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Booker T Washington — Transcript

by M L · 2,603 words · 372 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:01all right
0:02so welcome back to these video lectures
0:05here so let me just say this this is the
0:07second time second time I'm doing this
0:10lecture because in the last lecture I
0:12forgot the name of th Good Marshall and
0:14I was going to just say heck with it and
0:15put it up there but I replayed how I did
0:17it and I looked like I was about to cry
0:19so I thought that would be too
0:20embarrassing so I just said heck with it
0:23do it again the problem is I do this
0:24thing is that I kind of get these
0:26perfectionist Tendencies anyway so
0:29that's a question what famous American
0:31lawyer and Supreme Court Justice did I
0:34forget his name thank you so much th
0:37Marshall okay so obviously I'm talking
0:39with as I talk about durur Marshall I'm
0:41talking about basically African-American
0:44riots in the South and I wanted to go
0:46back to this for a second uh just as we
0:48talked about The Slaughterhouse Cases
0:50and about crook Shing vers United States
0:52the conditions of Jim Crow that came in
0:54the South the these separate but unequal
0:56facilities that were created by the
0:58court case plusy versus Ferguson
1:00which came out in 1896 and you got to
1:02remember this about these Jim Crow and
1:04again Jim Crow is separateness in the
1:06South um these that's what Jim Crow
1:08refers to and you got to remember this
1:10it did not come at once there was not
1:11like this magic horrible wand that made
1:14everything terrible all at once it
1:15happened state by state law by law
1:19literally they just kind of came over
1:20the South really from about
1:221875 until about 1896 that's when it was
1:25really really kind of codified there
1:28with py versus Ferguson plusy versus
1:30Ferguson was a court case a Supreme
1:31Court case that basically allowed sear
1:33put um equal conditions that were never
1:36equal based on a case out of Louisiana
1:38and railroad cars basically the state of
1:40Louisiana segregated railroad cars and
1:44uh a got Nam Homer plusy fought this to
1:47the Supreme Court and lost his case even
1:49the the railroads didn't like this it
1:51meant more cars it meant more money more
1:53fuel for the cars but it still passed
1:55and so this you have these Jim Crow
1:57conditions and so with these conditions
1:59there's two two individuals I wanted to
2:00talk about today that really fought
2:03these conditions uh the first individual
2:06was again Booker T Washington and Booker
2:08T Washington's from the south he grew up
2:10in Virginia he actually is going to
2:12after the Civil War make his way to
2:14Hampton University for schooling for
2:16Education which as maybe kind of noticed
2:18was was so important for these freed
2:20slaves after the war he uh he he
2:24actually for a little bit of time went
2:26through Richmond ran out of money before
2:28making his way to Hampton had to had to
2:30live underneath and had to sleep at
2:31night underneath these Planks on a
2:33sidewalk that kind of bowed up so he
2:35would like come under these planks and
2:36sleep there at night had no money gets
2:39to Hampton is admitted basically at
2:42Hampton he excels he has a mentor named
2:44Colonel Armstrong and Armstrong really
2:45takes him under his under his wing and
2:47let me just say this quickly about
2:48mentoring mentoring is really important
2:51and we all have mentors like I have
2:53individuals who have meant tremendous
2:55amounts to me and then to to then pay it
2:58forward it's really an important thing
2:59for all of us to somehow do and again
3:01it's kind of a challenge as I have kids
3:03now I feel like I need to sew into my
3:04own kids my own family a lot but
3:06mentoring is
3:08really mentoring is an important uh part
3:11of our lives so not only should you be
3:12mentors you should look for an
3:13opportunity to in some way to pour into
3:16other people and so basically he's
3:18mentored and it changes it really helps
3:20him changes his life he's going to
3:22graduate from Hampton go back home for a
3:24little time a little bit of time come
3:25back to Hampton uh teach for a a little
3:28time uh Native Americans uh who were
3:33taught um and then he is going to get
3:35the opportunity to go and form his own
3:37School in Alabama to ski basically
3:39thanks to a recommendation from Colonel
3:41Armstrong now he goes to Alabama Alabama
3:43has allowed the school the state
3:44legislature has created the school but
3:46there is no money So eventually they
3:48move to this this location and he
3:51creates a school and he realizes that in
3:52a school he does not need a liberal arts
3:55education he needs vocational training
3:58and so that's what a school basically
3:59does does and it's school it's a they
4:01don't have any money remember Alabama is
4:02not giving them any money so everything
4:04they do they have to do on their own the
4:06the students basically actually dug part
4:08of the foundation from one of the
4:09buildings they create their own Kil for
4:12bricks they create their own mattresses
4:13that they sell locally I mean just in
4:15the side just in the side had they had
4:19access to a larger market they could
4:21have funded things from the things they
4:23were making for themselves in other
4:24words if they had had the ability to
4:26sell further and further away the things
4:29they wereing making it could have
4:30brought in more profit but again this is
4:31a very local very very localized economy
4:34so Booker T watch must go and raise
4:36funds I worked at a private school for
4:3910 years so I know about fundraising I
4:41just just just the nature of teaching in
4:43a private school right so he's got to go
4:45all the time and when he goes and raises
4:48funds um when he raises These funds he
4:51he can't be an activist pushing for
4:54equality because he's looking he's
4:56reaching out to wealthy white Patron of
4:59the north and these individuals of the
5:01north also probably share racial
5:04concerns you know there's this maybe
5:06this been misunderstanding that the
5:07South was this horrible Haven of racism
5:09and the north was this Panacea of
5:11goodness and freedom and equality what
5:13really wasn't true the north was had its
5:15own problems and so he's got to be very
5:18ginger as he raises funds right he can't
5:20push for equality also he realizes that
5:24he needs vocational training he needs to
5:26get the students to go back to their
5:27different places
5:30uh economically and and kind of improve
5:33these these places so his school is much
5:34more vocational school he believes in
5:36the whole idea of of accommodation so
5:39students are going to come in there and
5:40and the guys will learn carpentry um
5:43just cabinet building right different
5:46things that can be directly applied the
5:47women sewing right um uh laundry all
5:51these different things that can be
5:52directly applied to their
5:55communities in 1895 he gives a famous
5:58speech it's called the Atlantic
6:00uh the Atlanta Compromise and in his
6:02speech I'm going I'm going to mess up
6:03this direct quote but in his speech in
6:06part of the speech he says that
6:08basically we're as separate as fingers
6:12but as one as the hand and what he's
6:14basically saying some people said he was
6:16even still calling for segregation but
6:18what he was basically saying is that
6:20African-Americans in the South and
6:21whites in the South should work together
6:23for Mutual benefit but not necessarily
6:27to destroy the the the the
6:31the fences of segregation right and so
6:34he believes in in accommodation he
6:36believes in the need for economic change
6:39to to rise up in the South and let me
6:41say this also Booker T Washington along
6:44with having to raise funds he's in the
6:45midst of a culture where lynching is
6:47becoming a much bigger issue in the
6:50South uh uh the phoner textbook your
6:54textbook estimates it up to 5,000
6:56individuals or recorded lynchings until
6:58like the 19 I can't remember the date I
6:591940s I might be wrong with the day but
7:01let me just say this also in a side
7:03that's recorded how many were not
7:05recorded right I mean you have the white
7:07law enforcement complicit in many of
7:09these Southern towns with the vigilante
7:12justice and a lot of times the Justice
7:14was for like tiny things innocent people
7:16being killed tiny social mores being
7:20broken lessons being taught to the
7:22community it's just it was a horrible
7:24situation also these lynchings would
7:26also they weren't just like hangings
7:28they would be burned burnings right so a
7:30lot of times you would have people being
7:31burned and lynched at the same time it
7:33was a horrific
7:35horrific almost unspeakable thing that
7:38that was going on in the South
7:40especially the South and sadly one of
7:42the most infamous of these lynchings
7:44happened here in Waco Texas and I'm a
7:46big Waco guy I love Waco so it really
7:47Grieves me that this happened in Waco
7:49and it happened in 1916 it happened
7:51because of a murder out in Robinson I'm
7:53pointing that way like you know where
7:55Robinson is um but Robinson so a woman
7:58named Lucy fr was was killed and a
8:0117-year-old young man named Jesse
8:02Washington was accused and Washington um
8:05they found him Woodling a stick water
8:07over his shirt he said he had a nose
8:08bleed but Washington couldn't read he
8:11was a literate um and and
8:14also may have had intellectual issues
8:18dealing with iuse so maybe he didn't
8:20even really know when he was being
8:21accused what was going on so so you have
8:24all that at play he's pretty quickly
8:25arrested goes to
8:27Hillsboro goes to Dallas
8:30creates this long confession at Dallas
8:31that he signs with an ex which would
8:34seem to mean that he couldn't read or
8:36write and and the trials in wake up and
8:39so at this trial all these people have
8:41been coming in over the weekend when
8:42this trial takes place in
8:451916 and he's found guilty very quickly
8:47now he is going to be executed he is
8:49found guilty he will be executed
8:51somewhere downtown in wo this this back
8:53this is before executions moved to
8:55Huntsville when local towns still
8:57executed people like he would have been
8:59hung in Waco hopefully with dignity with
9:02very few people around however so he was
9:05found guilty uh there's still questions
9:07whether or not he did this or not some
9:09people say he did it's still it's still
9:11there's definitive proof is still maybe
9:14not completely there and so basically
9:16what happens is they came across the
9:19banister like after he's found guilty
9:20all these people came across the
9:21banister and got Jesse Washington this
9:24poor young African-American 17-year-old
9:27who didn't really know what was going on
9:28and they took him downstairs and then
9:30they did unspeakable things to him I
9:31can't even tell you what happened to him
9:33it's so bad they took him around I think
9:35I think from what I've understood and
9:37asked other people it's to where
9:40Heritage Square is now there used to be
9:41a big tree there now and they got Kling
9:45started a fire and lynched Washington on
9:47a Monday morning around 12 o'clock with
9:50up to 10,000 people there in fact people
9:52there's a famous photographer named Fred
9:54Gildersleeve and wo who was taking
9:56pictures people were posing by this
9:58which was actually not that uncommon
9:59toos by lynchings or lynching victims um
10:03in fact it was it was not that uncommon
10:04for parts of their body to be taken as
10:06souvenirs uh from lynching victims and
10:09so it was a horrible circumstance in
10:11Waco and Waco immediately the Press
10:14really covered it in fact I guy I'm want
10:17to talk about a little bit WB de boys
10:18and the crisis was one of the major
10:20contributors in talking about what
10:22happened in Waco and it's interesting
10:24what the boys wanted to do is to show
10:27people how bad it was right and by
10:32showing this hopefully PE this would
10:35change attitudes uh empirically datawise
10:39that probably did not happen but that
10:41was what de boy wanted to do that was
10:42that was why this was covered and de boy
10:44called this the Waco Horror in 196 it
10:47was a horrible event so meanwhile so
10:50again you have Booker Washington in the
10:51south in
10:52Alabama needing funds for a school
10:55desperate for funds and also he can't be
10:57this activist right he he's in in the
10:59Deep South and so his life I think would
11:01have been in danger had he had he pushed
11:03for this immediate
11:05equality meanwhile there is the rise of
11:07WB Deo who is very different Deo grows
11:10up in Massachusetts he comes down to
11:12Tennessee for Fisk University goes to
11:14Berlin for two years then goes to
11:15Harvard for his PhD uh the first
11:18African-American to graduate from
11:19Harvard with a PhD he becomes he kind of
11:22becomes like a sociologist in up in
11:24Philadelphia and he would go door Todo
11:27just kind of talking to people and one
11:30of the things that he comes up with was
11:32this idea that people are not bad born
11:35bad right there be like there is these
11:37ideas in the 1880s 1890s that you were
11:40born bad but he said you know maybe
11:44poverty and maybe circumstances created
11:47to to how people were shaped and formed
11:50he is going to come to the South he is
11:53going to for a little bit of time he
11:55comes to Atlanta uh he is there when
11:57there's this terrible lynching in
11:59Atlanta outside of Nan Georg Georgia of
12:02a guy named Sam hes in fact he wrote a
12:05letter to the editor of the Atlanta
12:07Journal Constitution trying to explain
12:09the true facts but the press used great
12:11exaggeration and hos by the time he even
12:13went to deliver the letter hoes had
12:15already been lynched had already been
12:18killed the boys believed that basically
12:23you needed equality right it had to be
12:25equality there could not be this
12:26accommodation there could not be this
12:28economic here without equality that's
12:30what de thought and so Deo really
12:32becomes a major voice for this de will
12:34live until 1963 he is one of the most
12:37important intellectuals in America in
12:40the 20th century one of the smartest men
12:42in America in the 20th century um and
12:46again he he he will edit the crisis the
12:48NAACP magazine for a while he will write
12:50an influential book on reconstruction
12:52that changes the entire way that
12:53historians will think about
12:54reconstruction du boys is is really
12:56important and you see this ongoing
12:59fight really intellectual fight to
13:03change the way that people in the South
13:05the African-Americans in the South are
13:06perceived to end this segregation to end
13:10these conditions and of course we know
13:12these conditions really don't end until
13:15terrible violence in Mayhem in some ways
13:18and when the Civil Rights Movement comes
13:20starting really again the questions when
13:21it officially began or kind of are are
13:24debated but especially with Brown versus
13:26Board of Education when schools are are
13:29desegregated by the Supreme Court um but
13:33these two individuals both Washington
13:35and Duo were very very important as just
13:39speakers in the
13:41South fighting for and trying to protect
13:45the rights of
13:51African-Americans

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