and precede
50:11my full name with mr and my username is
50:15now mr bro code okay so that is the
50:18insert
50:18method what i'm about to show you next
50:21technically
50:21isn't a method it's a property but it's
50:23found within the same place as methods
50:25for
50:26strings so to access the length property
50:29of a string type a string dot link
50:33and you do not add a set of parenthesis
50:35afterwards that is done with methods
50:37so the length property will return the
50:40given amount of characters within a
50:41string
50:42so i'm going to display this within a
50:44rightline statement
50:45if you need this you can always like
50:47assign this to a variable or something
50:49but that might be overkill for this
50:51lesson so console.writeline
50:53the length of my full name and my full
50:56name
50:56has eight characters in it one potential
51:00use of the length property of strings
51:02is that let's say that somebody's
51:03creating a username and there's a max 12
51:05characters
51:06well you can get the length of whatever
51:07they type in and check to see if it's
51:09more than 12 characters
51:10this next method is the substring method
51:13and it can be a little complex
51:15basically speaking we can take a section
51:17from an original string
51:19and create an entirely new string but we
51:21have to specify
51:22a position and how many characters you
51:24would like to extract
51:26from that given position so we'll create
51:29two new strings
51:30from full name first name and last name
51:32using the substring method
51:34so let's declare string first name
51:38equals full name dot
51:41substring okay so within the substring
51:45we're going to list
51:46an index and the amount of characters
51:48afterwards we would like to include
51:50within our substring
51:51so i would like to take the first three
51:54characters from my full name
51:55so the index computers always start with
51:57zero of the beginning of my string
51:59would be zero and i'm going to take
52:01three characters
52:02after this index so if i was to display
52:06my first name now it's going to be
52:09bro the first three characters of my
52:11full name
52:12now let's do the same thing with last
52:14name so let's copy what we have
52:17change first name to last name but now
52:20we have a different index
52:22so i would like my substring to begin
52:24where the c is
52:25so let's count what the index is going
52:27to be this would be 0
52:291 2 3 four so let's change
52:32zero to four and how many characters
52:35would we like to include within our
52:36substring
52:38one two three four so four
52:41comma four and that is my last name so i
52:43will display that within
52:45a writeline statement first name and
52:47last name
52:49so that is the substring method we can
52:51take a section or a slice
52:53from an original string and create an
52:55entirely new string from it
52:57all right everybody those are a few
52:59useful string methods
53:01but not all of them so if you would like
53:03a complete list you can always type a
53:05string
53:06dot and there should be a pop-up for all
53:08of the different string methods you can
53:09access
53:10and if you highlight one of these
53:11there's a description of what they do
53:13exactly
53:14i only showed you a few of the more
53:15useful ones for beginners
53:17so if you can give this video a big fat
53:19thumbs up drop a random comment down
53:21below and well
53:22those are some useful string methods in
53:25c sharp
53:28all right people if statements an if
53:31statement
53:32is a basic form of decision making if
53:34some condition that we specify
53:36is true we can execute a block of code
53:39if it's not true we can do something
53:40else entirely
53:42so let's write a small program where we
53:44will ask a user to enter in their edge
53:46and depending on their age we can write
53:48an if statement that checks to see if
53:50somebody is 18 years or older
53:52let's say that a user is signing up for
53:54a credit card and you have to be 18
53:55years or older
53:56so if their age is greater than or equal
53:59to 18
54:00we will display a message that says
54:02you're now signed up if they're less
54:03than 18 we can do something else
54:06so to write an if statement we just
54:07write if then parentheses to hold
54:10some sort of condition which we would
54:11like to evaluate followed by a set of
54:13parentheses
54:14so if some condition that we set within
54:16the parentheses is true
54:18we will execute this block of code if
54:20it's not true we skip over it entirely
54:22so let's check to see if age is greater
54:24than or equal to 18
54:26then we will display something console
54:29that right line you are now signed up
54:34and let's try it please enter your age
54:37let's say that i'm 21 i hit enter
54:39boom you are now signed up now what if i
54:41enter in an edge that's less than 18
54:43let's say that i'm 12 years old and i'm
54:45trying to sign up for a credit card
54:46well nothing appears to happen and
54:48that's normal so if
54:50this condition evaluates to be true we
54:52execute this block of code
54:54if it's false we skip over it entirely
54:56as if it never existed
54:58now we can take a different course of
54:59action if our above condition
55:02is false we can perform some other block
55:04of code
55:05so let's display a message that says you
55:06must be 18 years or older to sign up
55:09you must be 18 plus to sign
55:12up so if this condition is true we do
55:15this
55:15if it's false we do this so let's try it
55:18again
55:19please enter your age let's say that i'm
55:2012 i hit enter you must be 18 plus to
55:23sign up
55:24so if this is true do this if it's not
55:27true
55:27do this now between the if and else
55:30statements you can add an else if
55:31statement
55:32if there's more things they want to
55:33check before reaching the else block
55:35so the else block is kind of like a last
55:38resort if all of buff statements
55:40evaluate to be false
55:42let's check to see if somebody's age is
55:45less than zero else if age is less than
55:48zero
55:49then we will display a custom message
55:51such as
55:53you haven't been born yet
55:57please enter your age i am negative 12
56:00years old
56:01you haven't been born yet with these
56:03else if statements you can add as many
56:05as you want between
56:06if and else let's add another so i will
56:08copy what we have
56:10let's check to see if somebody's age is
56:12greater than 100
56:13if it is then we'll say i don't know
56:15you're too old to sign up
56:16that's kind of mean i guess but it
56:18serves the purpose of this example
56:20so you are too old to sign
56:23up now we're going to run into one issue
56:27okay please enter your age i am 101
56:29years old
56:30you are now signed up now the reason
56:33that this block of code executed and not
56:35this one is that we're just going down
56:37an order starting from the top
56:39since age which was 101 is technically
56:42greater than or equal to 18
56:44this condition evaluated to be true and
56:47we executed
56:48this block of code and skipped
56:49everything else after it and continued
56:51on to the rest of the program
56:53so if we first want to check to see if
56:55somebody's age is greater than
56:56100 we should probably put that within
56:59the if statement and check that first
57:01because age is technically greater than
57:03or equal to 18 if we set age to be
57:06101 else if we will check to see if age
57:09is greater than or equal to 18
57:11then we just have to change these lines
57:13of text around
57:15so you are too old to sign up so the
57:18order of
57:19these if statements and else if
57:20statements does matter
57:22and let's try it again okay please enter
57:24your age i am 101 years old
57:26you are too old to sign up all right now
57:29in this next example let's ask a user
57:31for their name instead of their age
57:33let's change int age to string name
57:36and we do not need to convert this
57:38because it's already a string
57:40so to check to see if somebody does not
57:42enter in some user input
57:43we can check to see if our variable name
57:48equals an empty set of quotes so this is
57:51an empty string
57:52now the reason that we're using two
57:53equal signs is that this is a comparison
57:56operator
57:57if you just use one that is an
57:59assignment operator
58:00c sharp thinks you're attempting to
58:02assign name with an empty string
58:05so we're comparing if these two are
58:07equal so that's why we use
58:09double equals so if name is equal to an
58:11empty string
58:12that means that somebody skipped over
58:14entering in some user input
58:16so let's yell at them you did
58:19not enter your name so
58:22if our name is not empty we can display
58:26maybe hello whatever the user's name is
58:28so
58:30hello plus name
58:34and let's try it
58:37okay please enter your name i'm just
58:38going to hit enter you did not enter
58:40your name
58:41let's run this again and take it
58:43seriously this time please enter your
58:45name
58:45bro hello bro now there's another way in
58:48which we could
58:49write this so instead of using this
58:51double equal sign we can use
58:53exclamation point equal sign that means
58:56not equals
58:57if name does not equal an empty string
58:59then we will display
59:01hello name else we will display
59:05you did not enter your name so we're
59:07checking to see if name is
59:08not equal to an empty string and if
59:10that's true display hello
59:12name okay please enter your name i'll
59:15hit enter
59:16you did not enter your name let's try it
59:18again please enter your name
59:20bro hello bro all right everybody those
59:23are if statements they're a very basic
59:26form of decision making we can check to
59:27see if some condition
59:29is true if it is true then we can do
59:31something if not we can do something
59:32else
59:33so if you would like a copy of both
59:35examples from this video i will post
59:37that code to the comment section down
59:39below
59:39and well those are if statements and see
59:42you sharp
59:43hey what's going on everybody it's you
59:45bro hope you're doing well
59:47and in this video i'm going to explain
59:49switches in c-sharp
59:50so sit back relax and enjoy the show
59:55all right everybody switches a switch is
59:58an efficient alternative
59:59to writing many else if statements i
1:00:01wrote a small program
1:00:03we'll ask a user what day is it today
1:00:05like what day of the week
1:00:06and we'll store their input within a
1:00:08variable named day
1:00:10if day equals monday we'll write it's
1:00:12monday and we have else if statements
1:00:14for every day of the week that follows
1:00:16after and an else block at the end
1:00:18day is not a day they type in something
1:00:20that's obviously not a day
1:00:22using else if statements back to back
1:00:24like this really isn't that efficient
1:00:26and if a veteran programmer sees you do
1:00:28something like this
1:00:29they'll probably call you a noob a few
1:00:31else if statements is okay but
1:00:33this is somewhat excessive so let's
1:00:35rewrite this program
1:00:36so that we use a switch instead here's
1:00:39how to create one we'll keep our prompt
1:00:40too
1:00:41so switch parentheses curly braces
1:00:44within the parentheses we will place
1:00:47what we would like to examine
1:00:48we will examine our day variable against
1:00:51many cases
1:00:52and if there is a match then we will
1:00:54execute some block of code
1:00:56so to write a case write case then some
1:00:59value
1:01:00like monday then end this with a colon
1:01:03so anything indented after our case is
1:01:06part of the block of code for this case
1:01:09so if we have a match if day equals case
1:01:12monday then let's write it's monday
1:01:17then on the next line add a break to
1:01:19exit the switch
1:01:20okay so that's one case let's write a
1:01:23case for each
1:01:24day of the week and i'll just fast
1:01:25forward this footage
1:01:31and our switch is now complete although
1:01:33i did not add that line from the else
1:01:35statement quite yet we'll take care of
1:01:37that a little bit later
1:01:38so let's run this just to test it so
1:01:41what day is it today let's say that it's
1:01:42sunday
1:01:43enter it's sunday nice one thing that
1:01:46we're missing although it's optional
1:01:48is a default case if there's no matches
1:01:50what we want to do
1:01:52so currently there is no default case
1:01:54within the switch
1:01:55so what day is it today if i write
1:01:57something incorrect like
1:01:58pizza well the switch technically
1:02:00doesn't do anything
1:02:01so if there are no matching cases let's
1:02:04do something
1:02:05and we type default colon space if there
1:02:07are no matching cases we will perform
1:02:10this block of code at the end so let's
1:02:12write something
1:02:13day plus is
1:02:16not a day and then break
1:02:21and let's try it again so this is kind
1:02:23of like our else statement
1:02:24okay what day is it today this time
1:02:27let's say it's
1:02:28birthday birthday is not a day
1:02:32all right everybody those are switches
1:02:34they're efficient alternatives to using
1:02:37many else if statements
1:02:38if you would like a copy of this code i
1:02:40will post this to the comment section
1:02:42down below
1:02:43if you can give this video a thumbs up
1:02:45drop a random comment down below
1:02:47and those are switches in c sharp
1:02:52all right logical operators we can use
1:02:54logical operators to check to see if
1:02:56more than one condition
1:02:58is true or false we'll use two logical
1:03:01operators
1:03:02and as well as or and is represented by
1:03:04two ampersands
1:03:06and or is represented by two vertical
1:03:08bars we'll create a small program
1:03:10to ask the user what the temperature is
1:03:12outside and depending on what the user
1:03:13types in will display a custom message
1:03:16so we'll need to work with ranges of
1:03:18temperatures so let's begin we'll ask
1:03:20the user
1:03:20for some input so console.writeline
1:03:24what's the temperature outside
1:03:27and you can write this in fahrenheit or
1:03:29celsius but i'll use celsius
1:03:31okay then we'll store our input within a
1:03:34double
1:03:34variable named temp short for
1:03:36temperature and we'll need to use
1:03:39console.read
1:03:40line and then we'll need to convert this
1:03:43to a double
1:03:44using convert dot 2 double method so
1:03:47convert
1:03:47dot 2 double then within the parenthesis
1:03:51place your redline method within here
1:03:56okay now we need to check to see if our
1:03:59temperature falls within a certain range
1:04:01using an if statement and using the and
1:04:03logical operator
1:04:04that will help us with that so let's
1:04:06check to see if our temp
1:04:08is greater than or equal to 10 degrees
1:04:11celsius and if our temperature
1:04:14is less than or equal to what about 25
1:04:18so both of these conditions must be true
1:04:21in order for us to execute this
1:04:23if statement if one of them is false we
1:04:26will skip over this if statement
1:04:27so this condition needs to be true and
1:04:30this condition needs to be true so our
1:04:33temperature has to fall within
1:04:34that range so we will display a custom
1:04:37message
1:04:38like it's warm outside it's not hot
1:04:42it's not cold it's just warm let's try
1:04:44it
1:04:45okay so what if the temperature was like
1:04:4935 degrees celsius well nothing appears
1:04:52to happen we did not execute
1:04:54this if statement even though this
1:04:56condition is true
1:04:57this condition must also be true because
1:04:59we're using the and logical operator
1:05:02so let's try this again and type in a
1:05:04temperature between that range
1:05:05what's the temperature outside let's say
1:05:07that it's 15 degrees celsius
1:05:10it's warm outside now using the or
1:05:12logical operator
1:05:14only one of these conditions needs to be
1:05:16true in order for this entire expression
1:05:18to evaluate to be true unlike with the
1:05:21analogical
1:05:22operator both conditions must be true so
1:05:24let's check for some extreme
1:05:25temperatures using an else if statement
1:05:28else if temp let's say is less than or
1:05:32equal to
1:05:33negative 50 or temp
1:05:36is greater than or equal to 50
1:05:40then we will display do
1:05:43not go outside
1:05:46let's try it okay what's the temperature
1:05:49outside
1:05:50let's say that it's negative 52 degrees
1:05:52celsius do not go outside
1:05:54so even though this condition is true
1:05:57and
1:05:57this one is false using the or logical
1:06:00operator
1:06:00only one of these conditions needs to be
1:06:02true in order for our entire expression
1:06:05to evaluate to be true so let's do the
1:06:07same thing with a
1:06:08very high temperature this time what's
1:06:11the temperature outside let's say that
1:06:13it's like a kajillion degrees celsius
1:06:15maybe our sun explodes or something do
1:06:18not go outside
1:06:19well okay then everybody those are
1:06:21logical operators we can use them to
1:06:23check to see if more than one condition
1:06:25is true or false so if you would like a
1:06:28copy of this code i will post this to
1:06:30the comment section down below and well
1:06:32those are logical operators in c sharp
1:06:38all right while loops a while loop will
1:06:40repeat some code while some condition
1:06:42remains true we'll write a small program
1:06:45where we will ask a user to enter in
1:06:47their name
1:06:47if they do not enter in anything we will
1:06:49keep on prompting them to enter their
1:06:51name they have to enter something
1:06:53in order to escape the loop so this is
1:06:55what we'll do to begin with
1:06:56let's create a prompt to ask a user for
1:06:58their name
1:06:59i'll use a write statement instead of a
1:07:01writeline statement
1:07:03and let's say enter your name
1:07:06and then we will declare a string
1:07:08variable named name
1:07:13the console.readline and then store that
1:07:15within variable name
1:07:17and then at the end of our program we'll
1:07:19say hello
1:07:20plus name okay so after running this
1:07:24what if a user doesn't type in anything
1:07:26like they just had enter
1:07:28hello and then there's nothing here so
1:07:30what if we
1:07:31try and force the user to enter in
1:07:33something we can write this code within
1:07:35a while loop
1:07:36so after we accept user input for the
1:07:39first time
1:07:39let's check that user input and we'll
1:07:42use a while loop
1:07:43our condition will be while name is
1:07:45equal to
1:07:46an empty string we will prompt the user
1:07:49again
1:07:49to enter in something for their name and
1:07:52we do not need to declare
1:07:53name twice name equals console.readline
1:07:56so let's try this again our condition is
1:07:58we will continue
1:07:59this while loop this section of code as
1:08:02long as name
1:08:03equals an empty string if they just hit
1:08:05enter so let's try it
1:08:06okay enter your name i'm going to hit
1:08:08enter enter your name no
1:08:10enter your name no and to your name no
1:08:12okay i'll type in something
1:08:14hello bro so with a while loop you'll
1:08:17need some way to eventually
1:08:18exit the while loop otherwise that is
1:08:20known as an infinite loop
1:08:22and here's an example of an infinite
1:08:23loop i'm going to say
1:08:25while one is equal to one
1:08:28and then let's display something else
1:08:30such as
1:08:33help i'm stuck in
1:08:36an infinite loop so basically we have no
1:08:40way to
1:08:41change this condition so it's always
1:08:43going to be true
1:08:44and we will repeat this code forever so
1:08:46let's try it again
1:08:50okay enter your name help i'm stuck in
1:08:53an infinite loop
1:08:55so with a while loop you'll eventually
1:08:57want some way to eventually
1:08:58exit the while loop now to optimize this
1:09:01code we don't technically need
1:09:03this right statement here because we
1:09:04will ask that within the while loop
1:09:07and i'm going to declare string name and
1:09:10assign this
1:09:11an empty string so this would work the
1:09:13same as before as well
1:09:15so enter your name i do not type in
1:09:17anything and we are prompted again to
1:09:19type in our name
1:09:20and i'll type in something well okay
1:09:22then everybody those are while loops
1:09:24they will repeat
1:09:25some code while some condition remains
1:09:28true
1:09:29and it will do so infinitely until this
1:09:32condition becomes false
1:09:34if you would like a copy of this code i
1:09:35will post this to the comment section
1:09:37down below
1:09:38if you can give this video a thumbs up
1:09:40drop a random comment down below
1:09:41and well those are wild loops in c sharp
1:09:47okay
1:09:48for loops a for loop will repeat some
1:09:51code a
1:09:52finite amount of times unlike with while
1:09:55loops a while loop will execute an
1:09:57infinite amount of times as long as its
1:09:59condition remains true
1:10:01for loops are limited so let's create a
1:10:03for loop to i don't know
1:10:05count to ten so let's create a for loop
1:10:07by typing four
1:10:08parentheses curly braces and within the
1:10:11for loop the parentheses of the for loop
1:10:14there's three separate statements we're
1:10:16going to fill in the first
1:10:17is that we need some sort of counter or
1:10:19index to keep track of which iteration
1:10:22we're on within the for loop
1:10:23so let's declare an index int index
1:10:26and i will assign zero to begin with so
1:10:29people usually just shorten
1:10:31index to simply i for short
1:10:34so that is the first statement the
1:10:36second statement is our condition
1:10:38when do we want to stop so let's stop
1:10:41when
1:10:41i is greater than or equal to 10.
1:10:44so we'll just say i is less than 10.
1:10:48so it's kind of like we'll continue this
1:10:50for loop as long as
1:10:51i is less than 10 and once we hit 10
1:10:54we'll stop
1:10:55and then the third statement is how much
1:10:57do we want to
1:10:58increment or decrement our index by so
1:11:01you can write
1:11:02i plus equals one to increment by one or
1:11:05another variation is just
1:11:07i plus plus so after each iteration
1:11:09we'll increment i
1:11:11our counter our index by one and during
1:11:14each iteration
1:11:14let's display whatever i is so after
1:11:17running this code
1:11:18we will execute this for loop ten times
1:11:21and we will count
1:11:22the numbers zero through nine so if we
1:11:25want 1 through 10 we can change our
1:11:27index
1:11:27to 1. into i equals 1 and we will
1:11:31continue this for loop as long as i
1:11:33is less than or equal to 10 and then
1:11:36our for loop will execute a total of ten
1:11:39times and count the numbers one through
1:11:41ten
1:11:42and you can also skip iterations too
1:11:44like we can increment
1:11:45our index i by two i plus equals
1:11:49two
1:11:52now this for loop is going to execute
1:11:54five times we're incrementing our index
1:11:57by two during each iteration
1:11:59let's change this to three i plus equals
1:12:02three
1:12:04and this will execute four times one 4 7
1:12:0710. okay let's do something a little bit
1:12:10different let's count down let's pretend
1:12:12that we're counting down to a new year
1:12:14so we'll start at 10 and count down to
1:12:16one then display happy new year
1:12:18so four parentheses curly braces
1:12:22we'll set index i to equal 10 to begin
1:12:25with
1:12:26we'll continue this as long as i is
1:12:28greater than
1:12:29zero then we will decrement i by one
1:12:33during each iteration so you can use
1:12:35minus minus or
1:12:36minus equals one either variation works
1:12:39okay so
1:12:40after each iteration we will display i
1:12:43then when we exit our for loop we will
1:12:46display happy new year within a
1:12:47rightline statement
1:12:48so happy new year
1:12:52let's try it okay 10 9 8 7
1:12:556 5 4 3 2 1 happy new year
1:12:59so everybody those are for loops they
1:13:01will repeat
1:13:02some code a finite amount of times
1:13:05unlike with a while loop a while loop
1:13:07will execute
1:13:08some code infinitely as long as its
1:13:10condition remains true
1:13:12a for loop is limited in that regard
1:13:14well everybody
1:13:15those are for loops if you can give this
1:13:18video a big fat thumbs up
1:13:19drop a random comment down below and
1:13:21well those are for loops
1:13:23in c sharp hey what's going on everybody
1:13:25it's you bro hope you're doing well
1:13:27and in this video we're going to use
1:13:29nested loops to create a program to draw
1:13:31a rectangle for us made out of a certain
1:13:33symbol that we choose
1:13:34so sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:13:39all right welcome back so nested loops a
1:13:42nested loop is a
1:13:44loop that's inside of another loop there
1:13:47is an outer loop
1:13:48and an inner loop and both of these
1:13:50combined are nested
1:13:51loops so the uses they vary they're used
1:13:54a lot in sorting algorithms so i thought
1:13:56let's create a program where we will
1:13:58draw a rectangle
1:14:00we'll have the outer loop in charge of
1:14:02counting the rows
1:14:03and the inner loop in charge of counting
1:14:05the columns and we will let the user
1:14:07choose a symbol that they would like to
1:14:09create their rectangle of
1:14:10so we'll need to accept some user input
1:14:13so console.writeline
1:14:15let's ask how many rows how many
1:14:18rows actually let's make this a write
1:14:23statement
1:14:24okay and then we will store this within
1:14:26int rows
1:14:28equals then we will need to convert some
1:14:30user input
1:14:31convert 2 and 32
1:14:34because user input's always a string
1:14:38then within the parenthesis console.read
1:14:44okay let's ask for columns
1:14:47so let's copy this paste it
1:14:51how many columns int
1:14:55columns then let's ask the user for a
1:14:59symbol to use
1:15:05what symbol or character
1:15:09and let's use a string i guess you can
1:15:12use a char as well
1:15:14string symbol and we do not need to
1:15:16convert this because it's already a
1:15:18string
1:15:19okay we'll have an outer loop in charge
1:15:21of counting the rows
1:15:23and the inner loop is in charge of
1:15:24counting the columns
1:15:27so four then we need our index
1:15:30by the way it doesn't matter if you use
1:15:32a while loop or a for loop
1:15:34it's just the concept of having a loop
1:15:36inside of another loop i just so happen
1:15:37to be using
1:15:38a for loop for the outer loop and a for
1:15:41loop for the inner loop
1:15:43so into i equals zero
1:15:47we will continue this as long as i is
1:15:50less than
1:15:51our rows because we're letting the user
1:15:53choose how many rows
1:15:55then we will increment i by 1 during
1:15:58each iteration
1:15:59now we need an inner for loop and let's
1:16:01just copy this
1:16:03now one naming convention with the index
1:16:06of the inner for loop since i is already
1:16:08taken
1:16:09what people usually use for an index for
1:16:11the inner loop is
1:16:12j because j comes after i i guess
1:16:15so into j equals zero j
1:16:18is less than columns than
1:16:22j plus plus okay now what we'll do
1:16:25within
1:16:25the inner for loop is display our symbol
1:16:29so console dot right make sure you use
1:16:32right and not right line we will display
1:16:35our symbol
1:16:37so this inner loop is in charge of the
1:16:39columns
1:16:40the outer loop is in charge of the rows
1:16:42basically how this is going to work
1:16:44is that once we enter our outer for loop
1:16:47we will immediately enter our inner for
1:16:49loop in order to complete
1:16:51one iteration of the outer for loop we
1:16:54have to finish
1:16:55all iterations of the inner for loop and
1:16:58once we finish
1:16:59all iterations of the inner for loop we
1:17:01can complete
1:17:02one iteration of the outer for loop and
1:17:05during the next iteration
1:17:06we have to do it all over again so on
1:17:08the next iteration we would have to
1:17:10complete
1:17:10all the iterations for the inner for
1:17:12loop so
1:17:14this will display a rectangle made out
1:17:16of a certain symbol
1:17:18however there is one thing missing and
1:17:19i'll show you how many rows
1:17:21let's say four how many columns five and
1:17:24what symbol
1:17:25uh what about the i don't know that sign
1:17:29all right so this ended up in one long
1:17:32row so after we complete our iterations
1:17:35for the inner for loop we should
1:17:36probably move down to the next row
1:17:38kind of like a typewriter we finish one
1:17:40line then we move down to the next row
1:17:42so let's use an empty rightline
1:17:44statement just to move down to the next
1:17:45line
1:17:46so if we try this again okay four rows
1:17:50five columns let's use an at sign there
1:17:53we go there's a rectangle we have
1:17:55one two three four five columns
1:17:58and one two three four four rows
1:18:01so basically a nested loop is really
1:18:03just a loop that's inside of another
1:18:05loop
1:18:06when you'll encounter it it really
1:18:07varies but they're used a lot in sorting
1:18:09algorithms
1:18:10and this was a small program just to
1:18:13practice
1:18:13working with nested loops alright so if
1:18:16you want a copy of this code i will post
1:18:18this to the comment section down below
1:18:19if you liked this video give it a thumbs
1:18:21up drop a random comment down below
1:18:23and that is an example of nested loops
1:18:26in c
1:18:26sharp hey everyone it's you bro hope
1:18:30you're doing well
1:18:30and in this video we're going to create
1:18:32a number guessing game
1:18:33in c sharp so sit back relax and enjoy
1:18:37the show
1:18:40all right let's create a number guessing
1:18:42game we will randomly generate some
1:18:44random number between
1:18:45a set minimum and maximum and we will
1:18:48let the user guess as to what the number
1:18:50is
1:18:50if the number is too high or too low we
1:18:52will give a hint
1:18:53and the user can keep on guessing and
1:18:55we'll keep track of how many attempts it
1:18:57takes
1:18:58so we'll need a random object to
1:19:00generate some random numbers
1:19:02random random equals new random and
1:19:04there's a few other things we'll declare
1:19:06as well at the top
1:19:07boolean play again
1:19:11so if the user would like to play again
1:19:13we can keep this as true
1:19:15if they would like to quit we can set
1:19:16this to be false
1:19:18int min this will be the minimum value
1:19:21let's have the user guess a number
1:19:23between 1 and 100
1:19:26int max but you can feel free to adjust
1:19:29these
1:19:30max equals 100 and
1:19:33guess i will declare this but not yet
1:19:36assign a value
1:19:38and number
1:19:41and int guesses
1:19:44okay we'll create a while loop and we
1:19:46will let the user decide if they would
1:19:48like to play again
1:19:50so our condition while play again
1:19:53equals true but since this itself is a
1:19:57boolean variable you don't technically
1:19:58need
1:19:59this equals true portion you could just
1:20:01say while play again
1:20:03because this by itself would evaluate to
1:20:05be true or false
1:20:07now if our user decides they would like
1:20:09to play again we should probably reset
1:20:11everything
1:20:12so let's take our guess and set the
1:20:15sequel to zero
1:20:17guesses this is the number of attempts
1:20:20that equals zero as well and let's
1:20:23generate a
1:20:24new random number number equals random
1:20:27dot next and within the parentheses of
1:20:31the next method we can list
1:20:33our minimum and maximum but remember
1:20:35that this number is
1:20:37exclusive but since we have these
1:20:38variables we can place these here
1:20:40instead
1:20:41so min and max so this should be max
1:20:45plus one
1:20:46this will generate a random number
1:20:47between one and one hundred
1:20:49because like i said this number is
1:20:51exclusive
1:20:52okay then we will keep on asking the
1:20:55user to type in a number like guess
1:20:57again
1:20:58so we'll need a nested while loop while
1:21:01and our condition is guess
1:21:05does not equal our number that is
1:21:08randomly generated
1:21:10so let's ask the user to type in a
1:21:12number
1:21:16guess a number
1:21:19between
1:21:22and this next part is going to get a
1:21:23little funky plus
1:21:26min plus i'll add a dash
1:21:31plus max
1:21:34plus a colon
1:21:38okay then we will take variable guess
1:21:42equals and we'll need to convert some
1:21:44user input convert
1:21:46to int 32 and within the parentheses
1:21:52console dot read line
1:21:58all right then we will display whatever
1:22:01our guess is
1:22:02console.writeline
1:22:05guess colon space plus
1:22:09guess and now we need to check our guess
1:22:12versus the number and we can use
1:22:16an if else if statement
1:22:19if and the condition is
1:22:23guess is greater than number
1:22:26we will display a hint console that
1:22:29right line
1:22:32let's say that guess
1:22:36plus is too
1:22:39high
1:22:43elsif
1:22:46and the condition is guess
1:22:49is less than number
1:22:53let's copy this guess is
1:22:56too low and then
1:23:00if guess equals number we escape the
1:23:02while loop
1:23:03oh and we do need to increment our
1:23:05guesses by one
1:23:07after each guess so let's place that
1:23:10right about here right before we
1:23:14do another iteration of our while loop
1:23:16guesses
1:23:17plus plus to increment our guesses by
1:23:20one
1:23:21now when we exit the while loop that
1:23:23means that we eventually got the right
1:23:25number
1:23:26so we will display the number with a
1:23:28rightline statement
1:23:30console.writeline number
1:23:33colon space plus
1:23:36number then we will display
1:23:40you win console.writeline
1:23:43you win
1:23:46and let's display how many guesses it
1:23:49took how many attempts
1:23:51guesses call in space plus
1:23:54guesses then we should probably
1:23:58let the user decide if they would like
1:23:59to play again and actually let's declare
1:24:02one more variable string response
1:24:06and then we will assign this within the
1:24:09while loop
1:24:10let's do that here we'll reset it
1:24:14response equals an empty string
1:24:20okay then we'll have the user type in if
1:24:24they would like to play again
1:24:26would you like to play
1:24:30again y slash n
1:24:33so they would have to type in either y
1:24:35or n y to play again
1:24:37for yes and for no
1:24:40response equals
1:24:44console dot read
1:24:47line
1:24:51and let's make this uppercase in case
1:24:53they type in something that's lowercase
1:24:55response equals response dot to
1:24:59upper
1:25:03so if our response
1:25:08is equal to a capital y
1:25:12play again equals true
1:25:18else play again
1:25:21equals false then when we
1:25:25escape our outer while loop that means
1:25:27we are done playing this game
1:25:29so let's find where that ends right here
1:25:33okay let's say thanks for playing oh
1:25:36looks like i typed that already
1:25:37so just type this in i guess all right
1:25:42we're good so let's run this
1:25:46guess a number between 1 and 100 what
1:25:48about 50 that's right in the middle
1:25:50right
1:25:5050 is too high what about 25 25
1:25:54is too high what about 12 12 is too high
1:25:57this is a very low number i guess
1:25:59what about six six is too high g's all
1:26:02right
1:26:02three three is too low our number is
1:26:05between three
1:26:06and six how about four
1:26:09four is too low five all right finally
1:26:13so it took seven guesses let's play
1:26:15again i think i can do better
1:26:17guess a number between one and one
1:26:19hundred let's go with 50 again
1:26:2150 is too low so something between 50
1:26:24and 100 let's go with 75
1:26:2675 is too high uh what about
1:26:3163
1:26:3363 is too high uh 57
1:26:3857 is too low how about 60.
1:26:42all right 60. that took five guesses
1:26:45this time
1:26:46would you like to play again no thanks
1:26:48for playing
1:26:49well everybody that was a very simple
1:26:52number guessing game in csharp i'll post
1:26:54all of this code to the comment section
1:26:56down below if you would like a copy for
1:26:58yourself
1:26:59if you can give this video a thumbs up
1:27:01feel free to drop a random comment down
1:27:02below
1:27:03and well that is a very simple number
1:27:06guessing game
1:27:06in c sharp hey what's going on everybody
1:27:09it's you bro hope you're doing well
1:27:11and in this video we're going to create
1:27:12a game of rock paper scissors
1:27:14in c-sharp so sit back relax and enjoy
1:27:17the show
1:27:20all right everybody let's create a game
1:27:22of rock paper scissors what i like to do
1:27:24is declare all the things that we'll
1:27:26need at the top of our program
1:27:28we'll need a random object to generate a
1:27:30random number for the computer's choice
1:27:32so we'll say that one equals rock two
1:27:35equals paper
1:27:36and three equal scissors so we'll need
1:27:38to create a random object
1:27:40random random equals new random and
1:27:42we'll create a
1:27:43boolean variable named play again and i
1:27:47will set this
1:27:48to equal true so if the player decides
1:27:51to
1:27:51exit they would not like to play another
1:27:53game we can set this to be false
1:27:55and we'll need a string variable to hold
1:27:58the player's choice
1:27:59i will declare this but not yet assign
1:28:01it so this will store
1:28:02rock paper or scissors and we'll need a
1:28:05string variable for the computer's
1:28:07choice as well
1:28:08okay that's all of the different
1:28:10variables that we'll need so let's
1:28:12create a while loop
1:28:13while play again equals
1:28:17true now if we're working with boolean
1:28:19variables we technically don't need
1:28:21this equals true portion because this by
1:28:24itself would evaluate to be true or
1:28:26false
1:28:27so you can just say while play again and
1:28:29that would work as well
1:28:30and then if the player decides to quit
1:28:32we can change that to false
1:28:33okay now let's ask for some user input
1:28:36console
1:28:36without right enter
1:28:40rock paper
1:28:43or scissors
1:28:47and we will store the user's input
1:28:49within string
1:28:51variable player player equals console.rt
1:28:56line now strings are case sensitive what
1:29:00i'm going to do is take the player's
1:29:02input and make it all uppercase just so
1:29:04that everything is consistent
1:29:06player equals player dot
1:29:09two upper i guess you could make this
1:29:12all lowercase two
1:29:15okay now let's display the player's
1:29:17choice with a right line statement
1:29:20so what if the player decides to choose
1:29:22something that isn't rock paper or
1:29:23scissors
1:29:24we would want some way to enforce that
1:29:31so let's say that i choose the gun and
1:29:34that's a valid response so we should
1:29:36probably prevent the player from doing
1:29:37so
1:29:38so what we'll do is use a nested while
1:29:41loop
1:29:42so while then surround this section of
1:29:44code within
1:29:45a set of curly braces and we will
1:29:47continue to prompt the user to type in
1:29:49something that is valid a valid choice
1:29:52so this is our condition while player
1:29:55does not equal rock
1:29:59and i'm just going to copy this
1:30:03player does not equal paper
1:30:07and player
1:30:10does not equal scissors
1:30:14so we'll need to assign player and
1:30:16computer a value
1:30:17let's do that at the top of our while
1:30:19loop for play again
1:30:21so player equals an empty string
1:30:24and computer equals an empty string so
1:30:28this is kind of nice when we do play
1:30:29another round we can reset player and
1:30:31computer
1:30:33okay let's try this
1:30:38enter rock paper or scissors i pick the
1:30:41gun
1:30:42enter rock paper or scissors how about a
1:30:44bomb
1:30:45fist nope okay so we have to choose
1:30:48either rock paper or scissors
1:30:49what about rock cool so that is a valid
1:30:52response
1:30:54okay so let's get rid of this right line
1:30:55statement we won't really need it
1:30:57anymore
1:30:58now we'll need to generate a random
1:30:59number for the computer player
1:31:01one two or three and i will use a switch
1:31:06so we will place the random number that
1:31:09is generated within the parenthesis
1:31:11we could say like i don't know
1:31:14int random num
1:31:18equals random dot
1:31:21next and the range is going to be one
1:31:24through four so remember that this
1:31:27number is exclusive
1:31:28this will generate a random whole number
1:31:30between one and
1:31:31three okay then what i'm going to do is
1:31:34technically we don't need this portion
1:31:36like we could place random num within
1:31:38switch
1:31:39but what i like to do is kind of shorten
1:31:41and condense my code so i'm going to
1:31:43take
1:31:43this method of random.next and place it
1:31:46within the switch itself
1:31:47and that would work as well so let's
1:31:49examine some cases
1:31:51case 1 that will be rock
1:31:55computer equals rock
1:31:58all uppercase then break
1:32:02and we'll need case two in case the
1:32:04random number is two
1:32:05case two computer
1:32:09equals paper
1:32:13then break and
1:32:16case three
1:32:20computer equals
1:32:24scissors
1:32:28then break what i'm going to do after
1:32:31our switch
1:32:32is display the player's choice along
1:32:34with the computer's random choice
1:32:36so let's use a redline statement so
1:32:38player colon space
1:32:41plus variable player then let's create
1:32:44another right line for the computer
1:32:49computer plus computer
1:32:54let's run this
1:32:58okay i will choose rock
1:33:02player rock computer scissors let's play
1:33:04again
1:33:05i will choose paper player paper
1:33:08computer paper
1:33:09and scissors player scissors computer
1:33:13scissors okay now we just need to
1:33:15examine our choices and see who wins
1:33:18that's the next step
1:33:19now what we'll do at this point is
1:33:21create a switch to examine
1:33:22the player's choice versus the
1:33:24computer's choice and we can decide who
1:33:26wins
1:33:27so let's create a switch and we will
1:33:29examine
1:33:30the variable player against many
1:33:33different cases
1:33:35so the first case will be rock
1:33:41and for now we'll just break we'll fill
1:33:42this in a little bit later
1:33:44case paper
1:33:49break and case
1:33:53scissors
1:33:57and break all right we're going to
1:34:00check to see what the computer picked so
1:34:04if computer
1:34:08is equal to rock
1:34:12then it's a draw so let's write
1:34:20it's a draw i think i'm missing a break
1:34:24statement
1:34:26all right then else if
1:34:31computer equals paper
1:34:34that means that we lose else if computer
1:34:38equals paper then we will write
1:34:44you lose
1:34:47else technically we don't need a
1:34:50condition because the only choice left
1:34:52is
1:34:53scissors for the computer
1:34:57else you win
1:35:00so let's copy these statements paste it
1:35:03underneath paper
1:35:06so if we choose paper and the computer
1:35:09chooses rock
1:35:10that means that we win so let's change
1:35:12this to you
1:35:14win if we choose paper and the computer
1:35:18chooses paper that means
1:35:20it's a draw
1:35:24else you lose
1:35:28let's copy this again paste it
1:35:31underneath scissors
1:35:33so if we pick scissors and the computer
1:35:35picks rock
1:35:36you lose
1:35:41if we choose scissors the computer picks
1:35:43paper then we win
1:35:46you win else
1:35:53it's a draw all right let's test it
1:35:58all right enter rock paper scissors
1:36:00let's go with rock
1:36:02rock paper you lose let's choose paper
1:36:05this time
1:36:05paper scissors you lose again and let's
1:36:08try scissors
1:36:11scissors rock you lose man i kind of
1:36:13suck at this game
1:36:15let's try it again paper paper rock okay
1:36:18i finally won one
1:36:19cool now at this point we're going to
1:36:22let the player decide if they would like
1:36:23to play another round so place
1:36:25this code at the end of our outer while
1:36:27loop so i'm just going to follow the
1:36:28dots here
1:36:30so that would go right here all right so
1:36:33let's use a write statement
1:36:38would you like to play
1:36:41again y slash
1:36:45n so y for yes
1:36:48and for no actually i think i'm going to
1:36:51create another variable so let's do so
1:36:53at the top
1:36:54string answer
1:36:59and we should probably reset this to
1:37:03answer equals an empty string
1:37:06okay so we will add one more variable
1:37:10okay answer equals
1:37:15console dot read
1:37:18line then let's make it uppercase
1:37:22in case the player enters in something
1:37:24that is lowercase
1:37:25we'll still count it answer equals
1:37:28answer
1:37:28dot to upper
1:37:34then let's check to see what the player
1:37:35enters in
1:37:37if answer is equal to y
1:37:43then play again
1:37:46equals true
1:37:50else play again
1:37:54equals false
1:37:59all right then outside of the while loop
1:38:02we will display a goodbye message
1:38:06maybe we'll say thanks for playing
1:38:10all right let's try it one last time
1:38:16okay enter rock paper scissors always
1:38:19choose rock
1:38:21player rock computer paper you lose
1:38:23would you like to play again
1:38:24yes let's pick rock again rock paper you
1:38:28lose okay maybe you don't always pick
1:38:30rock would you like to play again
1:38:31no because this is a dumb game thanks
1:38:33for playing
1:38:34well okay then everybody that is a game
1:38:37of rock paper scissors
1:38:39if you would like a copy of this code i
1:38:40will post this to the comment section
1:38:42down below
1:38:43if you can smash that like button leave
1:38:45a random comment down below
1:38:46and well that's a game of rock paper
1:38:49scissors for c-sharp
1:38:54alright people well i thought for
1:38:56practice we could create a sort of
1:38:57calculator program we can pick two
1:38:59numbers
1:39:00we can add them subtract them multiply
1:39:02them and divide them
1:39:03so let's get started this will be just a
1:39:05very simple project
1:39:07i'm going to write just calculator
1:39:09program
1:39:10when we begin this program and then
1:39:13maybe
1:39:13i don't know format it a little bit
1:39:15let's add some
1:39:17i don't know dashes or something just to
1:39:18kind of make this look nice
1:39:20this will all be within the console okay
1:39:23so we'll need to declare
1:39:24num1 num2 and result these will be
1:39:27doubles double num1 i'll set this equal
1:39:31to
1:39:31zero let's create num2
1:39:36and result double result
1:39:40and i will set that equal to zero as
1:39:42well
1:39:43okay we will need to ask for some user
1:39:45input
1:39:47console the right line enter
1:39:50number one colon space and
1:39:54then we will assign num1 equals
1:39:58so user input's always a string we'll
1:39:59need to convert this to
1:40:01a double convert dot to double
1:40:07and within the parenthesis we need
1:40:10console.read
1:40:12line method okay let's do the same thing
1:40:15for num2
1:40:17enter number two num2
1:40:21equals convert.2double pass in
1:40:24console.readline now we need the user to
1:40:27type in an option do they want to add a
1:40:29subtract multiply or divide
1:40:33so let's type enter and option
1:40:41console.writeline again what about
1:40:44plus colon space add
1:40:50then minus colon space
1:40:54subtract
1:40:57asterisk for multiply
1:41:04and forward slash for divide
1:41:07you can add other options if you want to
1:41:10okay let's take a look at this so far
1:41:12so we have calculator program enter
1:41:15number one what about 3.14
1:41:18enter number two uh let's say
1:41:22i don't know five okay a couple things
1:41:25i'm going to change real quick i'm going
1:41:26to change
1:41:27this right line to just right
1:41:30then i'm going to add a tab escape
1:41:32sequence
1:41:34that is backslash t for tab
1:41:38just so that it looks better
1:41:43okay let's continue so i'm going to
1:41:46create a switch that will read our user
1:41:48input
1:41:49switch console.read
1:41:54line and we need
1:41:57matching cases case
1:42:01plus so if somebody would like to add
1:42:04we will take our result equals
1:42:07num1 plus num 2.
1:42:13console.writeline and i'll do some
1:42:16string interpolation
1:42:19your result colon space
1:42:25num1 plus
1:42:28num2 equals
1:42:33plus result and then we need to break
1:42:37out of this case
1:42:39okay let's do the same thing with minus
1:42:43case minus result equals
1:42:47num1 minus num2
1:42:50num1 minus num2
1:42:53and that's all we need then we need
1:42:56multiply
1:42:58case asterisk result
1:43:01equals num1 times num2
1:43:06replace minus with asterisk
1:43:09and then divide
1:43:14case forward slash for division result
1:43:17equals num1 divided by num2
1:43:21and replace the asterisk here
1:43:25and then we should probably add a
1:43:26default case just in case somebody
1:43:28doesn't pick one of these options
1:43:30default
1:43:34console.writeline that
1:43:37was not a valid
1:43:40option and then break
1:43:45enter number one 3.14
1:43:48enter number two uh let's say 6.9
1:43:53and i would like to multiply these so
1:43:56i will add an asterisk
1:43:593.14 times 6.9 equals 21.666
1:44:03all right i'm just going to change one
1:44:05thing i'm going to add
1:44:07one line right before we read our user's
1:44:10input for
1:44:10what operation they would like to use
1:44:14so let's add console dot
1:44:17right now right line enter
1:44:21an option
1:44:24then let's try it again 3.14
1:44:29multiplied by 6.9 is
1:44:3421.666 okay now what if somebody would
1:44:37like to continue using this calculator
1:44:39so what we'll do is place all of this
1:44:41code within a do while loop
1:44:43i'm not sure if i discussed this in the
1:44:45past but a do while loop will always
1:44:47execute a body of code once
1:44:49and then it checks the condition at the
1:44:51end
1:44:53so let's add that here so we have
1:44:56do at the top then we need our while
1:44:59with condition
1:45:02while all right now before this
1:45:06let's ask for some user input
1:45:09console.writeline
1:45:13would you like to continue
1:45:21capital y equals yes
1:45:24capital n equals no
1:45:30and then we will read some user input so
1:45:32within
1:45:33the while loop the condition this will
1:45:35be
1:45:38console.readline
1:45:41dot 2 upper
1:45:44so in case they type in lowercase y or n
1:45:47we'll just change it to uppercase via
1:45:50the two upper method
1:45:52and let's check to see if this is equal
1:45:54to y
1:45:55if it is then we'll reset our num1 num2
1:45:59and result variables and do this all
1:46:00over again
1:46:02and if they would not like to continue
1:46:04let's write
1:46:06buy okay let's try this again
1:46:10what is point one four divided by two so
1:46:13enter number one three point one four
1:46:14enter number two two and let's divide
1:46:17these
1:46:18the result is one point five seven let's
1:46:21type
1:46:22y for yes all right then we can do this
1:46:24all over again
1:46:25what is 5 divided by 3.14
1:46:30so i will divide and the result is
1:46:331.59 something something something would
1:46:36you like to continue i'm going to type
1:46:38and for no
1:46:39bye so yeah that's a very simple
1:46:42calculator program in c sharp i will
1:46:45post this code in the comment section
1:46:46down below
1:46:47if you can give this video a thumbs up
1:46:48leave a random comment down below
1:46:50and subscribe if you'd like to become a
1:46:52fellow bro
1:46:53hey what's going on everybody it's you
1:46:55bro hope you're doing well
1:46:56and in this video i'm going to explain a
1:46:58raise in c sharp so
1:47:00sit back relax and enjoy the show
1:47:04all right everybody so arrays think of
1:47:07an array
1:47:08as a variable but it can store multiple
1:47:11values not just one so i have the string
1:47:14variable named car and it contains the
1:47:16name of a car bmw
1:47:18so what we could do is turn this
1:47:20variable into an array
1:47:21so it can store multiple values and this
1:47:24is all you have to do
1:47:25after the data type add a set of square
1:47:27brackets
1:47:28and then surround all of the values with
1:47:30a set of curly braces
1:47:32boom you got yourself an array and
1:47:34that's all there is to it so
1:47:36you can add multiple values to this
1:47:38array named car
1:47:39and actually i'm going to rename this as
1:47:41cars so it's plural so that we know that
1:47:43there's multiple values within here
1:47:45so let's separate each value with a
1:47:48comma
1:47:49so let's say we have a bmw a mustang
1:47:53as well as a corvette
1:47:56okay then let's display what cars is
1:47:58with a right line statement
1:48:00console the right line cars
1:48:05so this is what appears we have the data
1:48:07type of our array instead of the values
1:48:09within the array
1:48:11so if you need to access an element that
1:48:14is an item from an array
1:48:15you need to add after the variable name
1:48:17well the array name
1:48:19a set of square brackets and then the
1:48:21index
1:48:22so computers they always start with zero
1:48:24the first element would be
1:48:25zero so place that number within the
1:48:27square brackets
1:48:29cars at index zero and the first element
1:48:32would be bmw so let's display the other
1:48:36elements
1:48:37let's just copy what we have okay let's
1:48:40display
1:48:40cars at index 1 that will be this value
1:48:44because
1:48:44this is index zero
1:48:49and that is mustang
1:48:52then the next value cars at index
1:48:55two
1:48:59and that is corvette so let's take a
1:49:02look to see what happens if i attempt to
1:49:03access an element that doesn't exist
1:49:06so cars at index three so that would be
1:49:10something beyond corvette
1:49:16so we'll actually run into an error we
1:49:19ran into
1:49:20an index out of range exception so
1:49:22arrays do have a
1:49:24fixed size you have to make sure that
1:49:25you're not accessing an element
1:49:27that doesn't exist now if you need to
1:49:29update an element within an array all
1:49:31you have to do is type
1:49:33the array name in this case it would be
1:49:35cars straight brackets and
1:49:37list the index so if i need to change
1:49:39the first element within my array
1:49:42i will say my arrand name cars at index
1:49:44zero
1:49:45equals let's place a tesla there instead
1:49:49and then run this
1:49:52so instead of a bmw in the first
1:49:55position
1:49:56index zero we have a tesla so if you
1:49:58need to access or update an element
1:50:01within an array
1:50:02type the array name straight brackets
1:50:03and then the index
1:50:05and remember that these always start
1:50:06with zero so what we've done here
1:50:08to display the elements of an array is
1:50:10that we wrote a writeline statement for
1:50:13each individual
1:50:14element so a much better approach would
1:50:16be to iterate over
1:50:18our array using a for loop and later on
1:50:21i'll explain the for
1:50:22each loop so to display all of the
1:50:24elements of our array easily
1:50:26let's create a for loop so we'll say
1:50:29into i
1:50:30equals zero will continue this as long
1:50:32as i
1:50:33is less than now arrays have a length
1:50:35property so type the name of the array
1:50:38dot link then i
1:50:41plus plus to increment our index okay
1:50:44with our writeline statement
1:50:46let's display cars straight brackets
1:50:50and the index is going to be i so i
1:50:54is zero for the first iteration then
1:50:56during the next iteration it will be one
1:50:58then two and then it will stop because
1:51:01this statement will no longer be true
1:51:03okay let's try this again
1:51:06so we have tesla mustang and corvette so
1:51:09an easy way to display the elements of
1:51:11an array
1:51:12is to write a for loop and set the index
1:51:15equal to i
1:51:16whatever you have right here but we'll
1:51:18have to discuss the
1:51:20for each loop coming up in a later video
1:51:22one thing that you should know with
1:51:23arrays
1:51:24is that they have a fixed size if you
1:51:26would like to declare an array and then
1:51:28assign values later
1:51:29you'll need to declare that array with a
1:51:31fixed size of how many elements you're
1:51:33planning to place within that array
1:51:35so that would look something like this
1:51:37let's turn this line into a comment
1:51:39and this is how to declare an array so
1:51:42type the
1:51:43data type square brackets the name of
1:51:46the array
1:51:46equals new the data type again square
1:51:49brackets
1:51:50and then within this set of square
1:51:52brackets we will list a size
1:51:54so if i plan on adding no more than
1:51:57three elements to this array
1:51:58i can place three here but you can make
1:52:00this a larger size to accommodate more
1:52:02values
1:52:03and if you don't use those values
1:52:05they'll just remain empty no big deal
1:52:07and this will work the same as before
1:52:09and then we'll just have to update some
1:52:11values
1:52:12so cars at index 0 1 and
1:52:15zero is a tesla one is a mustang
1:52:18and two is a corvette and this will
1:52:21pretty much work the same as before
1:52:23instead of just in one step declaring
1:52:25and assigning an array
1:52:27we have done it in two steps we declared
1:52:29the array and then assigned some values
1:52:31later
1:52:32well okay then everybody that is an
1:52:34array it's a variable that can store
1:52:36multiple values and they have a fixed
1:52:39size so that's something you need to pay
1:52:41attention to
1:52:42if you would like a copy of this code i
1:52:44will post this to the comment section
1:52:45down below
1:52:46and well those are arrays in c sharp
1:52:50oh yeah all right everybody
1:52:53for each loops a for each loop is a
1:52:56simpler
1:52:57and more elegant way to iterate over an
1:52:59array
1:53:00however it's less flexible compared to a
1:53:03standard for loop
1:53:04i have an array of names of vehicles
1:53:06named cars
1:53:07we have a bmw mustang and corvette then
1:53:10we can use
1:53:11a standard for loop to iterate and
1:53:13display the elements of this array
1:53:16so this works fine however it's a lot of
1:53:18work to write all of this
1:53:19another approach although it's less
1:53:21flexible is to create a
1:53:23for each loop this will iterate once for
1:53:25each element within my array
1:53:27so type for each parenthesis curly
1:53:30braces
1:53:30and within the parentheses we list the
1:53:32data type of each element
1:53:34then we need a name for each element
1:53:36that we're working with
1:53:37since we're working with cars let's call
1:53:39each element a car
1:53:41string car in the name of the array
1:53:45cars string car in cars then i will with
1:53:48the right line statement
1:53:49display whatever car is so this is kind
1:53:52of like a nickname for the element that
1:53:54we're currently working with
1:53:56so let's get rid of this for loop
1:53:57because we don't need it anymore
1:53:59and use our for each loop instead
1:54:03and this works the same as before one
1:54:06downside with a for each loop is that
1:54:08it's not flexible with a standard for
1:54:10loop we can iterate forwards
1:54:12backwards or even skip iterations so use
1:54:15whatever loop is more appropriate for
1:54:17your situation
1:54:18well everybody that is a for each loop
1:54:21it's a
1:54:22simpler and more elegant way to iterate
1:54:24over an array
1:54:25however it's not as flexible if you just
1:54:27need something simple to display the
1:54:29elements of an array
1:54:30you can easily use a for each loop all
1:54:33right everybody so that's a for each
1:54:34loop if you can give this video
1:54:36a thumbs up drop a random comment down
1:54:37below and well those are four each loops
1:54:40in c-sharp
1:54:44all right people methods a method
1:54:46performs a
1:54:47section of code whenever it's called
1:54:49also known as
1:54:51invoking a method and the benefit of
1:54:53using a method
1:54:54is that it lets us reuse code without
1:54:56writing it
1:54:57multiple times here's a scenario let's
1:54:59say that we have to write a program
1:55:01where we need to
1:55:02sing happy birthday to our friend three
1:55:04times because we would like to annoy him
1:55:06one way in which we could do that
1:55:08without writing a method is that we
1:55:10would need to display as
1:55:11output you know the lyrics to happy
1:55:13birthday i just made my own version of
1:55:15it so
1:55:15happy birthday to you happy birthday to
1:55:17you happy birthday dear you
1:55:20happy birthday to you if i need to sing
1:55:22happy birthday three times
1:55:24i would need to copy and paste this code
1:55:27two additional times
1:55:28and that would allow me to effectively
1:55:30sing happy birthday three
1:55:31times so after running this we have all
1:55:34of our text
1:55:35repeated three times now a better way of
1:55:38writing this would be to use a method
1:55:40where we only have to write this once
1:55:41and then we can keep on reusing it
1:55:43yeah let's delete all this outside of
1:55:45our main method
1:55:46that will end right here we need to
1:55:48create a new method and the way we do
1:55:50that
1:55:50is that for this specific case we have
1:55:52to write static because we're invoking
1:55:55a method from our main method which is
1:55:57static so we need static but not always
1:56:00void and then a unique and descriptive
1:56:02name of this method what does it do
1:56:04exactly
1:56:05so let's call this method sing happy
1:56:09birthday then a set of parentheses then
1:56:11a set of curly braces
1:56:13and we have ourselves a method named
1:56:15saying happy birthday
1:56:16and when we call this method what kind
1:56:18of code do we want to execute
1:56:20so let's copy and paste the lyrics to
1:56:23happy birthday and then place it within
1:56:25this method now to invoke a method or
1:56:27called method
1:56:28we have to type the name of the method
1:56:31followed by a set of parentheses
1:56:32and i like to think of the parentheses
1:56:34kind of like a pair of telephones
1:56:36they're communicating with each other
1:56:38that's how i think of it at least and
1:56:39then a semicolon to end
1:56:41the statement so after running this this
1:56:43will execute sing happy birthday
1:56:45once now if i need to sing happy
1:56:48birthday two additional times
1:56:49i can just call this method two
1:56:51additional times sing happy birthday
1:56:53saying happy birthday sing happy
1:56:55birthday and i do not need all of this
1:56:57text i only need to write it once
1:56:58and then i can just keep on reusing it
1:57:01and here we have
1:57:03the lyrics to my happy birthday song
1:57:05repeated three times
1:57:07let's move on to level two we're going
1:57:09to create a string
1:57:10variable named name string name equals
1:57:13and make up some name
1:57:16now what if we attempt to use this
1:57:18variable within our method
1:57:20so replace you with name happy birthday
1:57:24dear name okay here's the situation
1:57:27the name name does not exist in the
1:57:30current context
1:57:31methods don't have access to any
1:57:33variables within another method
1:57:36so anything within the main method this
1:57:38singh happy birthday method cannot see
1:57:40so we need to pass what are known as
1:57:42arguments over to this method in order
1:57:44to use
1:57:45these values or variables so when you
1:57:48invoke a method and you need to send
1:57:50arguments over to a method we just list
1:57:52whatever we would like to send over to
1:57:54this method within the parentheses
1:57:56so i would like to pass name as an
1:57:59argument to this method
1:58:00however we need a matching set of
1:58:02arguments and parameters
1:58:04parameters are kind of like what this
1:58:06method is expecting to receive
1:58:08and to create some parameters we list
1:58:11the data type of what we're expecting
1:58:13followed by some sort of name so let's
1:58:15just say name
1:58:17and now we can use this variable name
1:58:19that is declared within the main method
1:58:21and we now have our name variable
1:58:23displayed within our happy birthday song
1:58:25and here's how to send more than one
1:58:27argument to a method let's create an
1:58:29integer variable
1:58:30named age and we will display the user's
1:58:32edge within our happy birthday song
1:58:35so separate each argument with a comma
1:58:38we will pass name as well as age to
1:58:41our happy birthday method but remember
1:58:44we need a matching
1:58:45set of arguments and parameters so we
1:58:48need to add
1:58:48a age parameter so separate each with a
1:58:52comma
1:58:52then list the data type of this variable
1:58:54first int
1:58:56and then a name we'll just call it edge
1:58:59and now we can use this edge variable
1:59:01within our method
1:59:02so let's create a line where we will
1:59:04display the person's edge
1:59:06so console that right line
1:59:09u r
1:59:13plus age plus
1:59:17years old and let's try this again
1:59:22happy birthday to you happy birthday to
1:59:24you happy birthday dear bro
1:59:26you are 21 years old happy birthday to
1:59:29you
1:59:29i guess my happy birthday song could use
1:59:31some work now these parameters they
1:59:33don't necessarily need
1:59:34the same exact name as the arguments
1:59:36that we pass in let's rename
1:59:38name as birthday boy
1:59:41and replace edge with years
1:59:44old okay then replace any instance of
1:59:47name with birthday boy
1:59:49and age with years old and this will
1:59:52work the same
1:59:54so you can rename these parameters
1:59:57what's important is the data type
1:59:59and the order of the values that you
2:00:01pass in
2:00:02all right everybody well those are
2:00:04methods they perform
2:00:05a section of code whenever they are
2:00:07called
2:00:08also known as invoking a method and the
2:00:11benefit of using methods
2:00:12is that it allows us to reuse code
2:00:15without writing it
2:00:16multiple times we only had to write the
2:00:19lyrics to happy birthday once
2:00:20then if we had to sing happy birthday
2:00:23you know more than one time
2:00:24we can just keep on invoking this method
2:00:26however many times that we need
2:00:28so those are methods if you can give
2:00:30this video a thumbs up
2:00:32drop a random comment down below and
2:00:34well yeah those are methods
2:00:35in c sharp
2:00:39oh yeah the return keyword now the
2:00:42return keyword
2:00:43returns data back to the place where a
2:00:45method is invoked
2:00:47so let's create a method to multiply two
2:00:49numbers together
2:00:50something simple so when we declare a
2:00:52method we'll have to make sure that we
2:00:53do it outside of our main method
2:00:55so right here so we will say static
2:00:59void and we will name this method
2:01:02multiply and we'll need to pass
2:01:05in two numbers as arguments let's say
2:01:07that the data type
2:01:09will be double double x and double
2:01:12y okay now we would like to multiply
2:01:15these two numbers together
2:01:17and we will store them within double
2:01:19variable z
2:01:20double z equals x times y
2:01:24now to return data back to the place
2:01:26where it's invoked
2:01:28we can use this return keyword and what
2:01:30kind of data would we like to return
2:01:32let's return whatever z is now there's
2:01:35one change that we need to make
2:01:37we need to replace this void keyword
2:01:39with the data type
2:01:41of what we're returning exactly so since
2:01:43we're returning a double
2:01:45we'll change void to double if you're
2:01:47not returning anything
2:01:48you can just keep that keyword as void
2:01:51now we can use this multiply method
2:01:52to well multiply two numbers together so
2:01:55let's write a program where we will ask
2:01:56a user for some user input
2:01:58multiply two numbers together then
2:02:00return the result and display it
2:02:02so let's accept some user input and
2:02:04first we should probably declare the
2:02:06variables that we'll need
2:02:07double x double y and
2:02:11double let's call this result and we
2:02:13will ask the user to enter
2:02:15in number one
2:02:19and then assign x equal and we'll need
2:02:22to convert
2:02:23the user's input to a double because
2:02:26it's always a string when we accept user
2:02:28input
2:02:28x equals convert dot
2:02:32to double
2:02:36then out of side of parenthesis within
2:02:37the parenthesis console.read
2:02:41line and we'll do the same thing for
2:02:44variable y enter in number two
2:02:48and then change x to y now if we need to
2:02:52assign
2:02:52results a value we can use this multiply
2:02:55method
2:02:56so type multiply add a set of
2:02:58parenthesis to invoke it
2:03:00but we'll need to pass two matching
2:03:02arguments because we have
2:03:03two parameters set up we need to pass in
2:03:06two
2:03:07double values or variables so we will
2:03:09pass
2:03:10x and y as arguments to this method
2:03:13multiply
2:03:14so this return keyword will return
2:03:17whatever z
2:03:17is back to the spot in where this method
2:03:20is invoked
2:03:21and we will store the result within this
2:03:23variable named result
2:03:24and then we should probably display it
2:03:27let's display
2:03:28result and well that's it let's try it
2:03:32enter in number one have you always
2:03:34wondered what
2:03:36pi times 420 is well we're about to find
2:03:38out
2:03:39it is 1 318.8
2:03:42so yeah that is the return keyword it
2:03:44returns data back to the place where a
2:03:46method is invoked
2:03:47and if you would like you can actually
2:03:49shorten this even further we don't
2:03:50necessarily need to
2:03:52store the result within you know a new
2:03:54variable we could just say return
2:03:56x times y and that would work the same
2:03:58too
2:03:59that is the return keyword it returns
2:04:01data back to the place where
2:04:02a method is invoked if you're able to
2:04:05give this video a thumbs up
2:04:06leave a random comment down below and
2:04:08well yeah that's the return keyword in c
2:04:10sharp let's go bros
2:04:14okay it looks like we're talking about
2:04:16method overloading now methods they can
2:04:18actually share the same name
2:04:19but you need a different set of
2:04:21parameters a method's name
2:04:23plus its parameters equals a method's
2:04:26signature
2:04:27and methods must have a unique method
2:04:29signature
2:04:30let's take this method for example
2:04:32called multiply so this returns
2:04:34a times b so what if i would like to
2:04:36multiply more than two numbers
2:04:38like three numbers well this method is
2:04:41only set up for
2:04:42two arguments so one thing that we could
2:04:44do is method overload
2:04:46so we can use the same name like we can
2:04:48reuse it but we need
2:04:49different parameters so to solve this
2:04:51problem i'm going to create a second
2:04:53multiply method
2:04:55and this will have a different set of
2:04:56parameters giving it a different
2:04:58method signature so let's create a
2:05:01method that has
2:05:02three parameters a b and c return
2:05:06a times b times c and you can see that
2:05:09that problem went away and this should
2:05:10work so 2 times 3 times 4
2:05:13equals 24 and i can just keep on
2:05:16creating more methods
2:05:17so basically that's method overloading
2:05:19methods can share the same name
2:05:21but they need different parameters if
2:05:23they do share the same name
2:05:25a method's name plus its parameters
2:05:27equals the method signature
2:05:29and methods must have a unique signature
2:05:32so yeah that's method overloading if you
2:05:34would like a copy of this code i'll post
2:05:36this to the comment section down below
2:05:37if you can smash that like button drop a
2:05:39random comment down below and well yeah
2:05:41that's method overloading in c
2:05:43sharp oh yeah ladies and gentlemen
2:05:48do you know what's better than
2:05:49overloaded methods the params keyword
2:05:52now a methods parameters can take a
2:05:55variable number of arguments if we use
2:05:57the params keyword and the parameter
2:05:59type must be a
2:06:01single dimensional array what's the
2:06:03benefit of this
2:06:04let me explain so let's say that we have
2:06:06an online store we have a method to
2:06:08check
2:06:08out where we will basically sum up a
2:06:10customer's prices
2:06:12and return a total and we'll tell the
2:06:14customer you have to pay this total what
2:06:16if the person
2:06:16checking out has a variable number of
2:06:19items that they would like to buy
2:06:20well we would have to set up a bunch of
2:06:22different methods like
2:06:24what if they only buy one item well
2:06:25there's a checkout method
2:06:27that accepts one argument another
2:06:29checkout method that accepts two
2:06:31arguments then three
2:06:32and then we continue on and on and on so
2:06:34yeah don't do this
2:06:35a better solution would be to use this
2:06:37params keyword where we only need a
2:06:39single method and this one single method
2:06:42can accept a
2:06:43varying number of arguments we don't
2:06:44need like several copies of the same
2:06:46method then
2:06:47so to use the params keyword precede our
2:06:50data type with the word params
2:06:53then after the data type follow this
2:06:55with a set of square brackets
2:06:57now this parameter a is now an array i'm
2:07:00going to name this as something a little
2:07:02more descriptive like
2:07:03prices because we're working with prices
2:07:06so we need to iterate over the elements
2:07:08of an array
2:07:09and create a total so i'm going to
2:07:11create a local variable
2:07:13named double total so you can have
2:07:16variables with the same name
2:07:18but they need to be within a different
2:07:19scope so these are in different methods
2:07:22so they are not visible to each other
2:07:24double total i will set the sql to zero
2:07:27to begin with
2:07:28and we'll use a for each loop to iterate
2:07:31over the elements of this array
2:07:33for each double
2:07:36price in prices
2:07:40total equals total plus
2:07:43whatever price we're working with but
2:07:45i'll shorten this
2:07:46to plus equals price then at the end
2:07:50we will return total and this should
2:07:53work the same
2:07:54okay the total price is 24.74
2:07:59but there's some formatting that we'll
2:08:00have to do in a future video and then i
2:08:02can just keep on adding items to my
2:08:04you know fictional shopping cart like i
2:08:06would like to buy a bottle of water
2:08:08for a dollar and a t-shirt for
2:08:1110 and 25 cents
2:08:15so you see by using this params keyword
2:08:18a single method can accept
2:08:20a varying amount of arguments so method
2:08:22overloading
2:08:23isn't always necessary if you're working
2:08:25with a lot of different arguments you're
2:08:27not really sure how many arguments are
2:08:28going to be passed in
2:08:30okay then everybody that is the params
2:08:32keyword it can be applied to
2:08:33a method parameter so that it can accept
2:08:36a variable number of arguments
2:08:38but the parameter type must be a single
2:08:41dimensional array
2:08:42and that is the params keyword if you
2:08:44can help me out by smashing that like
2:08:46button
2:08:46drop a random comment down below and
2:08:48well yeah that's the params keyword
2:08:50in c-sharp hey
2:08:54well it looks like we're on exceptions
2:08:56today an exception
2:08:57is an error that occurs during execution
2:09:00so here's an example i have a small
2:09:02program
2:09:03where we will ask a user to type in two
2:09:05numbers divide those numbers then
2:09:06display the result
2:09:08so what if i type in something that's
2:09:10not a number i would like to divide
2:09:11the number 5 by the word pizza we'll
2:09:14encounter an exception
2:09:16and this interrupts our program we
2:09:17encountered a format exception
2:09:20input string was not in a correct format
2:09:22so any code that is considered dangerous
2:09:25where it might cause an exception
2:09:27we can surround with a try block so i
2:09:29would consider this code to be dangerous
2:09:31so type try then a set of curly braces
2:09:34surround any code that is considered
2:09:36dangerous with
2:09:37the set of curly braces now if we have a
2:09:39try block we also need a catch block
2:09:41so after the try block add catch and the
2:09:44catch block catches and handles
2:09:46exceptions when they occur
2:09:47but we need to specify what kinds of
2:09:50exceptions we would like to catch and
2:09:51handle
2:09:52so catch parentheses curly braces and
2:09:55this is kind of like a parameter so i
2:09:57would like to catch
2:09:58and handle any format
2:10:01exceptions then add e so
2:10:04if we encounter that same exception
2:10:06again instead of our program being
2:10:08interrupted we can do something else
2:10:09instead
2:10:10so let's write a message and let the
2:10:11user know to type in only numbers enter
2:10:15only numbers please
2:10:18and let's try that again enter number
2:10:21one
2:10:22five enter number two pizza enter only
2:10:25numbers please
2:10:26and this did not interrupt our program
2:10:29that's the important thing
2:10:30now these try and catch blocks they will
2:10:32only catch and handle
2:10:33format exceptions what if somebody
2:10:35accidentally divides by zero or
2:10:37intentionally does so
2:10:38so we do not have a catch block set up
2:10:41for that we
2:10:42can add multiple catch blocks so let's
2:10:44catch any
2:10:45divide by zero exceptions so catch
2:10:47parentheses curly braces
2:10:49and the exception we would like to catch
2:10:51is divide by
2:10:52zero exception then add e so if somebody
2:10:56attempts to divide by zero
2:10:57let's display a message you can't divide
2:11:01by zero idiot but this only occurs with
2:11:05integer division so let's turn our
2:11:07doubles
2:11:08x and y into integers and we'll have to
2:11:12change
2:11:12this cast as well so change to double
2:11:15to and 32.
2:11:20so if we attempt to divide a number by
2:11:23zero which we can't mathematically do
2:11:25this is what happens enter number one
2:11:27five enter number two
2:11:28zero you can't divide by zero idiot and
2:11:31this will not interrupt our program
2:11:33now you can add a catch block that just
2:11:35catches everything but it's not
2:11:37considered good practice to add by
2:11:38itself
2:11:39so sometimes i'll add a like catch all
2:11:41block just in case if there's any
2:11:43exceptions i do not anticipate
2:11:45so at the end we can add exception e but
2:11:48it's difficult to let the user know what
2:11:50went wrong exactly because
2:11:51it'll just print when any exception
2:11:53occurs something
2:11:54went wrong so this will catch everything
2:11:58let's remove the first two catch blocks
2:12:00so let's take
2:12:02five divided by the word pizza something
2:12:04went wrong
2:12:05now catch exception e does catch
2:12:07everything but it's considered poor
2:12:09practice to have this by itself
2:12:11because basically you're shrugging when
2:12:13something goes wrong you should let the
2:12:15user know exactly what went wrong
2:12:17so it's better practice to catch
2:12:19specific exceptions first
2:12:21then at the end you can add you know
2:12:23exception e in case there's anything you
2:12:24don't anticipate
2:12:26by the way i changed x and y back to
2:12:28doubles now
2:12:29the last thing we need to talk about is
2:12:31the finally block
2:12:32the finally block is optional it always
2:12:35executes regardless if an exception is
2:12:37caught or not
2:12:38so at the end let's create a finally
2:12:40block type finally
2:12:41curly braces if there's anything you'd
2:12:43like to do after
2:12:45you're trying catch block regardless if
2:12:47an exception occurs or not
2:12:48you can place that here what people
2:12:50typically use the finally block for
2:12:52is to close any open files if they need
2:12:55to reset anything
2:12:57but for this example let's just print
2:12:58something so let's display
2:13:00a thank you message thanks for visiting
2:13:05if we do not encounter any exceptions
2:13:07this finally block will still execute
2:13:09five divided by one is five thanks for
2:13:11visiting
2:13:12now if we do encounter and catch an
2:13:15exception
2:13:16well that finally block is still going
2:13:18to execute as well
2:13:20thanks for visiting so yeah those are
2:13:22exceptions
2:13:23they are errors that occur during
2:13:25execution they interrupt the normal flow
2:13:27of our program
2:13:28any code that is considered dangerous we
2:13:31should surround with a try block
2:13:33and catch any exceptions when they occur
2:13:35and finally can be added
2:13:37and it will execute regardless if an
2:13:39exception is caught or not
2:13:40so yeah those are exceptions i will post
2:13:43this code in the comment section down
2:13:44below
2:13:45if you can smash that like button drop a
2:13:47random comment down below
2:13:48and well yeah those are exceptions in c
2:13:51sharp
2:13:55all right welcome back we're talking
2:13:56about the conditional operator which is
2:13:58represented by a question mark
2:14:00so the conditional operator is used in
2:14:03conditional assignment
2:14:04if a condition is true or false and we
2:14:07follow this formula
2:14:08we have some sort of condition or
2:14:10expression then we add a question mark
2:14:12kind of like we're asking a question
2:14:14is this true if it is do x if not do y
2:14:18so we'll write a simple program to check
2:14:20the temperature outside
2:14:22so we'll write this using an if-else
2:14:23statement first and then later on we'll
2:14:25use the conditional operator and take a
2:14:27look at the differences
2:14:28so let's say we have a double named
2:14:31temperature
2:14:32and i'll set this equal to 20 degrees
2:14:35celsius
2:14:36as well as a string message i will
2:14:39declare this but not yet assign it
2:14:41so what if we would like to assign our
2:14:43variable message
2:14:44a custom message based on the
2:14:46temperature well if we're using
2:14:48if else statements that would look like
2:14:49this so we need a condition
2:14:51if temperature is greater than or equal
2:14:56to let's say
2:14:5615 degrees celsius then we will assign
2:15:00message a string message
2:15:03equals it's
2:15:07warm outside
2:15:10else message
2:15:13equals it's cold outside
2:15:17and then at the end i would like to
2:15:19display my message within a writeline
2:15:21statement console that write line
2:15:24message and this will work just fine
2:15:27no issues so my temperature is currently
2:15:2920
2:15:30and this will print the message it's
2:15:32warm outside now there is a way to
2:15:34shorten this and that's by using a
2:15:36conditional operator
2:15:37so if we were to take that approach we
2:15:39would have to follow this formula
2:15:41so let me just copy this we need our
2:15:43condition our condition
2:15:44is temperature is greater than or equal
2:15:47to
2:15:4715. question mark like we're asking a
2:15:50question
2:15:51if it's true then do this so we will
2:15:53take
2:15:54its warm outside in place of x
2:15:58if not then we do this it's cold outside
2:16:02but these are returning values so we
2:16:04need to assign them to something
2:16:06so we will say message equals
2:16:10this is our condition temperature
2:16:12greater than or equal to 15
2:16:13question mark if that's true assign this
2:16:17if not assign that and that's all there
2:16:19is to it and we don't really need all of
2:16:20this anymore
2:16:22and then i will display my message
2:16:23within a redline statement
2:16:25and this will do the same thing it's
2:16:28warm outside
2:16:29you could even take this a step further
2:16:30too you could place just this within a
2:16:32right line statement and get rid of the
2:16:34message completely
2:16:35we don't even really need that message
2:16:36variable
2:16:38so yeah that's the conditional operator
2:16:40you can use this in conditional
2:16:42assignment if you need to assign
2:16:44some variable if some condition that you
2:16:46set is true or false
2:16:47it's kind of like a shortcut so yeah
2:16:49that's the conditional operator
2:16:51in c sharp
2:16:55all right what's going on people string
2:16:57interpolation string interpolation
2:16:59allows us to insert variables or values
2:17:02into
2:17:03a string literal we precede a string
2:17:06literal with a dollar sign
2:17:08and then any placeholders within a
2:17:10string literal
2:17:11that is interpolated we can use to
2:17:14insert values or variables within so
2:17:16here's an example of where
2:17:17string interpolation could be useful
2:17:20let's say we have three variables
2:17:21first name last name and age let's
2:17:24declare those
2:17:25string first name make up a first name
2:17:31string last name make up a
2:17:34last name and then an age
2:17:39okay so what if we would like to display
2:17:41somebody's first name last name and
2:17:43their age
2:17:43let's use a standard string literal
2:17:45first and we'll look at the differences
2:17:48so if i would like to display something
2:17:50like
2:17:51hello plus first name
2:17:56plus i'll add a space plus
2:18:00last name and then maybe add like a
2:18:04period at the end well i would have to
2:18:07concatenate all these separate strings
2:18:09together
2:18:10and then let me display age two
2:18:12console.writeline
2:18:14you are plus
2:18:18age plus years old
2:18:22so this works fine but an easier way is
2:18:24to use string interpolation
2:18:26so what we're going to do is create a
2:18:28string literal
2:18:30and then precede this with a dollar sign
2:18:32and then write a string normally
2:18:35hello wherever you would like to insert
2:18:37a value or variable
2:18:39add a set of curly braces as a
2:18:41placeholder
2:18:42and i would like to insert first name
2:18:44here then add a space
2:18:46and here within my string literal i will
2:18:49insert
2:18:50last name and then maybe add a period to
2:18:53the end
2:18:54and let's do the same thing with our
2:18:55second line so we need a string literal
2:18:58a double set of quotes precede this with
2:19:00a dollar sign
2:19:02you are curly braces
2:19:05age years old and this will do the exact
2:19:10same thing
2:19:11however it's less work
2:19:14so hello first name last name you are
2:19:16age years old
2:19:17another thing that you can do too is
2:19:19that when you display one of these
2:19:20values
2:19:21you can allocate some room after the
2:19:23variable name add a comma
2:19:25and then how many spaces you would like
2:19:27to allocate let's say that when i
2:19:28display my age i would like to allocate
2:19:3110 spaces worth of room to display my
2:19:33edge
2:19:34and this is what that looks like you are
2:19:38then i have 10 spaces including the two
2:19:41digits in my age
2:19:42and if this was negative this would be
2:19:45left aligned
2:19:48so my age is all the way over here then
2:19:50i have eight spaces afterwards
2:19:52so yeah that's string interpolation it
2:19:54allows us to insert variables into a
2:19:57string
2:19:58literal we precede a string literal with
2:20:00a dollar sign
2:20:02and then curly braces with then as
2:20:04placeholders for values or variables
2:20:07so yeah that's string interpolation in c
2:20:09sharp if you found this video helpful
2:20:11please be sure to smash that like button
2:20:13leave a random comment down below and
2:20:15subscribe if you'd like to become a
2:20:16fellow bro
2:20:20alright what's going on
2:20:21multi-dimensional arrays so
2:20:23just a fair warning this is a difficult
2:20:25topic if you want you can skip this
2:20:27video you won't hurt my feelings
2:20:28but if you'd like to know what a
2:20:29multi-dimensional array is well here we
2:20:31go
2:20:32so a multi-dimensional array is an array
2:20:35of arrays
2:20:36so i have three standard arrays i have
2:20:38different car manufacturers
2:20:39ford chevy and toyota so each array has
2:20:43three different kinds of cars a
2:20:45multi-dimensional array is good if you
2:20:46need like some sort of grid or matrix of
2:20:49data
2:20:50so what i would like to do is to create
2:20:51an array of arrays to simulate maybe
2:20:53like a parking lot to park all of these
2:20:55cars
2:20:56so to create a multi-dimensional array
2:20:58this will be a two-dimensional array
2:21:00we need to list the data type of what
2:21:02we're storing strings
2:21:04then a set of straight brackets and
2:21:07then within the straight brackets add a
2:21:09comma
2:21:11so now i'm going to name this array
2:21:13let's say
2:21:14parking lot
2:21:17equals and then we add our curly braces
2:21:19much like what we do with standard
2:21:21arrays
2:21:22however i'm going to add each array
2:21:24within the set of curly braces
2:21:26and then separate each with a comma
2:21:33so this can be somewhat difficult to
2:21:35read i like to kind of condense it all
2:21:38and just make it look nice
2:21:42so you can see that this resembles sort
2:21:44of like a grid with rows and columns
2:21:47and that visual is going to help us so
2:21:49to access one of these elements
2:21:51we need to list an index for the row and
2:21:54an index for the column
2:21:55so let's say i would like to change this
2:21:57explorer to something else
2:21:59so in order to access this element i'm
2:22:02going to type the name of our
2:22:03multi-dimensional array
2:22:05straight brackets and then i need a row
2:22:08and column
2:22:09so these always start with zero this
2:22:11would be row zero
2:22:12row one row two i need to access
2:22:15row one so that would be zero then comma
2:22:18for column and then i need to count the
2:22:21row number
2:22:22zero one two so that would be
2:22:25zero comma two for this element within
2:22:28my
2:22:28two-dimensional array so i'm going to
2:22:30change this to something else
2:22:32so let's say that this is a ford fusion
2:22:36and then let's display these elements we
2:22:37can use a for each loop
2:22:40for each the data type is string
2:22:43let's say car in parking lot
2:22:48and then i will just iterate through
2:22:49these console.writeline
2:22:52card so this will iterate nine times
2:22:55one for each element within our
2:22:57two-dimensional array
2:23:00so we have a mustang f-150 then fusion
2:23:03so we updated
2:23:04explorer to fusion so let's update maybe
2:23:07this corolla to something else
2:23:09so let's count the row number that would
2:23:11be zero
2:23:12one two parking
2:23:15lot two and the column number is
2:23:19zero and let's say that this is a tacoma
2:23:25and try this again okay we have
2:23:28instead of a corolla a tacoma
2:23:32now if you would like to display this as
2:23:34like a grid we can use
2:23:35nested for loops for that so let's get
2:23:38rid of this for each loop
2:23:39i'll just turn this all into one giant
2:23:41comment
2:23:43okay so to display this as like a grid
2:23:45we'll use
2:23:46nested for loops the outer loop will be
2:23:49four
2:23:50and i equal zero we will continue this
2:23:53as long as i
2:23:55is less than parking lot
2:23:58dot get length method and then pass in
2:24:02the dimension so pass in 0 for the first
2:24:05dimension
2:24:07i plus plus and then we need a nested
2:24:10for loop
2:24:12so change i to j get
2:24:15length one so this represents the second
2:24:18dimension remember that these always
2:24:20start with zero
2:24:21and then change i to j plus plus so
2:24:25during each iteration of the inner for
2:24:27loop let's change this from
2:24:29right line to right i will display
2:24:33parking lot straight brackets
2:24:37i comma j then i'm just going to add a
2:24:40space to separate
2:24:41each car and then when we escape our for
2:24:44loop we
2:24:45need to go down to the next row so i'll
2:24:47use an empty right line statement
2:24:49so by using nested for loops we can
2:24:51display our
2:24:53two-dimensional array as sort of a grid
2:24:55or matrix
2:24:57so we have our mustang f-150 our fusion
2:25:00corvette camaro silverado tacoma camry
2:25:04and rav4
2:25:05so if you ever need like a grid or
2:25:07matrix of data you can always use a
2:25:09multi-dimensional
2:25:10array and these are kind of the steps to
2:25:12set it up
2:25:13so yeah those are multi-dimensional
2:25:15arrays if you found this video helpful
2:25:17please be sure to smash that like button
2:25:19leave a random comment down below and
2:25:21subscribe if you'd like to become a
2:25:22fellow bro
2:25:25alright classes a class is really just a
2:25:28bundle of related code that you would
2:25:30like to organize together
2:25:32it can be used as a blueprint to create
2:25:34objects with object-oriented programming
2:25:37but we'll discuss that in the next video
2:25:40so my main method
2:25:41is located within a class named program
2:25:44the point of this class is well to group
2:25:46my program together
2:25:47but there are classes too that have
2:25:49certain functions for example the math
2:25:51class the purpose of the math class
2:25:53is to contain a bunch of useful methods
2:25:55related to mathematics
2:25:57and let's take a look at this
2:26:00so this class is named math and all
2:26:03that's in here is a bunch of methods
2:26:04related to
2:26:05mathematics so that's kind of the point
2:26:07of this class but we can create our own
2:26:09classes too
2:26:10now to create a class we can either do
2:26:12so outside of our class program
2:26:14or create a class within a separate
2:26:16c-sharp file i'll show you both ways
2:26:19so to create a class make sure that
2:26:20we're not writing this within our class
2:26:22program so that ends here
2:26:24type class and let's create a class to
2:26:27group a bunch of useful messages
2:26:29together like message
2:26:31methods class messages curly braces
2:26:35and let's create a few methods related
2:26:37to messages
2:26:38so this is going to be more of like a
2:26:40utility class
2:26:42void hello and when we use this method
2:26:45let's display a message like hello
2:26:50welcome to the program and let's create
2:26:54maybe two more
2:26:55void hello void what about waiting like
2:26:59we're waiting for something
2:27:03i am waiting for something
2:27:08and what about goodbye void bye
2:27:14bye
2:27:16thanks for visiting
2:27:19if you would like to create a class
2:27:20within a separate c-sharp
2:27:22file i would recommend opening your
2:27:24solution explorer if you don't have that
2:27:25open you can find it here
2:27:26go to view solution explorer
2:27:30right click on your namespace add
2:27:34class
2:27:37class and then i will name this messages
2:27:42add okay then i'm going to take
2:27:46my code from within this class cut it
2:27:50delete my class and then paste it within
2:27:54this class messages so you can either
2:27:58write your class within
2:27:59the same c sharp file or a different one
2:28:02if i would like to use some of these
2:28:03methods found within
2:28:04the messages class there's one of two
2:28:06things that i need to do
2:28:07i either need to create an object from
2:28:09this class
2:28:10or i need to precede my class definition
2:28:14with the word
2:28:14static followed by everything within my
2:28:17messages class
2:28:19so we'll talk about creating objects in
2:28:20the next video so for now we'll just
2:28:22have to
2:28:23use the static keyword and i'll create a
2:28:25separate video on this too
2:28:27and we should now be able to use these
2:28:28methods found within my messages class
2:28:31so if i need to display a hello message
2:28:34i would type the name of the class
2:28:36that would be messages then dot to
2:28:39access the
2:28:40members however these are not visible so
2:28:42we need to make them public
2:28:44and that'll be a separate video on axis
2:28:46modifiers so i would like this to be a
2:28:48public method
2:28:49so precede static with public
2:28:53and we should now be able to see those
2:28:55methods so type messages again
2:28:57dot and here are those methods i would
2:28:59like to use the hello method
2:29:01and that will display my message hello
2:29:04welcome to the program
2:29:05i also have that waiting message
2:29:09messages dot and that was waiting
2:29:13as well as goodbye messages
2:29:16dot bye so hello welcome to the program
2:29:20i am waiting for something bye thanks
2:29:22for visiting
2:29:23so basically a class is just a bundle of
2:29:26related code
2:29:28and it can be used as a blueprint to
2:29:30create objects
2:29:31otherwise you can use a class more or
2:29:33less as a utility class
2:29:35but when you define your class you'll
2:29:36have to precede the class definition
2:29:38with the word static
2:29:40and to make this public and accessible
2:29:42you would have to precede each method
2:29:44with
2:29:44public and static so yeah those are
2:29:47classes they're really just a bundle of
2:29:49related code
2:29:50you can use them as a utility class or
2:29:53use them as a blueprint to create
2:29:55objects
2:29:55which we'll discuss in another video if
2:29:58you found this video helpful please help
2:29:59me by smashing that like button
2:30:01leave a random comment down below and
2:30:03well yeah those are classes
2:30:05in c sharp
2:30:09all right objects an object is an
2:30:12instance of a class
2:30:13that means that we can use a class as a
2:30:16type of blueprint to create objects with
2:30:18object oriented programming
2:30:20so look around you right now you're
2:30:21surrounded by objects next to me i have
2:30:23a microphone a monitor a mouse
2:30:27and a cup of coffee so we can use code
2:30:29to mimic
2:30:30real world objects objects can have
2:30:33fields and
2:30:34methods these are defining
2:30:35characteristics and
2:30:37actions that an object can perform they
2:30:40describe what an object has
2:30:41and what an object can do and in today's
2:30:44video we will be instantiating human
2:30:46objects but will need the help of a
2:30:48human class
2:30:49as a type of blueprint to design what
2:30:51sorts of fields and methods that all
2:30:53humans should have
2:30:55so outside of our class program you can
2:30:57either do this within the same
2:30:58c-sharp file or a separate one within
2:31:01your solution explorer
2:31:02i'll keep it all within the same c-sharp
2:31:04file this time let's create a class
2:31:06named human then curly braces so let's
2:31:09add some fields
2:31:10fields are kind of like the defining
2:31:12attributes of what all humans should
2:31:14have
2:31:15let's say that humans have a name and an
2:31:17age
2:31:18so i'll define those much like what we
2:31:20do with variables
2:31:21string name i will declare this but not
2:31:23yet assign it
2:31:24as well as int edge
2:31:27so these are fields they're defining
2:31:29characteristics of what an object has
2:31:32now let's create some methods what kinds
2:31:33of actions can humans perform
2:31:35they can eat and they can sleep
2:31:38void eat and then i will display
2:31:41something when we invoke this method
2:31:43let's say name plus
2:31:47is eating and then let's create a
2:31:51sleep method void sleep
2:31:55name plus is sleeping
2:31:58okay now this is what we need to do to
2:32:00instantiate an object from a class
2:32:03type the name of the class human we need
2:32:05a unique name for this human object
2:32:08let's call this human object just human
2:32:10one
2:32:11human human one equals new human again
2:32:15add a set of parentheses and a semicolon
2:32:18there we go we now have a human object
2:32:20named human
2:32:22one now there's just one problem the
2:32:24fields and methods of this human object
2:32:26are not visible
2:32:27so if i type human one dot we can't
2:32:30access the name
2:32:32and age fields as well as the eat and
2:32:34sleep methods
2:32:35so normally i wouldn't recommend doing
2:32:37this because this isn't secure but just
2:32:39for learning purposes
2:32:41let's precede our fields and methods
2:32:43with the axis modifier of public
2:32:46so that these are publicly accessible
2:32:48from another class
2:32:49so if we type human one dot we should be
2:32:52able to access our name
2:32:54and age fields as well as the eat and
2:32:57sleep methods
2:32:58so let's give humanoid a name
2:33:01human1.name
2:33:02and let's assign human1 a first name of
2:33:06rick like from rick and morty and let's
2:33:08give him an age too
2:33:09human one dot h and he will be 65 years
2:33:13old
2:33:14and we should be able to use the eat and
2:33:17sleep methods now
2:33:19humanone dot
2:33:22eat and then human
2:33:25one dot sleep
2:33:29so after invoking these two methods eat
2:33:32and sleep this will display
2:33:35rick is eating and rick is sleeping so
2:33:37congratulations we have successfully
2:33:39instantiated a human object
2:33:42and the nice thing about classes is that
2:33:44we can keep on using this class to
2:33:45create more humans if we need more than
2:33:47one
2:33:48so this time let's create a second human
2:33:50so follow this formula the name of the
2:33:52class
2:33:53human then we need a unique name for
2:33:55this human object
2:33:56human one is taken so let's name the
2:33:58second human human to
2:34:00equals new human and then we can assign
2:34:03some of the fields
2:34:04of our human class so we need a name and
2:34:07an age
2:34:08so human 2's name will be morty
2:34:13and his age will be 16 and this time
2:34:16let's have human 2 use the eat and
2:34:19sleep method so rick is eating
2:34:22rick is sleeping morty is eating morty
2:34:25is sleeping
2:34:26so that's basically what an object is
2:34:28it's an instance of a class
2:34:30and a class can be used as a blueprint
2:34:32to create objects
2:34:33and objects can have fields and methods
2:34:36fields are what an object has
2:34:38methods are what an object can do think
2:34:40of it that way
2:34:41so yeah those are objects they're an
2:34:43instance of a class
2:34:45and a class can be used as a blueprint
2:34:46to create objects
2:34:48so if this video helped you out help me
2:34:50out by smashing that like button
2:34:52leave a random comment down below and as
2:34:54always subscribe if you'd like to become
2:34:56a fellow bro
2:35:00all right constructors a constructor is
2:35:02a
2:35:03special method found within a class it
2:35:05has the same name as the class name
2:35:07in the last video we created a human
2:35:09class but it's missing a constructor
2:35:11if we do not explicitly create a
2:35:13constructor there is a hidden one behind
2:35:15the scenes that is automatically called
2:35:17and it is used to create
2:35:18an object for us so let's explicitly
2:35:21create a constructor
2:35:22so you type public because we want this
2:35:25to be publicly accessible
2:35:26and then it has the same name as the
2:35:28class name then add a side of
2:35:30parentheses then a set of curly braces
2:35:32this works just like a method and we can
2:35:34even set up parameters
2:35:36so let's set up name and age parameters
2:35:38so we need to list the data type
2:35:40string name and int edge now
2:35:43in order to create a human object we
2:35:45have to pass a matching set of arguments
2:35:47we need to pass in a name and an age
2:35:50well a string to function as a name and
2:35:52an integer to function as an edge
2:35:54so we don't manually need to assign
2:35:56these fields anymore
2:35:57we can just pass these values as
2:35:59arguments so with human one human one's
2:36:01name was rick
2:36:02and his age was 65 so i will pass these
2:36:05as arguments
2:36:06rick and 65 and you can see that that
2:36:09red underline went away
2:36:10so let's do the same thing for human too
2:36:13morty and his age 16
2:36:14and we no longer need to manually assign
2:36:17those fields
2:36:17however within the constructor we'll
2:36:19need to do so so
2:36:21type this dot the name of the field we
2:36:23would like to assign
2:36:25equals the name of the parameter and in
2:36:28this case they have the same name
2:36:30this dot name equals name and this
2:36:33dot age equals
2:36:37whatever this is age and this will work
2:36:40the same as before but we did not need
2:36:42to
2:36:42manually assign those values to those
2:36:45fields so after calling
2:36:46the eaton sleep method for both human
2:36:49one and human too
2:36:50this will display rick is eating rick is
2:36:52sleeping morty is eating morty's
2:36:54sleeping
2:36:55so that's kind of what a constructor is
2:36:56it's a special method found within a
2:36:58class
2:36:59and it's automatically called when we
2:37:00instantiate an object if we do not
2:37:03explicitly create
2:37:04a constructor but if we do we can
2:37:06manually assign
2:37:07some values to fields of an object let's
2:37:10try a different example this time
2:37:11instead of humans let's create a car
2:37:13class we will instantiate some car
2:37:15objects so let's delete our current
2:37:17class and create a new one
2:37:18class car then curly braces
2:37:22cars will have let's say four fields
2:37:26a make a model a year and a color
2:37:30string make string
2:37:33model int
2:37:37year and string
2:37:40color then to create a constructor this
2:37:44will have the same name as the class
2:37:46name precede this with public car
2:37:49parentheses curly braces and again this
2:37:52is a special kind of method and we can
2:37:54set up arguments and parameters
2:37:56so we have string make
2:38:00string model
2:38:03integer
2:38:06and string color
2:38:10and then when we receive arguments we
2:38:12can assign them to these fields
2:38:14this dot make
2:38:18equals make
2:38:21this dot model equals model
2:38:25this dot year equals year
2:38:29and this dot color equals
2:38:33color then let's create maybe a drive
2:38:35method
2:38:38public void drive
2:38:43and we will display something
2:38:46u drive the
2:38:50plus make plus a lot of space to
2:38:53separate make and model
2:38:55plus model okay now let's instantiate
2:38:58some car
2:38:59objects so we type the name of the class
2:39:02car then we need a unique name or
2:39:04identifier for this car
2:39:06let's call this first car car one equals
2:39:08new
2:39:09car parenthesis semicolon but to
2:39:11instantiate a car object we have to pass
2:39:13a
2:39:14matching set of arguments to these
2:39:16parameters we have to pass
2:39:18a make model year and color so car one
2:39:21let's say is a ford mustang ford
2:39:26mustang the year will be 2022
2:39:30and the color is red and then let's have
2:39:34car one
2:39:34use the drive method so type car one
2:39:38dot drive then a set of parentheses to
2:39:41invoke it
2:39:42u drive the ford mustang now let's
2:39:45create cartoon
2:39:46it's the same process as before but we
2:39:49need a unique name or identifier
2:39:51car car 2 equals new car this will be
2:39:54a chevy corvette
2:39:58and the year will be 20 21 and the color
2:40:01is blue
2:40:04and then let's use the drive method of
2:40:06car 2
2:40:07car 2 drive you drive the ford mustang
2:40:11you drive the chevy corvette
2:40:13so yeah that's a constructor it's a
2:40:15special method
2:40:16found within a class and it has the same
2:40:18name as the class name
2:40:20class car and the constructor name is
2:40:22car as well and it can be used to assign
2:40:24arguments to fields when creating an
2:40:26object there's a few other things you
2:40:28can do with constructors too but we'll
2:40:30discuss that in future videos
2:40:31so yeah those are constructors if you
2:40:34can smash that like button
2:40:35leave a random comment down below and
2:40:37well yeah those are constructors
2:40:39in c sharp oh yeah let's do this
2:40:43all right the static modifier the static
2:40:46modifier is used to declare a
2:40:48static member one which belongs to the
2:40:51class itself
2:40:52rather than any one specific object i
2:40:54have a class named carr cars have
2:40:57a field named model and a constructor to
2:41:00assign
2:41:00a model when we instantiate a car object
2:41:03and i have two car objects car one and
2:41:05car two car one is a mustang
2:41:07car two is a corvette here's the
2:41:09situation let's say that we're going to
2:41:11have a race but we need to keep track of
2:41:13how many cars are instantiated that are
2:41:15entering
2:41:16our race one way in which we can do that
2:41:18is to create a static field to keep
2:41:20track of how many cars are created
2:41:22so let me show you what this looks like
2:41:24with a non-static field first
2:41:26so let's declare an integer variable
2:41:29named number
2:41:30of cars to keep track of how many cars
2:41:32we create
2:41:34so i will declare this but not yet
2:41:36assign it
2:41:37and within my constructor i will
2:41:39increment number of cars by one
2:41:41remember that with constructors you're
2:41:43not limited to
2:41:44only assigning values to fields you can
2:41:46do like any sort of code that you want
2:41:48remember that it's just another kind of
2:41:50method okay so every time we instantiate
2:41:53a car object we will increment
2:41:54number of cars by one and then let's
2:41:57display a number of cars
2:41:59so we need to access this in a
2:42:01non-static way by typing
2:42:03the name of a car object like car 1 dot
2:42:05followed by the name of the field
2:42:07but it looks like we need to make this
2:42:08public
2:42:10public and number of cars car one
2:42:14dot number of cars let's do the same
2:42:16thing for
2:42:17car two car two dot number of cars
2:42:20now you would think that the number of
2:42:22cars would be two
2:42:23right and that's where you're wrong
2:42:25number of cars
2:42:26for both car 1 and car 2 are both one
2:42:29because each car object has their own
2:42:32copy of the number of cars field and
2:42:35within the constructor when we
2:42:37increment each copy of number of cars
2:42:40well it's only ever going to be a
2:42:41maximum of one
2:42:43so one way in which we could fix that is
2:42:45to change
2:42:46this field to a static field after
2:42:49public type
2:42:50static public static int number of cars
2:42:54and we can no longer access this field
2:42:56in a non-static way
2:42:58by typing the name of an object followed
2:43:00by the name of the field
2:43:02we would have to access this field in a
2:43:04static way
2:43:05by typing the name of its class followed
2:43:08by the name of the field
2:43:09so type the name of the class car
2:43:11followed by you know dot
2:43:13then the name of the field so this field
2:43:16now belongs to the car class
2:43:18and no one object has complete ownership
2:43:21of it it's kind of like they're all
2:43:22sharing the same variable and let's try
2:43:25this again
2:43:26so the number of cars that we have
2:43:28created
2:43:29is two now just to test everything let's
2:43:32create a third car we have a third racer
2:43:34within our race
2:43:36so car 3 will be a what about a lambo
2:43:39and we now have created three cars
2:43:42so again by preceding this field with
2:43:44the static modifier
2:43:46the class now owns it we can also apply
2:43:48the static modifier
2:43:50to a method as well public static
2:43:53and we'll create a method to begin our
2:43:55race let's call this
2:43:56start race
2:44:00so we don't want each object to be able
2:44:02to start the race on their own terms
2:44:04right
2:44:05so it would be better if the car class
2:44:07itself has a start race method
2:44:10so then if we would like to begin our
2:44:11race we can access it in a static way
2:44:14the race has begun
2:44:18then if i need to invoke this method i
2:44:21type
2:44:21the name of the class car dot
2:44:25the name of the static method start race
2:44:28then a set of parentheses to invoke it
2:44:30and this should now begin our race
2:44:32the race has begun and then you can also
2:44:36apply the static modifier to a class
2:44:38itself but then you can't instantiate
2:44:40objects from this class you can see that
2:44:42we're getting errors
2:44:43cannot declare a variable of static type
2:44:46cart
2:44:46so that's kind of like the deal with the
2:44:48math class
2:44:49in order to use a method of the math
2:44:51class we wouldn't create like a map
2:44:53object right like
2:44:54math math 1 equals new math right
2:44:57and then we wouldn't type math1 dot
2:45:00round to rounded number
2:45:01it's a lot easier just to use directly
2:45:04the math class and type
2:45:06math dot round so that's kind of the
2:45:09idea behind
2:45:09a static class you can't create objects
2:45:12from a static class
2:45:14and we kind of learned about that in the
2:45:15video on classes
2:45:17well in conclusion the static modifier
2:45:20can be applied to a field
2:45:22a method or a class itself anything that
2:45:25is declared static
2:45:26now belongs to the class and no one
2:45:29object has
2:45:30ownership of it so that is the static
2:45:33modifier
2:45:34if this video helped you out help me out
2:45:36by smashing that like button drop a
2:45:37random comment down below and well
2:45:39yeah that's the static modifier in
2:45:41c-sharp
2:45:45all right overloaded constructors by
2:45:48using overloaded constructors this is a
2:45:50technique to create
2:45:51multiple constructors within the same
2:45:53class much like that video on overloaded
2:45:55methods
2:45:56so with overloaded constructors multiple
2:45:59constructors can have the same name
2:46:01but they need a different set of
2:46:02parameters because
2:46:04a method's name plus its parameters
2:46:06equals a unique method signature
2:46:08and each method must have their own
2:46:10unique signature
2:46:12so let's create a class named pizza
2:46:17and there's going to be four fields
2:46:19let's have string bread
2:46:20for the type of bread we would like for
2:46:22our pizza like is it flat bread
2:46:24stuffed crust plain
2:46:28a field for sauce cheese
2:46:31and topping
2:46:35then let's create a constructor
2:46:38public pizza
2:46:41and then we need to set up the
2:46:43parameters
2:46:45string bread string sauce
2:46:49string cheese and
2:46:52string topping and then we'll need to
2:46:54assign these
2:46:56this dot bread equals bread
2:46:59this dot sauce equals sauce
2:47:03this dot cheese equals cheese
2:47:07and this dot topping equals
2:47:11topping all right then let's construct a
2:47:15pizza object
2:47:18pizza let's call this pizza all lower
2:47:20case
2:47:21equals new pizza then we need to pass
2:47:25in something for the bread the sauce the
2:47:27cheese and the topping
2:47:28because we can't construct a pizza
2:47:31object without
2:47:32bread sauce cheese and a topping we need
2:47:35all four
2:47:36in order to construct a pizza object so
2:47:39let's pass in something for the bread
2:47:41let's say i would like a stuffed crust
2:47:43pizza stuffed crust
2:47:45for the sauce let's say red sauce
2:47:49and the cheese what about mozzarella i
2:47:52don't remember how to spell mozzarella
2:47:55mozzarella i'm taking a guess here
2:47:58and a topping pepperoni
2:48:02so we can construct a pizza object just
2:48:05fine right
2:48:06but what if we would like a pizza
2:48:08without any toppings like a plain cheese
2:48:10pizza
2:48:10so i'm going to get rid of that topping
2:48:12well we can't construct a pizza without
2:48:14a topping we need to add something
2:48:16because we only have one constructor set
2:48:18up and we need to pass in something for
2:48:20a topping
2:48:21so one way in which we can solve this
2:48:23problem is to have multiple constructors
2:48:26overloaded constructors we can pass in a
2:48:29varying amount of arguments
2:48:30so if we would like a cheese pizza
2:48:32without any toppings
2:48:33we can use that specific constructor
2:48:35that will construct a
2:48:37plain cheese pizza so let's copy this
2:48:39constructor
2:48:40they can have the same name but they
2:48:42need a different set of parameters
2:48:44so i'm going to remove this topping
2:48:46parameter
2:48:47and we will not assign this dot topping
2:48:50equals topping
2:48:51and we can now create a plain cheese
2:48:54pizza
2:48:54and let's do the same thing with i don't
2:48:56know maybe somebody doesn't want cheese
2:48:58on their pizza
2:49:01so pizza with only bread and sauce
2:49:07and then another pizza with only bread
2:49:10i'm not even really sure if it's
2:49:11considered a pizza then maybe it's
2:49:12garlic bread or something
2:49:13but i don't know though we can now
2:49:15create a pizza object that has
2:49:17no toppings no cheese and no sauce
2:49:21so by using overload constructors we can
2:49:23construct objects with
2:49:25varying amounts of fields maybe we would
2:49:27like toppings
2:49:28maybe we don't well we have a choice now
2:49:31so yeah that's overloaded constructors
2:49:33it's a technique to create
2:49:34multiple constructors with a different
2:49:37set of parameters
2:49:38they can share the same name but you
2:49:39need a different set of parameters
2:49:42because a constructor's name plus its
2:49:44parameters
2:49:45equals a constructor's signature and
2:49:47each constructor needs a unique
2:49:49signature so yeah those are overloaded
2:49:52constructors in c
2:49:53sharp if this video helped you out help
2:49:55me out by smashing that like button
2:49:57leave a random comment down below and
2:49:58well yeah those are overloaded
2:50:00constructors
2:50:01in c sharp
2:50:06all right what's going on people
2:50:07inheritance so inheritance is this
2:50:10programming concept
2:50:11of one or more child classes receiving
2:50:14fields methods
2:50:15etc from a common parent kind of like
2:50:18how people
2:50:19inherit genes from their parents well
2:50:21with programming we can kind of do
2:50:22something similar
2:50:23parent classes can have children classes
2:50:26and anything
2:50:27that the parent class has the child
2:50:29classes now have
2:50:31so here's an example let's create a
2:50:32parent class named
2:50:34vehicle not any kind of specific vehicle
2:50:36just a generic
2:50:37vehicle class class vehicle and
2:50:41there will be one field let's say public
2:50:44and speed and i'll set this equal to
2:50:47maybe zero and let's create a method
2:50:50public void go all vehicles can go
2:50:52somewhere
2:50:54and all we'll display is
2:50:57this vehicle is moving
2:51:00we can inherit this speed field and this
2:51:03go method from the vehicle class
2:51:05so this vehicle class is going to have
2:51:07children so let's create a car class
2:51:09a bike class and a boat class so type
2:51:12class
2:51:13car then to inherit from another class
2:51:15type
2:51:16after the class name colon and then the
2:51:19parent in which you would like to
2:51:20inherit from
2:51:21so car is going to be the child class
2:51:24vehicle will be the parent class
2:51:26so car will have access to its own speed
2:51:29and go method
2:51:30and then you can add anything additional
2:51:32within the car class like number of
2:51:34wheels
2:51:35public and wheels and i'll set this to 4
2:51:38for all
2:51:38car objects now let's create a bicycle
2:51:41class
2:51:42it's the same process as before class
2:51:45bicycle and this will inherit from the
2:51:49vehicle class as well but let's change
2:51:51wheels to two and then let's create a
2:51:53book class
2:51:54class boat and here it's from vehicle
2:51:57wheels
2:51:58zero because well it's a boat okay so
2:52:00let's instantiate a car
2:52:02bicycle and boat object so let's do that
2:52:05here
2:52:06car car equals new car
2:52:11bicycle bicycle
2:52:14keep on spilling bicycle wrong bicycle
2:52:18equals new bicycle
2:52:21and boat boat equals new boat
2:52:25so if we take a look at this car object
2:52:27car
2:52:28dot there is a speed field as well as a
2:52:31go method even though there's nothing
2:52:33within
2:52:34this car class besides wheels so since
2:52:36car is the child class
2:52:38and vehicle is the parent class car has
2:52:41access to a go method and a speed field
2:52:43even though there's nothing within here
2:52:45except a wheels field
2:52:46and of course car objects do have a
2:52:48wheels field as well
2:52:50which we stand within the car class so
2:52:52let's just test these
2:52:53i'm going to display car dot speed
2:52:57car dot speed followed by
2:53:02car dot wheels and i will have this car
2:53:06use
2:53:06its go method car.go
2:53:10all right so our car speed is zero
2:53:12that's because we set it to be zero
2:53:14within the vehicle class
2:53:16this car has four wheels which we stated
2:53:18within the car class
2:53:19and this car class has a go method that
2:53:22states this vehicle is moving
2:53:24so i bet the same thing applies to our
2:53:26bicycle and boat object
2:53:28so let's copy these three lines of code
2:53:30change car to
2:53:31bicycle bicycle.speed bicycle.wheels
2:53:35and bicycle.go and the same thing
2:53:37applies to both
2:53:38boat dot speed boat dot wheels boat dot
2:53:41go
2:53:43so all three of these different types of
2:53:45vehicles each have
2:53:46a speed field a wheels field and a go
2:53:50method
2:53:50so the point of inheritance is that we
2:53:52can reuse code
2:53:54i mean we could just copy these fields
2:53:56and methods and then paste them within
2:53:58each of these classes
2:53:59but imagine that you have hundreds of
2:54:00different classes and we need to change
2:54:02like go to start well it's a lot easier
2:54:06just to make that change in one place
2:54:07than having to manually go through all
2:54:09of our classes
2:54:10so yeah that's kind of the benefit of
2:54:11inheritance we can keep
2:54:13anything that these classes have in
2:54:15common within a common parent class
2:54:17and these classes can simply just
2:54:19inherit these fields and methods
2:54:21so yeah that's inheritance if you liked
2:54:23this video be sure to smash that like
2:54:25button
2:54:26drop a random comment down below and
2:54:28well yeah that's inheritance in c sharp
2:54:34alright what's going on abstract classes
2:54:36abstract is a keyword that we can apply
2:54:39to classes properties and methods but in
2:54:42this video we're going to focus on
2:54:43abstract classes now you can apply the
2:54:46abstract keyword it's a modifier
2:54:48to a class and that indicates that this
2:54:51class
2:54:51is missing components or is an
2:54:53incomplete implementation
2:54:55so let's take a look we're using
2:54:56inheritance here so i have a class
2:54:58vehicle vehicle has a speed field as
2:55:01well as a go method
2:55:03and there's three children classes car
2:55:05bicycle and
2:55:06boat and these are complete
2:55:08implementations
2:55:09so car has four wheels and a max speed
2:55:11of 500
2:55:12bicycle has two wheels a max speed of 50
2:55:15and
2:55:16boat has zero wheels and a max speed of
2:55:17100 i just made up some numbers for the
2:55:19max speed
2:55:20i can create a car object bicycle object
2:55:23and boat object just fine
2:55:24these are complete implementations but
2:55:27unfortunately i can also create a
2:55:29vehicle object
2:55:30vehicle vehicle equals new vehicle
2:55:33so vehicle is incomplete it's missing a
2:55:36number of wheels and a max speed
2:55:38so imagine that we're having a race and
2:55:40somebody decides to pick
2:55:42the vehicle but we want somebody to pick
2:55:44a specific
2:55:45implementation of a vehicle like a car
2:55:48bicycle or boat
2:55:49i would like to prevent people from
2:55:51creating generic vehicle objects
2:55:53so this is kind of like imagine somebody
2:55:55picks the invisible vehicle in like a
2:55:57racing game or something
2:55:59one way in which i can prevent people
2:56:00from instantiating vehicle objects
2:56:02because it's not finished it's an
2:56:04incomplete implementation
2:56:06is to precede this class definition with
2:56:08this abstract keyword
2:56:10so if i precede class with abstract i
2:56:13can no longer create a
2:56:14vehicle object cannot create an instance
2:56:17of the abstract type
2:56:18or interface vehicle so that adds a
2:56:21little bit of security to our programs
2:56:23if there's a class that you do not want
2:56:24to be able to instantiate objects from
2:56:27you can just precede that class
2:56:28definition with the abstract keyword
2:56:31and you cannot create an object from
2:56:33that class
2:56:34and that's basically what the abstract
2:56:35modifier does we can indicate that a
2:56:38class
2:56:38we can also apply this to properties and
2:56:40methods as well but that's a video for
2:56:42another day
2:56:43so when we precede a class definition
2:56:46with abstract
2:56:47we are indicating that that class is
2:56:49missing components
2:56:50or is incomplete so we should not be
2:56:52able to instantiate
2:56:54objects from this class which adds a
2:56:56little bit of security so yeah
2:56:57that's the abstract keyword if you found
2:56:59this video helpful help me out by
2:57:01smashing that like button
2:57:02leave a random comment down below and
2:57:03well yeah that's the abstract modifier
2:57:06in c-sharp
2:57:10all right what's going on people so in
2:57:12this video i'm going to show you all how
2:57:14we can create an array of objects
2:57:15i have a class car cars have one field a
2:57:18model field
2:57:19and a constructor to assign an argument
2:57:21to this
2:57:22model field so let's create some car
2:57:24objects car
2:57:25car one equals new car then pass in a
2:57:29model of your choosing
2:57:30let's say that car one will be a mustang
2:57:33and let's create maybe two more cars
2:57:36car two and car three car two will be
2:57:39a corvette and car three will be a lambo
2:57:43so we'll need an array to work with too
2:57:46so in the past when we've created arrays
2:57:48we will list the data type of what we're
2:57:50storing within our array like strings
2:57:52ins whatever so after the data type add
2:57:55a set of
2:57:55straight brackets but the data type is
2:57:58going to be the
2:57:59data type of the objects that we're
2:58:00working with since we're working with
2:58:02car objects
2:58:03we'll change that to car car straight
2:58:06brackets
2:58:06then we need a name for this array let's
2:58:09say garage it's kind of like we're
2:58:10parking cars within a garage
2:58:12equals new the data type again straight
2:58:15brackets
2:58:15then a size for this array let's say
2:58:18three then we will assign
2:58:20some of these indexes with an object so
2:58:22let's begin with garage at index
2:58:24zero this will equal let's say car one
2:58:27it's as if car one is parking within our
2:58:30garage at
2:58:31this parking spot number of zero then
2:58:33let's park
2:58:34car two and car three so garage at index
2:58:37of one
2:58:38equals car two garage at index of two
2:58:41equals car three then let's display
2:58:43these
2:58:44console.right console.writeline garage
2:58:47at index of zero so let me just show you
2:58:50what this looks like first we're not
2:58:51accessing the model quite yet we're just
2:58:53displaying whatever's within garage at
2:58:55index of zero and what we get is the
2:58:58namespace
2:58:59followed by the data type of our object
2:59:02so if we need
2:59:03the model of this object whatever's
2:59:04within garage index of zero
2:59:06i'm going to follow this with dot model
2:59:10and that will display my car's model
2:59:13which is a mustang
2:59:14then let's do the same thing for garage
2:59:16at index of one and two
2:59:18so garage index of one garage index of
2:59:21two
2:59:21then make sure to follow those with dot
2:59:23model
2:59:24so within our garage between indexes 0
2:59:27through
2:59:282 we have a mustang corvette and a lambo
2:59:31now another way in which we could
2:59:32display these is with a for each loop
2:59:35for each parentheses curly braces
2:59:39and with our for each loop we have to
2:59:41list the data type
2:59:42of whatever's within our array car
2:59:46and let's call each car just car car car
2:59:49in garage then during each iteration we
2:59:53will display
2:59:54car dot model and that will do the same
2:59:58thing
2:59:58however this time we will iterate
3:00:00through our array
3:00:02now there's another way in which we
3:00:03could write this too we don't need to
3:00:05necessarily
3:00:06define a size for our array then create
3:00:08some named car objects
3:00:10and then assign those objects directly
3:00:12to each index
3:00:13we could just declare an array and then
3:00:15immediately instantiate some objects all
3:00:17in one step
3:00:18so we're going to create a new array car
3:00:20straight brackets i will call this
3:00:22garage
3:00:23equals curly braces and then we will
3:00:26pass in
3:00:27just new car then you need to pass in a
3:00:29model
3:00:32and do the same thing with your other
3:00:33two cars
3:00:36okay this will do the same thing it's
3:00:38just written in less steps
3:00:41so these are known as anonymous objects
3:00:43they don't technically have a name
3:00:44so i may or may not make a separate
3:00:46video on anonymous objects
3:00:48so within our garage we should have a
3:00:50mustang corvette
3:00:52and a lambo so yeah that's how to create
3:00:54an array of objects
3:00:56in c sharp
3:00:59hey what's going on people in this video
3:01:01i'm going to show you all how we can
3:01:03pass
3:01:03an object as an argument so here's the
3:01:05rundown i have a class car
3:01:07cars have two fields a model and a color
3:01:10and a constructor to assign a model and
3:01:12color argument that we receive
3:01:14i have one car object car car one equals
3:01:17new car
3:01:18the model of this car is a mustang and
3:01:20the color is red
3:01:21so i'm going to create a method that
3:01:23will change the color of my car
3:01:25but i have to pass in a car object so
3:01:28let's create a method to handle that for
3:01:30us
3:01:31public static void it's not returning
3:01:34anything and let's call this method
3:01:36change color and we'll need two
3:01:39parameters
3:01:40a car that we would like to change the
3:01:42color of so the data type is going to be
3:01:45car as well as a name for this parameter
3:01:47let's name whatever car object that we
3:01:49receive as just
3:01:51simply car and we need a color as well
3:01:53that would be a string
3:01:54string color then to change the color of
3:01:58this car
3:01:59i would type car dot color
3:02:02equals whatever color that we receive
3:02:05and that's it
3:02:06so now when we invoke this method we
3:02:08have to pass in a car object as well as
3:02:10a color
3:02:12so that would be change color and the
3:02:15car object
3:02:16that i will pass in as an argument is
3:02:18car 1 the name of the object
3:02:20as well as a new color let's color this
3:02:22car silver
3:02:23and then let's display our cars color
3:02:26and
3:02:26model console.right
3:02:30car one dot color
3:02:34plus a lot of space plus car one
3:02:38dot model and this should change the
3:02:40color of our car
3:02:41to a silver mustang so to pass an object
3:02:45as an argument
3:02:46you need to make sure that you have the
3:02:47right parameter set up you type
3:02:49the data type of this object followed by
3:02:52a name for this parameter
3:02:54then when you invoke this method you
3:02:55have to pass in the name of the object
3:02:57let's try something a little bit
3:02:58different let's create a method to
3:03:00copy an object so let's get rid of this
3:03:03change color method but we'll keep our
3:03:05car object
3:03:07so we'll create a method to return a car
3:03:10object so public static
3:03:14instead of void the data type is the
3:03:17type that we're returning we're
3:03:18returning a car
3:03:20object so replace void with car
3:03:23then we need a name for this method
3:03:25let's call this copy
3:03:26so we will pass in a car object the data
3:03:29type
3:03:29is car and i will name this argument
3:03:32that we receive
3:03:33as car now one thing that we can do to
3:03:36copy a car object
3:03:37is return a new
3:03:40car and then we'll need to pass in
3:03:43a model and a color so the model
3:03:47of this car is car dot model and the
3:03:50color
3:03:51is car dot color
3:03:54now if i would like to copy car 1 and
3:03:57create a second car
3:03:58a copy of it i can type car car 2
3:04:02equals copy and then i will pass
3:04:05this object as an argument and then
3:04:08let's display the fields
3:04:09of car2 and i bet it's a red mustang
3:04:13oh yeah there we go so we successfully
3:04:15created a copy of car one
3:04:18by returning a car object so yeah that's
3:04:21how to pass objects as
3:04:22arguments you just have to list the data
3:04:24type of the object
3:04:26since we're working with cars we had to
3:04:27set up a cart parameter
3:04:29then if you would like to return an
3:04:31object instead of void you would replace
3:04:33void with the data type of the object
3:04:35you would like to return
3:04:37and if you would like to return a new
3:04:39object like what we did with this copy
3:04:41method
3:04:42you would return a new and then call the
3:04:45constructor of whatever object you would
3:04:47like to create and return
3:04:48so that's why we called the car
3:04:50constructor and then we returned that
3:04:52new car
3:04:53back to this spot here so it's kind of
3:04:55like we replaced this method with
3:04:58calling the car constructor something
3:05:00like that so yeah that's how to pass
3:05:02objects as arguments as well as return
3:05:05objects from methods too
3:05:07so yeah if this video helped you out
3:05:08feel free to help me out by smashing
3:05:10that like button
3:05:11leave a random comment down below and
3:05:13subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:05:14fellow bro
3:05:18right what's going on people we're
3:05:19talking about method overriding
3:05:21method overriding provides a new version
3:05:24of a method
3:05:25inherited from a parent class i have a
3:05:27class animal this is a parent class
3:05:29also known as a super class or base
3:05:31class and i have
3:05:33two child classes dog inherits from
3:05:35animal and
3:05:36cat inherits from animal so let's say
3:05:38that we have a method within
3:05:39our animal class so let's create one
3:05:42public
3:05:43void speak all animals can speak
3:05:48and then when a class that inherits this
3:05:50method
3:05:51uses this method let's display a message
3:05:54such as
3:05:55the animal goes
3:06:00okay let's create a dog object and a cat
3:06:03object
3:06:04dog dog equals new dog
3:06:08cat cat equals new cat
3:06:13dogs since they're inheriting from the
3:06:16animal class they have a speak method
3:06:18as well as cats cat dot speak
3:06:22so when both this dog object and this
3:06:24cat object
3:06:25invoke their speak methods that they
3:06:27inherit from the parent class of animal
3:06:30we will execute this method and when my
3:06:32dog
3:06:33and cat object speak that will display
3:06:36the animal goes
3:06:37burr okay so we can actually provide
3:06:40our own implementation of this method we
3:06:43can override this method and do
3:06:45something else
3:06:46now to overwrite a method it needs the
3:06:47same method signature
3:06:49the same name and the same parameters so
3:06:51if i would like to
3:06:52override this speak method within my dog
3:06:55class i'm going
3:06:56to type public override
3:07:01void the same type as the original
3:07:03method
3:07:04and the same name and signature now to
3:07:07create an overriding method
3:07:08the method that is inherited must be
3:07:11virtual
3:07:12abstract or already overridden so i'm
3:07:15going to add this modifier
3:07:17virtual so we can now override this
3:07:19method
3:07:20you can also do this with an abstract
3:07:22method too
3:07:24but the class needs to be abstract as
3:07:26well
3:07:27and there needs to be no body
3:07:30but we'll just stick with virtual in
3:07:32this video
3:07:35okay so we have our virtual method that
3:07:37means that
3:07:38this method can be overridden and now we
3:07:40can provide
3:07:41our own implementation of the speak
3:07:43method specifically for
3:07:45dogs so let's display a different
3:07:47message
3:07:48console.rightline the dog
3:07:51goes woof so notice that we don't have
3:07:55anything within
3:07:56our cat class now if both dog and cat
3:07:59use their speak methods
3:08:01the dog will instead speak and say the
3:08:04dog goes woof
3:08:05and our cat is still using the method
3:08:07that inherits from its parent animal
3:08:10if i would like to do the same thing for
3:08:12my cat objects i can override this
3:08:14method again
3:08:15public override void
3:08:19speak and then i can provide a different
3:08:23implementation
3:08:25the cat goes meow
3:08:30so after both dog and cat use their
3:08:33speak methods
3:08:34this displays the dog goes woof the cat
3:08:37goes meow
3:08:38so by using method overriding we can
3:08:40provide a new version of a method
3:08:42inherited from a parent class however
3:08:45the inheritance method
3:08:46must be abstract virtual or
3:08:49already overwritten and a method
3:08:51overriding is commonly used with
3:08:53the tostring method which we still need
3:08:55to talk about
3:08:56and polymorphism so yeah that's method
3:08:59overriding
3:09:00if you found this video helpful please
3:09:01smash that like button leave a random
3:09:03comment down below
3:09:04and subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:09:06fellow bro
3:09:09all right welcome back everybody the two
3:09:11string method the two string method
3:09:13is an inherent method of objects its job
3:09:16is to convert an object
3:09:18to its string representation so that it
3:09:20is suitable for display
3:09:22so i have a class car cars have four
3:09:25fields i make a model a year and a color
3:09:27and i have a constructor to assign some
3:09:30of these fields
3:09:31so what we could do if we would like
3:09:32some of this information we can override
3:09:34the built-in tostring method of objects
3:09:37that includes cars 2.
3:09:39so let's create a car object car car
3:09:42equals new card then i need to pass in a
3:09:45make
3:09:46model year and color let's say that this
3:09:48is a
3:09:49chevy corvette
3:09:53the year is 2022 and the color
3:09:56is blue so within a writeline statement
3:10:00if i type the name of my object
3:10:02car there's actually a tostring method
3:10:05and when we invoke this method let's
3:10:07take a look to see what happens
3:10:09so this displays the namespace followed
3:10:12by
3:10:12the type of the object that we're
3:10:14working with so we can actually
3:10:16override this method so that when we use
3:10:18the tostring method
3:10:19we can return a string representation of
3:10:22this object
3:10:23maybe we can display the make model year
3:10:25in color somehow
3:10:26so we'll need to override this method to
3:10:29string
3:10:30so let's do that here we're going to
3:10:32type
3:10:33public then to override a method we have
3:10:35to use that override keyword
3:10:38then type to string and this might
3:10:41auto-generate for you
3:10:42so we're returning a string and by
3:10:45default this will return
3:10:46base to string what we can do instead is
3:10:49return something else we can return
3:10:51some sort of string representation
3:10:53that's suitable for display
3:10:55let's say that when i use the tostring
3:10:57method of my car object
3:10:59i'd like to return a sentence that says
3:11:01this is a
3:11:02make plus model a chevy corvette so
3:11:05let's do something like this
3:11:07let's say string
3:11:10message equals this
3:11:13is a plus make
3:11:17then i'll just add a space plus model
3:11:20really you can do whatever you want and
3:11:22then i'm going to return
3:11:23this string or i could take all of this
3:11:27copy it and then return
3:11:33this is a make plus model i could do
3:11:35that too and that would work
3:11:37so when i use the tostring method it's
3:11:39going to return this sentence
3:11:40and insert make and model this is a
3:11:43chevy corvette
3:11:45one thing you can do too you don't
3:11:46necessarily need to directly invoke the
3:11:49tostring method
3:11:50you can just type the name of the object
3:11:52and that will do the same thing
3:11:54so this will behind the scenes called
3:11:55the tostring method
3:11:57so before when we displayed our object
3:12:00with a writeline statement it would
3:12:01display the namespace
3:12:02plus the type of the object but if you
3:12:04were to override
3:12:06the tostring method you can return some
3:12:08sort of sentence or string
3:12:10representation of your object
3:12:11that is suitable for display so yeah
3:12:14that is the
3:12:15tostring method it converts an object to
3:12:18a string representation
3:12:19that is suitable for display and really
3:12:21you can type whatever you want here just
3:12:23be sure to return a string
3:12:24so yeah that is the two string method if
3:12:27you found this video helpful please be
3:12:28sure to give it a thumbs up drop a
3:12:30random comment down below and subscribe
3:12:32if you'd like to become a fellow bro
3:12:34hey what's going on everybody it's you
3:12:36bro hope you're doing well
3:12:37and in this video i'm going to explain
3:12:39to polymorphism in c sharp
3:12:41so sit back relax and enjoy the show
3:12:46all right what's going on people
3:12:48polymorphism
3:12:49polymorphism is a greek word that means
3:12:52to have many forms
3:12:53with programming objects can be
3:12:55identified by more than one type
3:12:57they can have many forms for example
3:13:00let's say that we have a dog
3:13:02a dog could be considered a canine an
3:13:04animal
3:13:05and an organism so a dog has more than
3:13:07just
3:13:08one form it has more than one data type
3:13:10here's the situation we're going to have
3:13:12a race
3:13:13we'll enter in a car object bicycle
3:13:15object and boat object
3:13:17so i have four classes vehicle is the
3:13:19base class
3:13:20otherwise known as the parent class and
3:13:23car bicycle and boat all inherit from
3:13:25the vehicle class
3:13:26so with my race i need to create a car
3:13:28object bicycle object and
3:13:30boat object so let's do that car car
3:13:34equals new car
3:13:37bicycle bicycle equals
3:13:40new bicycle
3:13:43and boat boat equals new boat
3:13:47i would like to place all of these
3:13:49objects within an array for my race
3:13:51but what's the data type of the array
3:13:53going to be so let's try and make an
3:13:55array of cars and add our car
3:13:57bicycle and boat and let's just see what
3:13:59happens i will name this array
3:14:01just vehicles equals and then within
3:14:05curly braces
3:14:06add whatever objects you would like i
3:14:08would like to enter my car into the race
3:14:10my bicycle and my boat
3:14:13okay but we're running into some errors
3:14:15here cannot implicitly convert
3:14:17bicycle to car so i stated that the
3:14:21data type of this array is going to be
3:14:23cars i can only enter
3:14:25car objects so i have no issue there but
3:14:27i cannot enter in
3:14:28my bicycle and boat objects into this
3:14:31array
3:14:31but one way in which we can solve this
3:14:33is by using polymorphism
3:14:36so we can find what they all have in
3:14:38common they all
3:14:39identify as vehicles because they all
3:14:42inherit from the vehicle class
3:14:44these objects have more than one form
3:14:46they can be identified by more than one
3:14:48type
3:14:48so instead of my array being an array of
3:14:50cars i'm going to change this
3:14:52to vehicle because well these three
3:14:55objects
3:14:56identify as well a car a bicycle and a
3:14:58boat respectively
3:15:00but also vehicles because they inherit
3:15:02from the vehicle class
3:15:03so you can see that this is valid if you
3:15:05need to create an array of
3:15:07different types of objects you have to
3:15:09find what they have in common
3:15:10and then you can just use that as a data
3:15:12type they are all also considered
3:15:14vehicles
3:15:15let's move on to part two what i would
3:15:17like to do is have all of these vehicles
3:15:19use a go method
3:15:21so they will all begin the race at the
3:15:23same time so let's create a go method
3:15:25within each of these classes
3:15:27public void go
3:15:31and we'll just display the car
3:15:35is moving place that within the car
3:15:37class
3:15:38let's make a go method for bicycles
3:15:41change
3:15:41car to bicycle
3:15:44and then the boat is moving
3:15:48okay now to iterate over this array of
3:15:50vehicles
3:15:51we can use a for each loop for each
3:15:54now what's the data type of our vehicle
3:15:57array
3:15:57well it's vehicles vehicle vehicle
3:16:01in vehicles and now i would like
3:16:04each vehicle to use its go method
3:16:08vehicle.go so each vehicle will use its
3:16:11go method
3:16:12but there's one more thing that we need
3:16:14to do we need a go method within our
3:16:17vehicle class
3:16:18so all of these methods within our car
3:16:21bicycle
3:16:21and boat classes all are going to be
3:16:24overriding
3:16:25a go method found within the vehicle
3:16:27class so let's create a
3:16:29virtual method public
3:16:32virtual void
3:16:35go and we don't necessarily need to
3:16:39define anything within the go method
3:16:42because we're going to be overriding
3:16:43this method okay
3:16:45then we need to use this override
3:16:48modifier
3:16:52all right now when we iterate over this
3:16:55array of vehicles
3:16:56each vehicle will use its go method it's
3:16:59as if when we would like to begin our
3:17:01race
3:17:01all of the vehicles within our array
3:17:03will use their go methods
3:17:05at the same time the car is moving the
3:17:07bicycle is moving the boat is moving
3:17:10so yeah that's polymorphism it's a greek
3:17:12word that means to have many forms
3:17:14objects can be identified by more than
3:17:16one type
3:17:18and in this example we created an array
3:17:20of vehicles
3:17:21our car identifies as a car but it also
3:17:24identifies as a vehicle
3:17:25and objects do identify as objects too
3:17:28so cars identify as objects
3:17:30and the same thing can apply with
3:17:32bicycle and boats in our example
3:17:34so yeah that's polymorphism if you found
3:17:37this video helpful be sure to smash that
3:17:39like button leave a random comment down
3:17:40below
3:17:41and subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:17:43fellow bro
3:17:46all right interfaces an interface is
3:17:49much like a parent class
3:17:51or base class it defines a sort of
3:17:54contract
3:17:54that all classes inheriting from need to
3:17:57follow
3:17:58an interface can contain properties
3:18:00methods events
3:18:01and if there's any of those declared
3:18:03within an interface
3:18:05anything that inherits from that
3:18:06interface needs to be implemented within
3:18:09an inheriting class
3:18:10an interface declares what a class
3:18:13should have
3:18:14and the class that it inherits from
3:18:16defines how it should do it exactly
3:18:19so here's an example we'll create three
3:18:21classes
3:18:22rabbit hawk and fish and two interfaces
3:18:26prey and predator
3:18:33alright now let's create two interfaces
3:18:36to create an interface you type
3:18:38interface and then the name of the
3:18:39interface however a common naming
3:18:42convention with
3:18:43interfaces is that you precede the
3:18:45interface name
3:18:46with capital i so if we would like a
3:18:49prey interface
3:18:50we would type i pray and then let's
3:18:53create a predator interface
3:18:55interface i predator
3:18:58now with these interfaces we can pretty
3:19:00much declare anything within these
3:19:02interfaces but if one of these classes
3:19:04would like to inherit from this
3:19:06interface they need to implement
3:19:08anything declared within them
3:19:10so let's say that if you're prey then
3:19:13you need a method to flee because you're
3:19:15fleeing from predators
3:19:17i'm going to declare a flea method void
3:19:20flee we will declare it but not
3:19:23implement it
3:19:24implementing this method is the job of
3:19:26the inheriting class
3:19:27that would like to use this interface
3:19:30let's say that
3:19:30rabbits will inherit this interface i
3:19:33pray
3:19:34colon i pray and in order to do so we
3:19:38need to implement
3:19:39this method of fleet within the rabbit
3:19:41class in order to use it
3:19:44public void flea
3:19:47and then be sure to add a body to this
3:19:49method so when we invoke this method
3:19:52let's write the rabbit runs away
3:19:57okay now we can create a rabbit object
3:20:01rabbit rabbit equals
3:20:04new rabbit and i bet there's a flea
3:20:08method
3:20:08rabbit dot flea
3:20:11and let's try it the rabbit runs away
3:20:15now let's have our hawk class inherit
3:20:17this predator interface
3:20:19now with our predator interface let's
3:20:21create a method
3:20:23to hunt void hunt
3:20:26we will declare it but not implemented
3:20:28implementing this method is the job of
3:20:30the classes inheriting
3:20:31this interface so hawk will inherit the
3:20:35i predator interface but we need to
3:20:38implement
3:20:39that hunt method public
3:20:42void hunt
3:20:46and then let's display the hawk
3:20:49is searching for food
3:20:52and we can create a hawk object hawk
3:20:56hawk equals new hawk
3:21:00so let's take a look at our hawk object
3:21:03hawk
3:21:03dot and there's no flea method because
3:21:06we're not implementing
3:21:07the prey interface we're implementing
3:21:09the predator interface
3:21:11so there is a hunt method and not a flea
3:21:14method
3:21:16hawk.hunt
3:21:19the hawk is searching for food now with
3:21:21interfaces
3:21:22you can inherit more than one unlike
3:21:24with standard inheritance
3:21:25so fish they could be both prey and
3:21:28predators
3:21:29to inherit two interfaces after the
3:21:31colon you can separate each with a comma
3:21:34so fish will inherit the i prey and i
3:21:37predator interfaces but now they need to
3:21:40implement
3:21:40both of these methods flea and hunt so
3:21:43let's do so
3:21:45public void flea
3:21:51the fish swims away
3:21:54and now we need to implement that hunt
3:21:56method
3:21:58public void hunt
3:22:06the fish is searching
3:22:09for smaller fish
3:22:13all right now let's create a fish object
3:22:16fish
3:22:16fish equals new fish
3:22:23so fish have both a flea and a hunt
3:22:25method
3:22:27fish dot flea fish dot hunt
3:22:32the fish swims away the fish is
3:22:34searching for smaller fish
3:22:36so an interface defines a sort of
3:22:38contract that all classes inheriting
3:22:40from
3:22:41should follow an interface declares what
3:22:44a class
3:22:44should have and the inheritance class
3:22:47defines
3:22:48how it should do it the benefits of
3:22:50using interfaces
3:22:51for one is that you can inherit multiple
3:22:53interfaces
3:22:55unlike with standard inheritance there's
3:22:57added security
3:22:59and this gives us a plug-and-play style
3:23:01of coding because
3:23:02anything that has the same interface
3:23:05will definitely have the same
3:23:06implemented methods and properties
3:23:08so you can swap these out for like a
3:23:10different creature if you would like
3:23:12so yeah those are interfaces if you
3:23:14found this video helpful please be sure
3:23:15to give this video a thumbs up
3:23:17leave a random comment down below and
3:23:19subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:23:20fellow bro
3:23:24all right welcome back everybody a list
3:23:27a list is a
3:23:28data structure that represents a list of
3:23:31objects
3:23:31that can be accessed by index it's
3:23:34similar to an array
3:23:35but they can increase and decrease
3:23:37dynamically in size during runtime
3:23:40which rays cannot do so here's an
3:23:42example of an array an array has a
3:23:43static
3:23:44fixed size and we cannot change it
3:23:46normally after runtime
3:23:48so let's create a standard array just
3:23:50for this example let's create an array
3:23:52of food
3:23:52string food equals new
3:23:56string and let's say that this array has
3:23:58a size of three
3:24:00so i'm going to add some elements to
3:24:02this array
3:24:11and then i can display these elements
3:24:13with a symbol for each loop
3:24:19pizza hamburger and hot dog so if i
3:24:22attempt to add another element to this
3:24:24array this is what happens
3:24:29we'll run into an exception and index
3:24:32out of range exception
3:24:33because index was outside the bounds of
3:24:35the array
3:24:36so you can't normally change the size of
3:24:38an array another option is to use a list
3:24:40a list can increase and decrease
3:24:42dynamically in size during runtime
3:24:45so let's create a list step one is that
3:24:48we'll need to import
3:24:50system.collections.generic so include
3:24:53this at the top i'll place it right
3:24:54underneath
3:24:55using system and this is how to declare
3:24:58a list
3:24:59list then within angle brackets list the
3:25:02type of object you would like to store
3:25:04strings and then i will name this list
3:25:07food
3:25:08equals new list
3:25:12angle brackets the data type again
3:25:16parentheses semicolon and we now have
3:25:19a list named food and to add elements to
3:25:22this list there is a built in add method
3:25:25food dot add then within
3:25:29this method pass in the object you would
3:25:31like to store
3:25:32i would like to store let's say a pizza
3:25:35then a hamburger then a hot dog
3:25:38so food dot add pizza hamburger
3:25:42and hot dog
3:25:46and let's take a look so we have our
3:25:49pizza
3:25:50hamburger and hot dog and i bet we can
3:25:52add even more than three elements
3:25:57so it appears that our list can resize
3:25:59dynamically which is a bonus
3:26:01then to access one of these elements
3:26:03it's much like an array you use that set
3:26:05of straight brackets
3:26:06so i'm going to display whatever's
3:26:08within element
3:26:09number zero food index zero
3:26:14and that would be pizza so accessing an
3:26:17element is the same as an array you just
3:26:19type the list name
3:26:20and then add a set of straight brackets
3:26:22then the index number okay so here's a
3:26:24few other useful methods of lists
3:26:27there is a remove method food dot remove
3:26:31then type in what you would like to
3:26:33remove i would like to remove
3:26:34fries and let's see if that's still in
3:26:37here
3:26:39nope fries is missing pizza hamburger
3:26:42hot dog
3:26:43so that is the add method and remove
3:26:45method but there's a few other useful
3:26:47methods
3:26:48so we can insert an object at a given
3:26:50element
3:26:51let's insert maybe sushi at index 1 via
3:26:54the insert method food dot insert
3:26:58then we need an index and an item
3:27:02so at the beginning of our list at index
3:27:050
3:27:06i will insert sushi
3:27:11sushi pizza hamburger hot dog fries
3:27:14we can get the current size of our array
3:27:17using the
3:27:18count property so within a writeline
3:27:20statement
3:27:21i'm going to display food dot count
3:27:24property and the current size
3:27:28of our list is four so that is the count
3:27:32property we can find the index of an
3:27:35element
3:27:37food dot index of
3:27:41and let's find where pizza is
3:27:46so that is at index zero you can also
3:27:50find
3:27:50the last index of a given item so what
3:27:53if we have fries both
3:27:54in the beginning and at the end food dot
3:27:58add fries
3:28:02so i have that in the beginning and at
3:28:04the end so i'm going to use
3:28:06the last index of method
3:28:09food dot last index
3:28:12of fries
3:28:15and the last index surprise is at four
3:28:19zero one two three four so let me get
3:28:23rid of that okay we can check to see
3:28:25if our list contains a given item
3:28:28using the contains method food dot
3:28:31contains pizza
3:28:35this will return a boolean true if pizza
3:28:38is within our list and false if not
3:28:40pizza is within our list so that returns
3:28:43true
3:28:44and that is the contains method then we
3:28:46have sword
3:28:47food dot sword this will sort our list
3:28:51alphabetically
3:28:53so our list in alphabetical order is
3:28:55fries hamburger hot dog pizza
3:28:57and we can sort in reverse order
3:29:00food.reverse
3:29:04and our list in reverse order is fry's
3:29:07hot dog hamburger pizza
3:29:09we can clear our list food dot
3:29:13clear
3:29:16and now our list is empty and lastly
3:29:20we can convert our list into an array so
3:29:23i'm going to declare a new array
3:29:25string let's say food array
3:29:29equals food dot
3:29:322 array
3:29:36string item in food array so we have
3:29:38pizza hamburger hot dog fries
3:29:41well okay then everybody that is a list
3:29:44it's similar to an array it's a data
3:29:46structure that represents a list of
3:29:48objects
3:29:49that can be accessed by index it's
3:29:51similar to an array
3:29:52but they can increase and decrease
3:29:54dynamically in size
3:29:56but they waste more memory so yeah those
3:29:58are lists in c
3:29:59sharp if you found this video helpful
3:30:00please be sure to give it a thumbs up
3:30:02drop a random comment down below and as
3:30:04always subscribe if you'd like to become
3:30:06a fellow bro
3:30:09all right what's going on everybody so
3:30:11in this video i'm going to show you all
3:30:12how we can create a list of objects from
3:30:15a custom class of ours
3:30:16in the last video i showed you all how
3:30:18we can create a list of strings
3:30:19but what if we would like to create a
3:30:21list of players to keep track of the
3:30:23amount of players in our game and their
3:30:24names
3:30:25so let's create a list list then we need
3:30:28angle brackets and
3:30:30the data type of the object we would
3:30:31like to store within our list
3:30:33i would like to store player objects and
3:30:35i'll name
3:30:36this list players because we're keeping
3:30:38track of the players
3:30:39players equals new list
3:30:44angle brackets our data type again
3:30:46player
3:30:47parentheses semicolon so we now have a
3:30:50list
3:30:50that can store player objects so let's
3:30:53instantiate some player objects
3:30:54and i have a field setup username you
3:30:57can also set up getters and setters too
3:30:59if you prefer
3:31:00so let's create some player objects
3:31:01player and we'll call this player
3:31:03player1
3:31:04equals new player but we need to pass in
3:31:07a username as an argument
3:31:09let's say that this is chad and i'll
3:31:11create maybe
3:31:12two more players so player one
3:31:16player two player three player two will
3:31:18be what about steve
3:31:20and karen okay now to add
3:31:24our player objects to our list type the
3:31:26name of the list
3:31:27dot add and then pass in the name of the
3:31:31object
3:31:32players dot add player 1 then do the
3:31:35same thing with player 2 and player 3.
3:31:38then i'll use a for each loop to display
3:31:40all these for each
3:31:44the data type is player player
3:31:48in players so let's take a look at this
3:31:52i'm going to
3:31:53console.writeline each player but since
3:31:56we're displaying each object directly
3:31:59what's going to be displayed is the
3:32:01namespace
3:32:02plus the data type of our object we can
3:32:05access
3:32:05the username field
3:32:09and that will display each player's
3:32:10username or we can overwrite the
3:32:13tostring method so we have chad steve
3:32:16and kieran
3:32:17or we can override the tostring method
3:32:20so let's try that too public
3:32:24override to string
3:32:28and i'm going to return
3:32:31username so then when i use
3:32:34console.writeline i can just type in
3:32:36the object's name
3:32:41so we have chad steve and karen now
3:32:43another thing that you can do
3:32:44when we instantiate these player objects
3:32:47we can do so anonymously
3:32:49so within the add method of our list
3:32:52players
3:32:52we can simply just pass in new
3:32:56player then pass in a name and then we
3:32:58don't necessarily need to create a
3:33:00name for each of these objects so i'm
3:33:02going to pass in
3:33:03new player steve and new player karen
3:33:08so this is optional but i like to create
3:33:10anonymous objects
3:33:11it's less work so we should have our
3:33:14three players
3:33:15chad steve and karen so yeah that's how
3:33:18to add objects to a list
3:33:20within the angle brackets you just list
3:33:22the type of object that you would like
3:33:24to store within your list
3:33:25so yeah that's a list of objects in c
3:33:27sharp if you found this video helpful
3:33:29please be sure to smash that like button
3:33:31leave a random comment down below
3:33:32and subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:33:34fellow bro
3:33:37all right we have a lot to talk about
3:33:40today getters and setters but before i
3:33:42explain what these are let me explain
3:33:44the situation
3:33:45we have a class car and we have one
3:33:48field within our car class
3:33:49speed so when we construct a car object
3:33:52we need to pass in something for the
3:33:54speed
3:33:55maybe this is miles per hour kilometers
3:33:57per hour doesn't really matter
3:33:59so let's say that somebody takes our car
3:34:01object
3:34:02and changes the speed to like whatever
3:34:05this number is
3:34:06100 million actually let's make that a
3:34:09billion
3:34:09how can we prevent people from doing
3:34:11this because currently our car is going
3:34:13way too fast
3:34:15so one way in which we could do that is
3:34:18to change
3:34:18this field from public to private
3:34:21but then we can't access it at all
3:34:24another way is to set up
3:34:25getters and setters and this adds
3:34:28security to our program
3:34:29via this concept called encapsulation so
3:34:32we need to first
3:34:33set up a property for this field the
3:34:36property name
3:34:37is the same as the field name except
3:34:39it's capital
3:34:40so type public if you're returning
3:34:44something
3:34:44list the data type then speed and then
3:34:47let's make this capital
3:34:49then add a set of curly braces a
3:34:51property combines the aspects
3:34:53of both fields and methods and it shares
3:34:56the same name with the field
3:34:57so it's kind of like something in
3:34:59between a field and a method
3:35:01and it contains accessors a get and
3:35:04set accessor now to first assign a value
3:35:07we'll need to change our constructor
3:35:09instead of assigning the field speed we
3:35:12will assign
3:35:12the property speed so this has a capital
3:35:16s
3:35:16let's create a get accessor first when
3:35:19we would like to
3:35:20get the value of speed whatever is
3:35:22contained within speed
3:35:24we will use this get accessor so type
3:35:26get
3:35:27curly braces and we will return
3:35:30speed and then we'll need to assign this
3:35:33with
3:35:34the set accessor then make sure you have
3:35:36that semicolon at the end
3:35:38so by using this get accessor this
3:35:41will read whatever value is within our
3:35:44field
3:35:45then we'll need a set accessor if we
3:35:47would like this to be
3:35:48writable set curly braces so what we'll
3:35:51do here
3:35:52is set speed equal to value
3:35:56so value is kind of like a parameter
3:35:58properties combine the aspects of both
3:36:00fields and methods
3:36:02so when we assign a value to speed
3:36:05well then this value is going to be
3:36:08this so it's kind of like an argument
3:36:10and a parameter
3:36:11and within our set accessor we can
3:36:13actually set up like some code or some
3:36:15rules or something
3:36:16so if somebody attempts to change the
3:36:18speed we could write an if
3:36:20statement like if value
3:36:23is greater than let's say 500 then we
3:36:26will limit this
3:36:28let's change speed equal to 500 then
3:36:32else speed
3:36:35equals value
3:36:40now car.speed is inaccessible due to its
3:36:42protection level
3:36:44so we need to access instead of the
3:36:46field the property so that's
3:36:48speed with a capital s and then if we're
3:36:50going to
3:36:51display the value of speed we'll access
3:36:53the property
3:36:54instead of the field so if we attempt to
3:36:57set our speed equal to 1 billion
3:37:00well we will access this set accessor
3:37:03and then it's going to be limited to 500
3:37:05then so if we attempt to change our
3:37:07speed to 1 billion
3:37:09it will be limited to 500 and then we
3:37:11can still display the value
3:37:13and access it because by having a getter
3:37:16and setter
3:37:16this is both readable and writable
3:37:20so yeah those are getters and setters
3:37:23they are accessors
3:37:24found within a property a property
3:37:26combines the aspect of both
3:37:28fields and methods and if you have a
3:37:30private field
3:37:31you can also set up a property that has
3:37:34getters and setters
3:37:36for more security so yeah those are
3:37:38getters and setters
3:37:40in c sharp
3:37:43all right everybody we have to talk
3:37:45about auto implemented properties
3:37:47this is an intimidating name but don't
3:37:49worry it's actually fairly simple
3:37:51they are shortcuts when no additional
3:37:53logic
3:37:54is required within a property you do not
3:37:57have to define a field for a property
3:37:59and you only have to write get and or
3:38:01set inside the property
3:38:03here's an example i have a class car and
3:38:04what if we would like a
3:38:06model field and property so that might
3:38:08look something like this
3:38:10make sure to not make your field public
3:38:12for this example
3:38:13so this will be a string named model for
3:38:15a model of car
3:38:17and i would like to set up a property
3:38:19that has get and set accessors
3:38:21so that would be public string
3:38:26model with a capital m curly braces and
3:38:30then i need a get and set accessor
3:38:33all we'll do within the get accessor is
3:38:36return
3:38:38model and that's the field and a set
3:38:41will be model r field
3:38:45equals value and within my constructor i
3:38:49will set
3:38:49this dot model property make sure that
3:38:52you have capital m
3:38:54equals model whatever our parameter is
3:38:58so if you're not doing anything else
3:39:00within your getter and setter there's
3:39:01actually a shortcut to all of this
3:39:03and that's by using an auto implement
3:39:05property so this is what we'll do we're
3:39:07going to instead
3:39:08get rid of all this and type
3:39:12public string model
3:39:16with a capital m curly braces
3:39:20get semicolon set semicolon
3:39:23and this will do the same thing however
3:39:25it's a lot less to write
3:39:27so if there's no additional logic that
3:39:29you need besides
3:39:30you know setting the value and getting
3:39:33the current
3:39:33field well you can just use an auto
3:39:35implemented property
3:39:36and this will do the same thing let's
3:39:38test it so let's create a car object
3:39:40car car equals new car then pass in
3:39:44a model of car let's say a porsche this
3:39:46time
3:39:47and then i would like to display the
3:39:49car's model car
3:39:51dot model property with a capital m
3:39:54so there will still be a model field but
3:39:56it's hidden
3:39:58and this car's model is a porsche
3:40:01so that's like a shortcut you can do an
3:40:03auto implemented property is a shortcut
3:40:06when
3:40:06no additional logic is required in the
3:40:09property
3:40:10you do not have to define a field for a
3:40:12property and you only have to write
3:40:14get and or set inside the property so
3:40:17yeah that is an
3:40:18auto implemented property if you liked
3:40:20this video please give it a thumbs up
3:40:22drop a random comment down below and
3:40:23subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:40:25fellow bro
3:40:29all right what's going on people enums
3:40:31enums are a special kind of class
3:40:34that contains a grouping of named
3:40:36integer constants we tend to use enums
3:40:39when we have values
3:40:40that we know will not change so here's
3:40:42an example let's create an enum of
3:40:44planets
3:40:45and we will associate a planet number
3:40:47with each named planet
3:40:48so to create an enum type enum then a
3:40:51unique name kind of like we're creating
3:40:52a class
3:40:53then curly braces so i'm going to add
3:40:56the name of each planet within our solar
3:40:58system beginning with mercury and then
3:41:00separate each with a comma
3:41:01so we have mercury venus earth then just
3:41:04continue on in this pattern
3:41:09this isn't necessary but i like to place
3:41:11each of my members on a new line within
3:41:13an
3:41:14enum i think it's easier to read
3:41:17okay we now have an enum of planets and
3:41:20there's an associated integer with each
3:41:22of these members
3:41:23if we do not explicitly set an integer
3:41:26by default the first
3:41:28member is zero then one two three then
3:41:31you just follow that pattern
3:41:32so let's access one of these members of
3:41:34our enum of planets
3:41:36let's display a message planets
3:41:39dot pluto
3:41:43is a planet so taxes
3:41:47a name of one of these members you type
3:41:50the name of your enum planets dot the
3:41:52name of your named member pluto
3:41:54this will return the name not the
3:41:57integer
3:41:58let's try it pluto is a planet
3:42:01this is no different from using the two
3:42:04string method this will do the same
3:42:05thing
3:42:06pluto is a planet okay now if we need
3:42:08the associated integer
3:42:10with each of these named members we
3:42:12would cast this member
3:42:14as an integer let's change our message
3:42:16around
3:42:17let's say that planets.mercury
3:42:21is planet number
3:42:24than to access one of the integers
3:42:27stored within a member
3:42:28that would be planets dot the name of a
3:42:31planet
3:42:32mercury and then we will precede this
3:42:34with parentheses
3:42:36and this will convert our named member
3:42:39into
3:42:39an integer so our message is now
3:42:43mercury is planet number zero so these
3:42:46named members
3:42:47always begin with zero but we can change
3:42:49that and set them
3:42:50let's say that mercury equals one venus
3:42:54equals two and then continue on in this
3:42:56pattern
3:43:00let's display pluto as well because
3:43:03pluto is feeling left out
3:43:04planets dot pluto is planet number
3:43:09planets dot pluto then cast as an
3:43:12integer
3:43:14okay mercury is planet number one pluto
3:43:16is planet number nine
3:43:18let's try something a little bit more
3:43:19complex let's create an enum to keep
3:43:22track of the radius of each planet
3:43:25enum planet radius
3:43:29and let me just copy this
3:43:33okay here's the radius of each planet in
3:43:35kilometers
3:43:36mercury is two four three nine
3:43:40six zero five one for venus
3:43:44and then i'll just fast forward the
3:43:45footage you can copy this down if you'd
3:43:46like
3:43:55all right we have the radius and
3:43:57kilometers of each planet
3:44:00so these are in name integer pairs
3:44:03let's create a variable to store the
3:44:05name of one of our planets
3:44:07string name equals what about earth
3:44:10planet radius the name of our enum dot
3:44:13the name of our member
3:44:15earth so if we're going to store this
3:44:17within a string variable we need to use
3:44:19the
3:44:19to string method and then
3:44:23let's display this just to test it let's
3:44:26say
3:44:27planet colon space plus name
3:44:31and this should display just earth
3:44:34planet
3:44:35earth okay let's get the radius of earth
3:44:40int radius
3:44:43planetradius dot earth
3:44:47then cast this as an integer
3:44:53console.rightline let's say radius
3:44:57colon space plus radius
3:45:01radius 6371 let me add kilometers
3:45:06so that's kind of the nice thing about
3:45:08enums is that we don't necessarily need
3:45:10to remember all of these numbers
3:45:12it's kind of like restoring variables so
3:45:14to say they are name
3:45:15integer constants that will not change
3:45:17through the life of a program
3:45:19now let's move on to a challenge round
3:45:20let's create a method that will
3:45:22calculate
3:45:23the volume of one of our planets when we
3:45:25pass in a radius
3:45:27public static will return a double
3:45:32and this will be the volume method and
3:45:35there is one parameter
3:45:36the parameter is planet radius and we
3:45:40will name this just radius
3:45:43okay we need to return let's say volume
3:45:49and double volume equals
3:45:53and here's the formula to calculate the
3:45:56volume of a sphere 4.0 divided by
3:46:003.0 times math
3:46:03dot pi times
3:46:06our radius to the power of three so we
3:46:08can use math
3:46:10dot power pass in
3:46:13our radius make sure to cast this as an
3:46:16integer
3:46:18to the power of three
3:46:23and let's call the volume method and
3:46:25store this within
3:46:26a double named volume
3:46:29double volume equals we will invoke the
3:46:32volume method and pass in planet
3:46:36radius dot earth
3:46:40and then we'll display the volume
3:46:42console.writeline
3:46:44volume colon space plus
3:46:48volume and i think that's in cubed
3:46:51kilometers
3:46:55all right and the volume of earth
3:46:59is whatever number this is one zero
3:47:02eight three something something
3:47:03something something
3:47:05cubed kilometers so yeah those are enums
3:47:08they're like a special class that
3:47:09contains a
3:47:10set or grouping of named integer
3:47:13constants
3:47:14we tend to use enums when we have values
3:47:16that we know will not change
3:47:18and to get the integer value from an
3:47:20item you must
3:47:21explicitly convert it to an integer so
3:47:24yeah those are enums if you found this
3:47:26video helpful
3:47:27please be sure to smash that like button
3:47:29leave a random comment down below
3:47:30and subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:47:32fellow bro
3:47:35if you wouldn't mind please like comment
3:47:38and subscribe
3:47:39one like equals one prayer for the
3:47:41youtube algorithm
3:47:43uh generics all right
3:47:46let's get started generics anything
3:47:48that's generic
3:47:49is not specific to any particular data
3:47:52type
3:47:53we can make something generic by adding
3:47:54a set of angle brackets
3:47:56then t we can make classes generic
3:47:58methods
3:47:59fields whatever we want this allows for
3:48:02greater code reusability for different
3:48:04data types
3:48:05let's say that we have three different
3:48:06types of arrays an array of integers
3:48:08doubles and strings let's create those
3:48:11int
3:48:12array i'll call this interray
3:48:15equals i don't know one two three
3:48:18the elements really aren't important the
3:48:20data type is
3:48:21okay then let's say we have an array of
3:48:24doubles
3:48:25i will name this double array and
3:48:28the elements are 1.0 2.0
3:48:32and 3.0 then let's say that we have an
3:48:36array of strings
3:48:38string array equals
3:48:43one two
3:48:46and three okay what if i would like to
3:48:50display the elements of each of these
3:48:51arrays so we can use a method for that
3:48:54let's begin with a method to accept an
3:48:56array of integers
3:48:58so let's add that here public static
3:49:02void we're not returning anything and
3:49:04let's say that this method is named
3:49:06display elements
3:49:11so there is one parameter if we're
3:49:13displaying an array of integers
3:49:15well that will be our parameter int
3:49:18array
3:49:19and let's call this array and then we'll
3:49:21need a for loop or for each loop to
3:49:24iterate over the elements of this array
3:49:26let's use a for each loop for each
3:49:29int item in array
3:49:33then we will write preferably not right
3:49:36line
3:49:38item then maybe i'll add a space okay
3:49:40let's call the display elements method
3:49:42that we just created
3:49:44and then pass in our interray as an
3:49:46argument
3:49:48and let's see what happens okay we have
3:49:51the numbers one
3:49:52two three so what if we attempt to pass
3:49:55in
3:49:56our double array display elements
3:49:59then we will pass in our array of
3:50:01doubles
3:50:02so we actually can't use this method for
3:50:05doubles we can only
3:50:06use this for integers cannot convert
3:50:08from double to
3:50:10int if i would like to display my array
3:50:12of doubles
3:50:13well i would need a completely different
3:50:15method that accepts
3:50:16an array of doubles as an argument so
3:50:19i'm going to
3:50:20copy this current method that we have
3:50:22change into
3:50:23double and change into double here as
3:50:27well
3:50:28and then we can call this version of our
3:50:30display elements method this will do the
3:50:34same thing
3:50:35actually let me make one change i'm just
3:50:37going to add a right line to the end of
3:50:39these
3:50:40so basically we have two methods that do
3:50:43the exact
3:50:43same thing however they accept a
3:50:45different data type as an argument
3:50:48let's add one more method for strings
3:50:53public static void display elements
3:50:56the parameter is an array of strings for
3:50:58each
3:50:59string item in array and then i can use
3:51:03the string version of display elements
3:51:06but pass
3:51:06in our string array
3:51:10so we have each of our three different
3:51:12types of arrays all displayed
3:51:15so this is a lot of work we have three
3:51:17methods that do basically the same thing
3:51:19however they accept
3:51:20different arguments so what if we had
3:51:22one method that could accept
3:51:24basically any data type well that's
3:51:26where generics come in
3:51:28so let's take these first two methods
3:51:30and delete them we will no longer need
3:51:32them
3:51:32we're going to turn this method into a
3:51:34generic method
3:51:35so after the method name add a set of
3:51:38angle brackets
3:51:39then add t so really you can put
3:51:41anything you want between these angle
3:51:43brackets i like to say thing because i
3:51:45think it's funny
3:51:46we're going to accept a thing as an
3:51:48argument
3:51:49so we need to change that here as well
3:51:51so change any instance of
3:51:53a data type to t or
3:51:56thing if you're using thing okay so
3:51:59change
3:51:59string to thing we're accepting an array
3:52:02of things
3:52:03for each thing item
3:52:06in array so now we have one method that
3:52:09accepts
3:52:10all data types we can reuse this one
3:52:12method for an array of integers
3:52:14doubles and strings
3:52:18and it appears to work so that's where
3:52:20generics are helpful
3:52:22anything that's generic is not specific
3:52:24to a particular data type
3:52:26we can add angle brackets t or really
3:52:29anything within these angle brackets
3:52:31just make sure that it's consistent
3:52:32so we can add this to classes methods
3:52:35fields etc
3:52:36and this allows for greater code
3:52:38reusability for different data
3:52:40types so instead of three different
3:52:41methods that all accept different data
3:52:43types we have one that accepts basically
3:52:46all data types
3:52:47so yeah those are generics if you found
3:52:49this video helpful be sure to smash that
3:52:51like button
3:52:51leave a random comment down below and
3:52:53subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:52:55fellow bro
3:52:56hey what's going on everybody it's bro
3:52:59hope you're doing well
3:53:00and in this video i'm going to explain a
3:53:01multi-threading in c-sharp
3:53:03so sit back relax and well enjoy the
3:53:06show
3:53:09if you find this video helpful please
3:53:11remember to like
3:53:12comment and subscribe your support will
3:53:14help keep this channel running
3:53:16all right all right all right threads a
3:53:19thread is an execution path of a program
3:53:22we can use multiple threads to perform
3:53:25different tasks of our program
3:53:27at the same time so when we begin a
3:53:29program we have
3:53:30one thread that is running and that is
3:53:32named the main thread
3:53:33twerk with threading include at the top
3:53:36using system
3:53:37dot threading so let's get the current
3:53:40main thread that is running and i'll
3:53:41assign this to a local variable of the
3:53:43thread data type
3:53:44let's say thread main thread
3:53:48equals thread dot current
3:53:51thread so this will assign the current
3:53:54thread that is running
3:53:55to a local variable named main thread or
3:53:58whatever you want to name it
3:54:00so i'm going to change the name property
3:54:02of main thread to equal
3:54:04let's say main thread
3:54:07and then i'll display this with a
3:54:08rightline statement main thread
3:54:11dot name and the name of this thread is
3:54:15main thread
3:54:16here's our job let's say that we need
3:54:18two timers to run
3:54:19one is counting up from zero to ten and
3:54:22the other is counting from ten to zero
3:54:24one is counting up the other is counting
3:54:25down but we need both of these timers to
3:54:28run
3:54:28concurrently so if we were to write
3:54:31these both on the same
3:54:32thread this is what this would look like
3:54:34and then later on we'll
3:54:35have these timers run on different
3:54:36threads so let's create a countdown and
3:54:39count
3:54:39up method public static
3:54:43void count
3:54:46down and then i'll need a for loop to
3:54:50iterate 10 times
3:54:514 and i equals 10
3:54:56then i will continue this as long as i
3:54:58is greater than or
3:55:00equal to zero and then
3:55:03decrement i by one during each iteration
3:55:06and during each iteration let's say that
3:55:08timer number one
3:55:10colon space plus i plus seconds
3:55:15now we can actually have our current
3:55:17thread that is running sleep for a given
3:55:19amount of milliseconds by typing thread
3:55:21dot sleep then pass in how many
3:55:24milliseconds you would like your thread
3:55:25to sleep
3:55:26so 1000 milliseconds for one second and
3:55:29then when we escape our for loop let's
3:55:31display that
3:55:33timer number one is complete
3:55:36and we'll also need a count up method so
3:55:39let's copy countdown
3:55:41paste it change down to up
3:55:44i is equal to zero we will continue this
3:55:47as long as
3:55:48i is less than or equal to ten
3:55:52increment i by one during each iteration
3:55:55timer number
3:55:56two timer number two is complete so
3:55:58let's invoke both
3:56:00countdown and count up
3:56:04so remember that these are both running
3:56:06on the same thread
3:56:07our main thread and when we complete our
3:56:10main thread
3:56:10let's display that main thread
3:56:14dot name plus is
3:56:17complete and i'm just going to hide this
3:56:20line here
3:56:22okay let's go so we have timer number
3:56:26one that's running currently
3:56:27timer number two has not started yet
3:56:29because these are both running on the
3:56:31same thread
3:56:36so timer number one is complete and now
3:56:38we're working on timer number two
3:56:46and now timer number two is complete our
3:56:48main thread is complete
3:56:50so if i would like both of these methods
3:56:52to execute at the same time i would need
3:56:54to create some additional threads
3:56:56and here's how to do so thread let's
3:57:00name this thread 1
3:57:01equals new thread and within the
3:57:04constructor of our thread let's pass in
3:57:06the method we would like to execute
3:57:09thread one is in charge of counting down
3:57:11and thread two is in charge of counting
3:57:14up
3:57:18so each of these threads has a built-in
3:57:20start method which we need to invoke to
3:57:22begin each of these threads
3:57:24thread1.start and thread2.start
3:57:30and we can get rid of these we now have
3:57:33one thread in charge of counting down
3:57:35and the other thread is in charge of
3:57:36counting up
3:57:37and our main thread is still running in
3:57:39the background
3:57:42so our main thread is complete and we
3:57:44have one timer that's counting down
3:57:46and the other that is counting up and as
3:57:48you can see these are both running at
3:57:50the same time concurrently
3:57:55so if you have a method that has
3:57:56parameters there's one additional step
3:57:58let's say that we have i don't know a
3:58:00string name or something
3:58:02we don't necessarily need to use these
3:58:04okay so we can't use these as they are
3:58:07currently
3:58:08so what we're going to do is within the
3:58:10constructor of our threads
3:58:11is pass in what is known as a lambda
3:58:14expression
3:58:15so parentheses arrow then the name of
3:58:18our method
3:58:19countdown parentheses then any
3:58:22arguments if there are any let's say i
3:58:24don't know timer
3:58:26number one i probably won't use this at
3:58:28all but this is just for an example
3:58:30okay let's do the same thing with thread
3:58:32two so we have a lambda expression
3:58:35parenthesis arrow and this is in charge
3:58:38of counting
3:58:39up and passing i don't know timer number
3:58:41two i guess
3:58:43i might have to make a separate video on
3:58:45lambda expressions
3:58:46okay let's try this again so this should
3:58:49work
3:58:51all right there we go so yeah those are
3:58:55threads
3:58:56a thread is an execution path of a
3:58:58program we can use
3:58:59multiple threads to perform different
3:59:01tasks of our program at the same time
3:59:04when we begin a program we have one
3:59:06thread that is running
3:59:07and that is referred to as the main
3:59:09thread so yeah that's multi-threading in
3:59:11c sharp if you would like a copy of this
3:59:13code i will post this to the comment
3:59:15section down below
3:59:16and well yeah that's multithreading in c
3:59:19sharp
3:59:20hey you yeah i'm talking to you if you
3:59:23learned something new
3:59:24then help me help you in three easy
3:59:26steps
3:59:27by smashing that like button drop a
3:59:29comment down below
3:59:30and subscribe if you'd like to become a
3:59:32fellow bro
3:59:40[Music]
3:59:59you

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