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Basic Anatomy & Physiology 09 | SPECIAL SENSES Reference Seeley's — Transcript

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0:00Hi I'm aurel Enriquez and this
0:02presentation contains our discussion on
0:06senses on this slide let's first go
0:08through a few definition of terms in an
0:12anatomical perspective when we say sense
0:16it means the ability to perceive stimuli
0:20So kung merong pagbabago sa paligid
0:22nade-detect natin to ba po So kung may
0:26mga bagay na hindi komportable sa
0:30environment natin we're supposed to no
0:32this and react to that that's what we
0:36mean when we talk about senses the
0:38stimuli or the changes and Our
0:40perception is our capability to notice
0:43and react to these Changes when we say
0:47sensation in Anatomy it means the
0:50conscious awareness of stimuli meaning
0:53aware tayo or may malay tayo sa kung
0:56anong nagbabago sa paligid halimbawa
0:59kapag biglang lumakas yung aircon naging
1:02sobrang lamig yung room tapos Literal na
1:05napapansin natin yung Changes that is
1:08happening that's what we mean when we
1:10say sensation next sensory receptors
1:14these are nerve endings that respond to
1:17stimuli This is basically a part of our
1:20nervous system kung saan sila ay parts n
1:23cells natin na unang nakakaramdam nung
1:26mga Changes Okay so these nerve endings
1:29would receive the stimuli ipapasa nila
1:32sa spinal cord tapos ipapasa nung spinal
1:35cord papunta doon sa brain and then our
1:38brain will decide on how to respond or
1:41react to that
1:43stimuli this diagram right here shows us
1:47the classification of senses So um in
1:50our earlier studies ' ba Natutunan natin
1:54that there are six senses but this
1:56diagram further divides those different
2:00types of senses kasi ito yung sinasabi
2:03nating parang mga unang senses na
2:05Natutunan natin like smell taste vision
2:08hearing and all those other stuff um
2:10those are just referred to as special
2:13senses All right so there are specific
2:16receptors localized within these
2:19specific organs that help us um kind of
2:22like feel these things but We also have
2:25What is known as general senses so when
2:28we say general sense
2:30make it makes use of receptors that are
2:34distributed over a large area of the
2:37body so i-compare natin yun non as we
2:40can see right here kasama sa mga special
2:42senses natin Iyung smell All right so
2:45Dito po Iyung specific organ lang in the
2:48body that helps us smell things is our
2:51nose ' ba po pero kapag sinabing general
2:54senses let's Look at this one right here
2:57no There are some of them that is
2:59located within our skin so ' ba po Iyung
3:02skin Although it is considered as a
3:04separate organ system such as the
3:07integumentary system it is scattered all
3:10throughout the body so as we can see
3:12right here there are different types of
3:14senses na pwede nating maramdaman with
3:16the help of our skin like um touch
3:19pressure temperature pain ' ba po so
3:23Ayan now these general senses are also
3:25divided into two All right somatic and
3:31seral so tulad po ng nabanggit kanina sa
3:34previous slide when we say general
3:35senses this means that This makes use of
3:38the receptors that are located over a
3:41large area of our body and they are
3:44expected to sense touch pressure pain
3:48temperature and even itch All right so
3:50kapag may nararamdaman po kayong makate
3:52anywhere No that's part of the general
3:55senses next somatic senses they provide
3:58information about the body and the
4:01environment Okay so nabanggit nga natin
4:03kanina ' ba somatic senses kasama dito
4:06yung nararamdaman nung skin natin next
4:09are visceral senses Dito naman po as the
4:12name implies Ito lang talaga yyung
4:14kailangan niyong tandaaan when we say
4:16visceral senses it provides information
4:19or It helps us um respond or detect when
4:23respond to stimuli that could be felt by
4:25our internal organs All right so ulitin
4:28natin internal organs meron silang
4:31visceral senses and listed Here are the
4:34special senses that we've mentioned
4:38earlier this slide Talks about some
4:40stimuli and their receptors or iyung mga
4:43cells na nagde-detalye
4:55on the nature of the stimuli kung yung
4:59ST ulay Baay movement or chemical
5:02signals or light particles or scent
5:05particles Okay so first up are
5:09mechanoreceptors so mecano ' ba
5:11mechanics they detect movement nalalaman
5:15nila kung may pagkilos ba sa paligid
5:17natin So examples of stimuli na maaaring
5:21ma-detect ng mechanoreceptors natin
5:23would include touch pressure and
5:25vibration we're able to feel these
5:27things because of the existence of Our
5:31mechanoreceptors next are chemo
5:33receptors so it's quite easy to Remember
5:35chemo so they detect chemical signals or
5:39chemical stimuli so examples of chemical
5:42um stimuli would include odors and taste
5:45so ' ba po odors Um are brought about
5:48into our nasal cavity by scent particles
5:52and then um different compounds produce
5:54different tastes So yun po these types
5:56of chemicals no are detected by our key
6:00chemoreceptors next are photoreceptors
6:03again It's quite easy to Remember they
6:05are supposed to detect light
6:10stimulus next are thermoreceptors they
6:13detect temperature Changes so These are
6:16the types of receptors that helps us
6:18feel if our environment is getting too
6:21warm if the environment is extremely
6:24cold So we're able to feel that because
6:27of the thermoreceptors and last one are
6:30Noy receptors so Noy receptors
6:32specifically detect pain so any painful
6:36stimulus within um the environment
6:39you're able to detect that with the help
6:41of your nosy receptors again nosy
6:44receptors detect
6:47pain next listed Here are the different
6:50types of touch receptors so Later we
6:53would be showing um an illustration we
6:56be showing an illustration on this one
6:58um poting out their locations so that
7:01you would better understand but for now
7:03let's just enumerate the different types
7:05of touch receptors so first are the
7:07merkle disc so the merkle disc helps us
7:11detect light touch and pressure Okay
7:14light touch and pressure so Iyung
7:17marahan or Magaan lang po na pagdiin sa
7:20skin natin nararamdaman po natin iyon
7:23because of our merkle disc another is
7:26the hair follicle receptors so same with
7:29with the merk disc they also help with
7:31the perception of light touch All right
7:34so an example of This Would Be if you
7:36have any body hair on your arm for
7:39example if you have body hair on your
7:42arm um let's say for example an insect
7:46would come in contact with you either A
7:48mosquito an ant or whatever would land
7:51On Your arm you would able to feel that
7:54right because of the work of both your
7:56merc disc and hair follicle
8:00receptors so that very light landing of
8:04the insect on your skin capable of
8:07noticing that because of your merc disc
8:10and hair follicle receptors which again
8:12are responsible for light touch next is
8:16the meer Corpus so the myer Corpus is
8:20located deep in the epidermis all right
8:23So if you would remember our discussion
8:25on the integumentary system we have the
8:28epidermis and the dermis right so the
8:30meer Corpus are located at the bottom of
8:34our epidermis Just Right before it
8:37reaches the dermis Okay so these ones um
8:41help us detect localized tactile
8:47sensations next still on the enumeration
8:50of the different types of touch
8:51receptors we have the rini Corpus so the
8:54rini Corpus is a type of Deep tactile r
8:59receptor so the Ren Corpus sal would
9:01help us detect continuous pressure in
9:05the skin So kung may patuloy na nakadiin
9:08po or nakadikit sa skin natin no
9:10mararamdaman natin yun dahil sa trabaho
9:13ng ruffini Corpus next is the pinan
9:17Corpus cell so the pinan is the deepest
9:21among all the receptors so again we have
9:24an illustration for this on the
9:26following slide so that you would
9:27understand its location but Again the
9:30pacinian Corpus is located at the
9:33deepest area of our skin and this is
9:36associated with tendons and joints so
9:39They're capable of detecting Deep
9:41pressure vibration and even the
9:44positioning of our body All right So um
9:47This is something na shinare lang po sa
9:49akin nung friend ko na um doktora na po
9:52siya All right So paano niyo natandaan
9:54yung placement ng penan Cor fusel so
9:57based on the name passin nian No it
10:00reminded her of the Pacific Ocean which
10:03is a very large and very deep ocean so
10:06aun po very non scientific yyung way
10:09para matandaan siya but again it was
10:11able to help her remember that no penan
10:14Corpus very deep just like the Pacific
10:19Ocean this slide shows us an
10:22illustration of the sensory receptors in
10:25the skin so let's look at where the
10:28previously enum rated receptors are
10:30located based on this illustration so
10:34right here at the topmost area we have
10:36the free nerve endings um in this
10:39illustration right here this area right
10:41here This is our epidermis All right so
10:45as mentioned earlier um we would be able
10:48to see right here that the meracle discs
10:51which are capable of detecting only
10:53light touches and only superficial
10:56pressure meaning Um yung pagdiin or
10:58pagdikit lang po sa pinakaibabaw ng skin
11:01natin no these merkle discs could be
11:03found only here at the surface All right
11:06Next um they work together with the hair
11:09follicle receptor so the hair follicle
11:12receptor It also works together with our
11:15merkle disc right here to detect light
11:19touch All right Next we have the meer
11:22Corpus cells so these ones are involved
11:24in fine and discriminative touch Al
11:28right so Ayan po um as you can see right
11:30here they are located much deeper into
11:33the layer of our skin next on this area
11:37right here um This Would now Be our
11:39dermis we would find the ruffini Corpus
11:43so the ruffini Corpus this detects
11:46continuous touch or pressure so ulitin
11:48po natin kung may patuloy na nakadikit
11:51or nakadiin po sa skin ninyo no
11:54nararamdaman po yun ng ruffini Corpus
11:57natin next the de best one out of them
12:00all is the pinan Corpus so the pinan
12:04Corpus detects deep pressure vibration
12:07and positioning Okay so nandito na siya
12:10sa pinakailalim nung skin po natin All
12:13right so the deepest layer of the skin
12:16Okay so again um This is a bit easy to
12:20Remember because their purpose is also
12:22determined by their location so since
12:26the merkle disc and hair follicle
12:27receptors are located um only at the
12:31upper portion or surface of our skin
12:34They're capable of detecting only the
12:37superficial types of or forms of stimuli
12:42All right but these ones right here the
12:44different um Corpus cells that are
12:46located at the deeper areas of our skin
12:48They're also capable of detecting deeper
12:52forms of stimuli or even continuous
12:57pressure next let's just quickly talk
12:59about pain pain is the unpleasant
13:02perceptual or emotional experiences that
13:06we encounter perceptual pain so when we
13:09say perceptual pain These are the things
13:11that are happening to us na meron na
13:14tayong malay or awareness Okay so
13:16halimbawa nahulog ka sa hagdan so any
13:19form of physical injury that you would
13:22acquire from that accident is a form of
13:25perceptual Pain Now When We say
13:27emotional pain These are the thing that
13:29may not be readily observed so halimbawa
13:32nakita niyo yung score niyo sa lumipas
13:34na exam ' ba tapos nalungkot kayo
13:37because of that so you may look fine on
13:40the outside but there's emotional pain
13:42on the inside but in an anatomical
13:46perspective We'll be talking more about
13:49physical pain and um a form of physical
13:53pain that can be classified into two
13:56categories Okay so again um I repeat We
13:59will be talking about physical pain in
14:01an anatomical perspective and this is
14:04divided or classified into two
14:05categories localized and diffused so
14:10when we talk about localized pain This
14:13is felt as sharp breaking or cutting
14:17pain so This is brought about by rapid
14:20action potentials so localized pain um
14:23medyo Parang mas quick yung perception
14:27nung stimuli ' ba sharp pricking or
14:30cutting Di ba parang mabilis lang naman
14:32yung sensation na mga yon ' ba So again
14:35um when we say localize rapid lang yyung
14:38action potential mabilis lang kumbaga
14:41yung stimulus or yung pagdaan nung
14:43stimulus na naramdaman natin let's
14:46compare that to diffuse type of Pain
14:49Okay mas maintindihan natin kapag may
14:51comparison tayo Let's compare that to
14:53the diffused form of Pain here we would
14:57be able to feel Burning or aching pain
15:01so these examples of Pain are more kind
15:05of like continuous or almost let's say
15:08long term in terms of their Presence
15:12Batin natin kapag localize rapid mabilis
15:15mo lang nararamdaman pero pag diffuse
15:17medyo mas prolonged yung sensation
15:20nitong pain na ito this is brought about
15:23by slower action
15:27potentials this Talks about pain control
15:30with the help of anesthesia So kung
15:32meron po tayong localized and diffused
15:34pain there are also drugs or anesthetics
15:37out there that could either be local or
15:40general so first up is local anesthesia
15:44This Would work on the receptors in
15:46local areas All right so iyung mga
15:49specific receptors in specific areas
15:52lang po ang tatablan no ng mga local
15:56anesthesia so the chemicals are inject
15:59near the sensory nerve Al right So
16:01that's the mode of administration of
16:05local anesthesia again local anesthesia
16:07is administr by a injection near the
16:12sensory nerve So kung saan lang po Iyung
16:14area kung saan um we would expect na
16:17masasaktan yyung person doon lang din po
16:20natin ia-apply or i-inject yung local
16:24anesthesia next we have What is known as
16:27general anesthesia so so general
16:29anesthesia um leads to the loss of
16:32consciousness All right so Dito po pag
16:34binigyan ng General anesthesia yung
16:36pasyente makakatulog or mawawalan po
16:39siya ng malay so there are two types of
16:41general anesthesia IV or gas All right
16:45so kapag Ivy intravenous or through the
16:48veins po Iyung pag administer nung
16:50anesthesia kapag gas naman po This is
16:53administered via
16:56inhalation let's now talk about
16:59olfaction olfaction is the sense of
17:03smell this occurs in response to odorant
17:06So what are odorant these are substances
17:09or particles that gives off a smell or
17:13they are composed of a chemical compound
17:15that could be perceived by our olfactory
17:18system in the nose All right So
17:21basically These are the chemicals that
17:23is producing the scent that we are
17:25capable of smelling So this happens when
17:29receptors that are located in the
17:31superior portion of our nasal cavity um
17:35would come in contact with these odorant
17:38Okay so ulitin po natin iyon nakakaamoy
17:40tayo ng mga bagay-bagay dahil nae-expose
17:42tayo sa mga odorant so iyung mga odorant
17:46po sila iyung mga chemical compounds na
17:48nagpo-produce nung amoy so these odorant
17:51we would be able to inhale them and they
17:53would reach the receptors so our
17:56receptors um that are responsive for is
18:00located where superior portion or the
18:03upper portion of our nasal
18:08cavity listed here is the olfaction
18:11process so Ito po no may step by step
18:14process po Tay dito First The nasal
18:17cavity contains a thin film of mucus
18:20where the odors become dissolved so
18:23first we would be able to inhale those
18:25chemical particles or those odorant and
18:28then those chemical particles would come
18:30in contact with the mucus that is
18:33present within our nasal cavity so they
18:36would become dissolved within that step
18:39two the olfactory neurons um are located
18:43in the mucus All right so ulitin po
18:45natin doon sa previous um photo that we
18:48saw earlier we were able to see that the
18:51um nerves or receptors capable of
18:55helping Us with all Faction is located
18:57at the superior area of our nasal cavity
19:00so again they are and they are located
19:04within that mucus Okay so dendrites of
19:08the olfactory neurons are enlarged and
19:11they contain Celia again what are Celia
19:14they are hairlike structures right so
19:17these dendrites would pick up the odor
19:20They would pick up those chemical
19:22particles and then they would carry the
19:25odor to the axons of the olfactory bulb
19:29and then the frontal and temporal lobe
19:31would process the odor Al right so Ayan
19:34po no um just to oversimplify the
19:37explanation of the olfaction process
19:39parang nagpapasa pasasa lang sila parang
19:41pinagpapasa-pasahan lang po nila Iyung
19:43stimuli hanggang umabot sa brain ' ba so
19:46they would pass it on you would be able
19:48to inhale the odorant through your nasal
19:51cavity They would be dissolved within
19:54the mucus of your nasal cavity and then
19:56the olfactory neurons located in the
19:59nasal cavity would pass that on to the
20:02dendrites the dendrites would pass that
20:04on to the olfactory bulb and then once
20:07it reaches the factory bulb it passes
20:09that information on to our frontal and
20:13temporal lobes to process the thing that
20:16we were just able to
20:18smell Here's a better illustration of
20:21the olfactory epithelium and the
20:24olfactory bulb so as we can see right
20:27here no from the bottom Dito po
20:29magsisimula yung step one natin All
20:32right so step one the person would
20:34inhale the odorant next these chemical
20:37particles would come in contact with the
20:39mucous layer of the epithelial surface
20:42All right so those chemical particles
20:45would come in contact with the mucus
20:46would be dissolved and then would Touch
20:50The Celia of the epithelium next right
20:53here we have the olfactory neuron so the
20:57dend dend Sorry the dend would pass on
21:02that stim that they were able to receive
21:05from the CIA so the dendrite passes that
21:08on to the body of the olfactory neuron
21:11and then this olfactory neuron passes on
21:15that odorant or chemical particle to be
21:18processed through the axon and then it
21:21eventually reaches the olfactory bulb
21:25and then at the last step of Faction
21:29once it reaches the olfactory bulb Again
21:32the stimulus is passed on to our frontal
21:35lobes to be processed by the brain okay
21:38so sana po naintindihan Iyung step by
21:41step process ng olfaction ulitin po
21:43natin no um you would be able to inhale
21:47the chemical particles or odorant they
21:49would be dissolved within the mucus They
21:51would come in contact with The Celia The
21:53Celia would pass them on to our
21:55dendrites the dendrites would then pass
21:58that onto the body of the olfactory
22:01neuron the olfactory neuron passes that
22:03information onto our axons and it
22:07reaches the olfactory nerve once it gets
22:10to the olfactory nerve it passes on that
22:12stimuli to the olfactory Val pagdating
22:15sa olfactory Val Saan papunta frontal
22:18lobe so pagdating sa frontal lobes the
22:20brain would now
22:22process the information that we were
22:24able to smell
22:29We are done with touch We are done with
22:32all Faction let's now talk about taste
22:34so we have What are known as taste Buds
22:37so these taste Buds are sensory
22:39structures that could detect taste so
22:42each taste Bud is made up of 40 taste
22:46cells All right so hindi po nag-iisang
22:49cell lang ang taste Buds ang taste Buds
22:52natin sa looban nito merong 40
22:55individual taste cells so they are look
23:00on the
23:01t and on the next slides will also be
23:06illustration on these specific locations
23:09so each taste cell has taste hairs that
23:13extend into taste por All right So um
23:18again let's look into the illustration
23:21on the next slide after we explain
23:23different structures
23:28this slide right here shows us an
23:30illustration of the tongue so as we can
23:32see right here we could find the tonsils
23:36we could find the different locations of
23:38the papil zooming in on that we would be
23:41able to see one taste Bud zooming
23:44further in we would be able to see that
23:47each taste Bud is again um composed of
23:51multiple taste cells 40 to be exact and
23:55then at the tips of these taste cells we
23:57have the taste
24:02hairs just like all Faction the
24:05capability to taste is also composed of
24:08multiple different steps so right here
24:11are the steps of the taste process so
24:14Again the taste Buds contain about 40
24:16taste cells so these taste cells would
24:20send stimuli to the taste hairs Okay so
24:23ulitin po natin yung step one and two so
24:26the food particles and and the chemicals
24:29that bring the flavor to the food items
24:32that we ingest They would come in
24:33contact with our taste Buds and the
24:35taste cells within those taste Buds All
24:39right so the flavor particles would then
24:42send the stimuli onto the taste hairs so
24:46the taste cells contain hair likee
24:48processes again are referred to as taste
24:51hairs and they extend through a taste
24:54por on the surface of the taste but all
24:58right so the dissolved molecules or ions
25:01that bring the flavor to the food items
25:04would bind to the receptors on the taste
25:07hairs and initiate action potentials All
25:10right So um next the sensory neurons
25:13would carry the signals to the cerebral
25:16cortex so again same principle as all
25:19Faction no um parang pasa-pasa lang sila
25:23nung stimuli or nung information so
25:25ulitin po natin yon the taste Buds
25:27contain me approximately 40 taste cells
25:31would receive the stimuli and then send
25:33the stimuli onto the taste hairs so the
25:37taste hairs extend through the taste por
25:40so next um the dissolved molecules or
25:44again the chemical compounds that bring
25:47the flavor to the food would bind to the
25:50receptors on the taste hair So this
25:52initiates action potential so again Yun
25:55po yung stimulus natin So next ipapasa
25:59niya yung impormasyon na iyon papunta
26:01naman sa sensory neurons and then yung
26:04sensory neurons naman po again ipapasa
26:07niya ulit Iyung information na iyon to
26:09the cerebral cortex so pagdating po sa
26:11cerebral cortex doon natin um kumbaga
26:28certain taste Buds are more sensitive to
26:30specific taste So may mga taste Buds daw
26:34po tayo na mas kaya nilang
26:45i-detalye
26:55is also linked with our capability to
27:01smell We are done with touch Al Faction
27:04and taste let's now talk about vision so
27:07let's First talk about the structures
27:09that would help us with our vision um
27:13let's first go through the accessory
27:15structure so iung mga accessory
27:17structures po They don't directly help
27:21with our vision or our capability to see
27:24things but they are um quite important
27:27for specific purposes first up is our
27:29eyebrows so our eyebrows would protect
27:32our eyes from sweat that is dripping
27:35from our um scalp and It also could
27:38provide shade from the sun next is our
27:42eyelid or eyelashes All right so our
27:45eyelids and eyelashes together they
27:47protect from foreign objects so when i
27:52first read this statement It's kind of
27:54funny to me you know buse every time
27:58something foreign is Stuck to my eye
28:01It's always our eyelashes and I'm like
28:04you had one job you had one job ang
28:08trabaho mo ay protektahan ako sa mga
28:11foreign objects pero yung mismong
28:13eyelashes yung mahuhulog sa looban ng
28:15mata ko at magiging forign
28:18object Anyway um our eyelid naman po
28:22yung eyelid naman natin they lubricate
28:25our eyes by blinking so on our surface
28:28of our eye This is also considered as a
28:30mucosal surface ba So if we don't blink
28:34for extended periods of time the fluid
28:36on on the mucous membranes of our eyes
28:38could dry out which is Why it is
28:40important that we blink All right so
28:43that our eyes don't get
28:47dry this slide right here shows us a
28:50photo of the locations of the accessory
28:52structures that we just
28:56mentioned still on the structures let
28:59now talk about the conjunctiva so the
29:01conjunctiva is a thin membrane that
29:04covers the inner surface of the eyelid
29:08all right So this is the membrane that I
29:09was talking about earlier na kaya po
29:12kailangan nating mag blink from time to
29:14time is because Ayan ng po we have to
29:17maintain the moisture of the membrane of
29:21our ey so Again the conjunctiva is the
29:24thin membrane that covers the inner
29:27surface of eyelid next is the lacrimal
29:30apparatus so the lacrimal apparatus is
29:34where the tears are produced All right
29:37ulitin po natin no Kapag po Um tayo ay
29:40naluluha or naiiyak that is because of
29:42the work of our lacrimal
29:46apparatus next is the extrinsic eye
29:49muscles so the extrinsic eye muscles
29:52would help move our eyeball So yung
29:55tumutulong po sa atin no to Look at
29:58different directions would be our
30:00extrinsic eye muscles by moving our
30:05eyeballs this illustration shows us the
30:08location of our lacrimal gland so it's
30:11usually placed right here at the upper
30:14portion of the um superior to our eye so
30:19right here we're seeing the lacal ducts
30:22and Right Here We also have What is
30:24known as the laal canic and criminal
30:28sack so just based on this illustration
30:32right here seeing their placement or
30:34their location Uh maiintindihan po natin
30:37no bakit ganon yyung itsura kapag
30:40umiiyak po tayo So what are the things
30:42that happen when we cry there is mild
30:45swelling of our eyes right and that's
30:48because of the fluid accumulation that's
30:50being produced by our lacrimal gland
30:53next What other things happen when we
30:55cry there's kind of like
30:58we kind of have like this runny nose po
31:01and again that's because of the Fluids
31:02that are being produced when we cry and
31:05notice if we look at the structure right
31:07here no all of these places are
31:10connected to one
31:13another this illustration right here
31:15shows us the location of our extrinsic
31:19eye muscles so please do not forget
31:23about the basic terms that we use here
31:26in Anatomy um in terms of when we talk
31:29about locations so again when we say
31:31superior It's located above or at the
31:35top when we say inferior It's located
31:38below or under right and then when we
31:41say that something is Lateral It means
31:43that it is located on the side next
31:47another term that we need to Remember is
31:49oblique when we say oblique it is kind
31:51of like um placed in a rounded or
31:56circular
31:58let through the muscled out here we have
32:02the superior rectus so it's called
32:05superior because it's right here at the
32:06top of the eyeball and we have the
32:09superior oblique next right here we have
32:12the inferior oblique so again notice
32:15that it has this rounded shape but it's
32:17located at the bottom next we have the
32:20Lateral rectus so the Lateral rectus as
32:23we can see right here it's located on
32:25the side next is the inferior rectus So
32:28it appears similar as All The Other
32:31rectus except That's the difference the
32:35difference Is that it is located under
32:38All right So that's why it's called
32:39inferior rectus right here we see the
32:43muscle to the upper eyelid So this one
32:46it's not directly involved in the
32:48movement of our eyeball um this muscle
32:51is involved in the process of blinking
32:54All right nakakapag blink or na
32:57na-corrupt natin yung mata natin dahil
33:00dito sa muscle
33:03na Here's a simplified anatomy of our
33:06eye so our eyeballs are Actually hollow
33:10on the inside so they kind of look like
33:12um an Empty container and they are
33:15filled with fluid All right so again um
33:19the basic description of our eyeballs is
33:22that they are hollow On The Inside And
33:24they are fluid filled so our eyes are
33:27composed of three layers which are
33:30referred to as tunics and then They're
33:33also divided into two
33:36chambers Here's an illustration of our
33:39eyeball again as we can see Right Here
33:41it is a sphere that is hollow on the
33:44inside and that is filled with fluid so
33:48let's look at the three different tunics
33:51All right first we have the fibrous
33:53tunic next we have the vascular tunic
33:58and the nervous
34:02tunic let's First talk about the fibrous
34:05tunic So this one is the outermost layer
34:09All right ulitin po natin ang fibrous
34:11tunic siya Iyung nasa pinaka labas Okay
34:15so let's talk about the components of
34:17the fibrous tunic first is the sclera
34:19the sclera is the firm white outer part
34:23So what is the purpose of the sclera It
34:26helps maintain eye shape so the
34:29spherical shape of our eyeballs is being
34:32maintained by our sclera our sclera also
34:36provides attachment sites for the
34:38muscles that we've enumerated earlier
34:41and this protects the internal
34:44structures All right so again let's
34:46repeat um the fibrous tunic is located
34:49at the outermost portion It's composed
34:52of the sclera the sclera is the white
34:55outer part that maintains the S
34:58shap of our eyeballs aside from that the
35:01muscles that we talked about in the prev
35:04slide is also attached onto Our sclera
35:08next component of the fibrous tunic is
35:10the cornea So cornea this is a
35:13transparent structure that covers the
35:15Iris and the pupil all right So may
35:18specific location lang po Iyung cornea
35:21All right yung area nung eyes natin kung
35:24saan merong um kung saan may color All
35:27right to simplify no yung area nung mata
35:29natin kung saan natin nakikita yung
35:31color brown color blue So yun po yung
35:33specific location kung nasaan yung ating
35:36cornea so again this is a transparent
35:39structure We don't Actually um See no
35:42right away the demarcation kung nasaan
35:44Iyung cornea so another purpose of the
35:47cornea Is that it allows light to enter
35:50And It focuses The Light so it's both a
35:56covering and It Could Focus the light
35:59that's entering our
36:02eyes that was for the fibrous tunic let
36:05now talk about the vascular tunic so at
36:08the vascular tunic This Is Where we
36:10would find the suspensory ligaments So
36:13what is the purpose of the suspensory
36:16ligaments It helps Hold the lens in
36:20place All right so our eyes they have
36:23lenses and they don't move around even
36:26if fluid lang po yung laman nung eyeball
36:28natin because of the suspensory
36:32ligaments our lenses are suspended
36:35within the fluid structure because of
36:39these ligaments next the lenses they are
36:42flexible discs that could Focus light
36:45into the retina next component of the
36:49vascular tunic is the Iris Sir This is
36:52the colored part of the eye ito na po
36:55yung um area nung mata na kung saan
36:58nakikita natin na for most um asians
37:01They're Brown for um caucasians they may
37:04be um blue or Hazel or green again those
37:09different colors that we're seeing is
37:11because of our Iris So this surrounds
37:15and regulates Our
37:19pupil now still with in the vascular
37:22tunic is the pupil so the pupil
37:25regulates the amount of light entering
37:29All right So yung pupil po This is the
37:32structure um in our eye that adjusts
37:36depending on the intensity or the lack
37:40thereof of light that is entering our
37:43eyes So if there is abundant light or
37:46lots of light in our environment it
37:49would constrict All right and then When
37:52There is little to no light in our
37:55surrounding it would become dilated alr
37:58so Ito po yung ang part nung mata natin
38:01na kumikilos no parang nago-open or nag
38:05um Yun nga nagda-date siya no either it
38:08would constrict or dilate depending on
38:11the amount of light so kapag sobrang
38:13liwanag sa paligid
38:28controls the amount of light that's
38:30entering our eyes right so again if
38:33there is too much light in our
38:34surrounding the whole of our pupil would
38:38become smaller by constricting but again
38:41if we are at a dark um area or place and
38:45it's difficult for us to see it would
38:47dilate Okay the opening would enlarge to
38:50help us gather more
38:53light this illustration shows us the
38:56lens of our eyes the location of the
39:00suspensory ligaments and sary
39:04muscles this illustration shows us the
39:07muscles of our Iris Again the Iris
39:11functions to help regulate the pupil so
39:14right here the Iris has circular smooth
39:17muscles and also radial smooth muscles
39:20ang pin naman po is yung Direction ng
39:23movement
39:25nila We are done with the fibrous tunic
39:29which is the outermost part We are done
39:32with the vascular tunic Where we could
39:35find the lens of our eyes let's now talk
39:37about the nervous tunic so the nervous
39:40tunic Uh is the innermost part of our ey
39:44so let's look into its components so the
39:47retina the retina covers the posterior
39:51um 56 of our eye so medyo malaki po ang
39:55sakop nung retina natin and it contains
39:59two layers So basically yung retina po
40:01natin This Is Where the photoreceptors
40:04are located So if you would remember
40:07from the earlier parts of our discussion
40:09ba we talked about the different types
40:11of receptors depending on the type of
40:14stimuli that they um perceive so again
40:18photoreceptors are the types of
40:19receptors that um react to light
40:23stimulus Okay so ulitin po natin yung
40:25mga photoreceptors within our eyes are
40:28located at the retina Okay Again the
40:32retina is the location of photo
40:35receptors We also have What is known as
40:38the pigmented retina So this is the
40:41outer layer and it keeps the light from
40:44reflecting back in the
40:48eye still within the nervous tunic we
40:51now have the sensory retina so again
40:53nabangit ko po kanina the retina is the
40:56location of our photoreceptors now Saan
41:00specifically na bahagi ng retina
41:02mahahanap yung photoreceptors nasa
41:06sensory retina Okay so there are two
41:08types or two areas of our retina so
41:11Iyung pigmented retina No it's kind of
41:14like um just a cover and then Iyung
41:17sensory retina nandito talaga Iyung
41:19location ng mga photo receptors which
41:22are composed of rods and cones right so
41:25let's talk about those um structures
41:28What are rods okay So rods are
41:32photoreceptors that are sensitive to
41:35light Okay so within our sensory retina
41:38there are 20 times more rods compared to
41:42cones Mas marami daw po tayong rods kesa
41:46sa cones and they function in Dim light
41:49So kung madilim daw po no yung paligid
41:52natin mas magtatrabaho yung rods nung
41:56retin
41:59natin next are cones so cones are also
42:04photoreceptors but they provide color
42:07vision All right So kung kanina po no
42:09Iyung um rods natin tumutulong sila for
42:13us to be able to still see even with Dim
42:17light um cones naman po they help us to
42:20see colors All right so there are three
42:24types of cones the blue green and
42:28redes So why do we have the red green
42:31and blue cones so colored light is
42:34detected by these cone cells so the cone
42:38cells come in three varieties red
42:41detecting green detecting and blue
42:44detecting cones okay so they are named
42:48because the red cone cells mostly detect
42:51red light the green cells mostly detect
42:54green light and the blue cells detect
42:58blue light so Madali lang naman pong
42:59tandaan It's quite easy to remember the
43:02type of light that detect that they
43:04detect or the color of the light that
43:06they detect sorry That's Um what they
43:08are named after all right so ulitin po
43:11natin cones are there to help us
43:14perceive color these different types of
43:17con could either be known as the blue
43:20detecting cones green detecting and red
43:23detecting so literally they detect these
43:27colors based on the type of cone now
43:31humans All right us humans have three
43:34distinct color sensing cones Again the
43:37red green and blue light so by combining
43:41these cell signals the brain can
43:44distinguish thousands of different
43:47colors Okay so ulitin po natin ion blue
43:50green and red lang po based on the
43:53combinations of these signals our brain
43:57is capable of distinguishing and telling
44:01apart thousands of different colors
44:04depending On The combinations of blue
44:07red and green and the action of our
44:10cones Okay so most other animals um such
44:13as mammals only have two types of cone
44:17cells for green and blue or ultra viol
44:21light Okay ulitin po natin for humans we
44:24have three types of cones the blue red
44:26and green but for other mammals yung iba
44:29po sa kanila no ang meron lang sila ay
44:31green and
44:35blue Let's talk more about the retina so
44:38the retina also has different areas
44:41first is the macula so the macula is a
44:44small spot near the center of the retina
44:46mas maiintindihan po natin to mamaya
44:48when we look at the photos next is the
44:52fora centralis so the fora centralis is
44:56at the c
44:57of the macula So ano ba ang meron sa
45:01fovea cental What's so special about the
45:03fovea calis This Is Where the light is
45:07focused All right So this is where the
45:09light is focused when looking directly
45:12at an object All right and what is the
45:16composition of our fovea
45:18centralis This is composed of only cones
45:22All right and this brings us the
45:25capability to discriminate fine images
45:28Al right so ulitin po natin yung
45:30descriptions of the fovea centralis What
45:33is the location of the fovea
45:36centralis center of the macula What is
45:39the purpose of the fovea
45:42centralis it is where light is focused
45:46and next What is the component of the
45:48fovea centralis it's made up of only
45:54cones next is the optic disc so the
45:57optic disc is the white spot medial to
46:01the macula So this one um This Is Where
46:04we would be able to find blood vessels
46:07that enter the eye and these blood
46:09vessels would spread over the retina um
46:13at the optic disc we do not have any
46:17photoreceptors walang rods wala pong
46:19cones dito Okay so this is why it is
46:22also referred to as the Blind spot
46:28this photo right here shows us the
46:30previously discussed structures within
46:32the retina so Again the retina has a
46:35spot referred to as the macula and then
46:37on the Middle of that is the fovea
46:39centralis again ano po ang composition
46:41ng fia centralis it's all cones Okay and
46:46then on this area right here we have the
46:48optic disc so the optic disc does not
46:52have any photoreceptor walang rods
46:54walang cones Okay ano lang po ang dito
46:57sa optic disc just blood vessels and
47:00again in um simpler terms or in layen
47:03terms the optic disc is Otherwise
47:05referred to as the Blind
47:08spot the eye also has two different
47:11chambers the anterior and posterior so
47:14Dito po no um they are named based on
47:17their positioning so the anterior
47:19Chamber is located between the cornea
47:22and the lens So it is located at the
47:25front all right So this is filled with
47:27aqueous humor which is a watery
47:30substance All right ulitin po natin in
47:32between the cornea and the lens there is
47:35a watery material referred to as the
47:38aqueous humer so the aqueous humer
47:41serves three purposes to maintain
47:44pressure reflect light and provide
47:47nutrients let's repeat that the anterior
47:49Chamber is filled with aqueous humor the
47:52aqueous humor maintains pressure
47:55refracts light provides nutrients to the
47:59inner surface of the eye right behind
48:01that is the posterior Chamber which is
48:05also filled with aqueous
48:08humor next our eye also has What is
48:11known as the vitus Chamber which is
48:14located in the retina region so the
48:17vitor Chamber is filled with Victorious
48:20hum now the vit hum is a jelly likee
48:24substance All right so let's
48:25differentiate All right let's compare
48:27and differentiate when we say aqueous
48:30humor the aqueous humor is watery and at
48:34which locations would we find the
48:35aqueous humor at the anterior and the
48:39posterior Chamber Now When we're talking
48:41about the vitreous Chamber Ano po ang
48:44nasa looban nito vitreous humor now Ano
48:48naman ang description ng vitreous humor
48:50it is more jelly like All right So what
48:54are the functions of the vitreous humor
48:56helps maintain pressure Hold the lens
49:00and the retina in place and could also
49:03refract light Okay so yun po yyung Um
49:06similarity naman no similarity nung
49:09vitreous humor with the aqueous humor
49:12they both maintain pressure and they
49:15both refract light Anong difference nila
49:19Iyung composition so the vitreous humor
49:21is jelly like the aqueous humor is
49:24watery and another add
49:27vit hum is it holds our lenses and
49:31retina in place recall time recall time
49:36Ano po iung isa pang structure kanina
49:38that also holds our lenses in place it's
49:42the suspensory
49:45ligament let's further elaborate the
49:48functions of the eye So this sls us the
49:52most simplified way on how light is
49:54processed by our eyes use vision so
49:58first the eye functions very much like a
50:01camera Okay So yyung um structure and
50:04function po ng mga camera na ginagamit
50:06natin is very much patterned after how
50:09our eyes would work All right so the
50:12Iris would allow the light into the eye
50:16through the pupil all right So kanina po
50:18nakita natin ' ba Iyung muscles that
50:22help control the Iris and again the Iris
50:25helps regulate the p and Again we've
50:27already discussed this earlier the pupil
50:30is primarily responsible for regulating
50:33the amount of light that is entering
50:35into our eyes again if there is abundant
50:39amounts of light what would happen to
50:41the pupil it would contract All right So
50:45um liliit po yung butas nung pupil para
50:48mas konti yyung light na papasok dahil
50:50masyadong maliwanag on the other hand
50:53what would happen if there is Dim light
50:56There's not much light in our
50:59surroundings what would happen to the
51:00pupil it would dilate Okay magoopen up
51:04or lalaki po Iyung butas nung pupil so
51:07that it would um be able to kind of like
51:10allow a bit more light to enter our eyes
51:14All right so next um the light that
51:17enters our Iris and pupil is focused by
51:21the cornea the lens and the humors of
51:25our red na So yun napag-usapan natin
51:28kanina na aqueous humor and vitreous
51:31humor no may ambag din po sila dito next
51:34the light striking the retina produces
51:37action potentials that are relayed to
51:40the brain okay so Iyung light no po that
51:43would pass through all the structures
51:45right here that leads to the action
51:48potentials that would be passed on to
51:51the brain so the light refraction and
51:54image focusing these are two different
51:57establishing
51:59vision Let's talk about light refraction
52:03What is light refraction This is bending
52:06of light so in bending of light we have
52:08What is known as the focal point so at
52:11the focal point This Is Where the light
52:13rays would converge yung light daw po na
52:16pumasok doon sa mga nabanggit nating
52:18structures kanina within our eyes No
52:21they would come together at this focal
52:24point and this focal point could be
52:27found anterior to the retina nasa
52:30harapan daw po ng retina natin yung
52:32focal point nung mata natin now at this
52:36focal point initially the object appears
52:39to be
52:42inverted next we have the term
52:45accommodation accommodation is the
52:48changes in shape of the lens so the
52:51image can be focused on the retina Okay
52:54so yyung lenses po natin hindi sila
52:57permanent in terms of their shape All
52:59right They're capable of adjusting to
53:02focus on the image or to Focus the light
53:06that is passing through on our retina
53:09All right so accommodation or This
53:12capability Would enable our eyes to
53:15focus on images that are closer than 20
53:19feet so accommodation is very useful in
53:23terms of our near vision
53:28this illustration right here shows Us
53:31Where the focal points are located and
53:34the initial appearance of the images
53:36that we are
53:39seeing We also have What is known as the
53:42visual pathway All right so we have two
53:44eyes right so we have the left One and
53:48the right one So if we cover our left
53:51Eye the only eye that would be working
53:53is our right eye and the field of vision
53:56is being seen by our right eye is
53:59referred to as the right monocular
54:02vision right because yung kanan na mata
54:05lang po ang nagtatrabaho dito so ito
54:07lang din po yung specific areas na
54:09kayang makita nung right eye natin um
54:13vice versa no if we cover our right eye
54:16the only eye that would be working for
54:18us would be our left eye and now the
54:21field of vision that we are seeing with
54:24only our left eye is refer to as left
54:27monocular vision now if we open Both of
54:31our eyes and every time we use both our
54:34eyes we now have this area right here
54:38which is refer to as the binocular
54:41vision so right here we seeing all the
54:45Fields of vision that we
54:48have let's now talk about color
54:51blindness so in color blindness This is
54:54the absence of perception of one or more
54:57colors Hindi daw po nakikita or
55:04na-perfect
55:06color right So this may be because the
55:09loss may involve perception of all three
55:12colors or one or two colors now most
55:16forms of color blindness occur more
55:18frequently in males and are xlink
55:22genetic traits Al right so ang pagiging
55:24color blind daw po ay xlink genetic
55:30tra this slide shows us an example of
55:33the isara test for color blindness so
55:37follow along um on figure a Anong number
55:40po ang nandito What number are you
55:43seeing here on figure
55:46a
55:48It's 74 all next here on figure B What
55:53number are you seeing
55:56the
55:57number if you had a difficult time
56:01Identifying the numbers that were shown
56:04here please consult with an
56:06opthalmologist so that you May have your
56:09eyes check and have a consultation on
56:13potential case of color
56:16blindness this slide shows us more
56:19examples of the Ishihara test for color
56:22blindness follow along What number is
56:25shown
56:27here it's seven next What number is
56:31shown
56:33here it's 13 next What number is shown
56:38here it's 16 next What number is shown
56:44here It's The Number eight next What
56:48number is shown
56:51here number 12 next What number is shown
56:56here it's the number nine so again um
57:01please consult with a professional if
57:04you are having difficulty Identifying or
57:06seeing the numbers that were shown here
57:09on these
57:11charts let's now discuss the ear so our
57:15ears function to help us with hearing
57:18and balance Okay so ulitin po natin
57:21hindi lang para sa pandinig ang ating
57:24ears they also help us stay balanced
57:28right so the ear is divided into three
57:30areas the external middle and inner
57:35ear let's look into the parts of the
57:38external ear so the external ear extends
57:41from the outside of the head to the
57:43eardrum Okay so Iyun po Iyung sakop ng
57:46external ear from the outside of the
57:48head or Iyung nakikita natin na tenga
57:50natin hanggang sa may eardrum so the
57:53external ear is composed of the Oracle
57:56the Oracle is the fleshy part on the
57:59outside so the Oracle is also the area
58:03where um we usually get piercing and
58:06Where we wear our earrings Okay so
58:08Oracle po Iyung tawag doon sa part na
58:11iyon next is the external auditory
58:14meatus the external auditory meatus is a
58:17Canal or passageway that leads to the
58:21eardrum next is the tympanic membrane so
58:25the tanic membrane This is the eardrum
58:28All right ulitin po natin Ano ang
58:31scientific term for the
58:33eardrum it's the tanic membrane So this
58:36is a thin membrane that separates the
58:40external and middle ear Okay So
58:43basically nakaharang daw po Iyung
58:45tympanic membrane nasa in between siya
58:49ng external and middle ear so again
58:52that's the tympanic membrane more
58:55commonly known as the
58:57eum let's proceed with the middle ear
59:00the middle ear Is An Air filled chamber
59:03with ossicles So osic are the tiny bones
59:07that we could find within the middle ear
59:10first is the malus or the hammer This is
59:13a bone that is attached to the tympanic
59:15membrane magkal daw po okay magkal yung
59:20eardrum at yung malus next is the incus
59:25or the Anvil This is the bone that
59:28connects the malus to the stapes and
59:31then this stapes Otherwise known as the
59:33stirrup is a bone located at the base of
59:36the oval window so magkakadugtong po
59:39iyung mga iyon okay Iyung eardrum or
59:42tanic membrane nasa gitna siya ng
59:45external and middle ear sa May um sa may
59:49eard drums no nakadugtong doon yung
59:52malus yung mos nakadugtong siya sa Anvil
59:55yung
59:56nakadugtong po siya sa steer wrap
1:00:00Okay so ano po ang ending nito it
1:00:03connects to the oval window the oval
1:00:06window would now separate the middle and
1:00:09the inner ear Okay ulitin po natin ang
1:00:12nasa pagitan ng middle at inner ear ay
1:00:15yyung oval window recall time Ano naman
1:00:19po ang nasa pagitan ng middle at
1:00:21external ear the tympanic membrane
1:00:25another wi know as the eum Okay so balik
1:00:28tayo dito ang nasa pagitan naman ng
1:00:31middle and inner ear is the oval window
1:00:35next We also have the u station or
1:00:38auditory tube so the auditory tube this
1:00:41opens into the fairings Okay may
1:00:44connection daw po Iyung ears natin sa
1:00:46airways natin So Again the auditory tube
1:00:49it opens into the fing So this area is
1:00:54supposed to equalize the air pressure
1:00:57between the outside air and middle ear
1:01:00Okay so Ayan po no um air pressure
1:01:05between the outside air ito rin po Iyung
1:01:07reason kung bakit when we um go to
1:01:10higher altitude or for example you ride
1:01:13a plane No you feel something in your
1:01:16ears Okay so the higher altitude causes
1:01:19a change in the pressure between our our
1:01:23environment and Our middle ear Okay so
1:01:27Ayun nga po matatagpuan natin yung um
1:01:30area of pressure na iyon at na i-e
1:01:33equalize ion dito sa auditory
1:01:36tube let's now proceed to the inner ear
1:01:39the inner ear is a set of fluid filled
1:01:42chambers Yes may fluid din po that is
1:01:45naturally occurring within our ear we
1:01:49have the bony labyrinth so the bony
1:01:51labyrinth is an area with tunnels that's
1:01:54again filled with fluid So this has
1:01:57three regions or three areas we have the
1:02:00coclea vestibule and semicircular canals
1:02:04Later we will also be showing an
1:02:07illustration for you to better
1:02:08understand where these things are
1:02:11located next is the membranous labyrinth
1:02:13so the membranous labyrinth is located
1:02:16inside of the bony labyrinth now this
1:02:19one is filled with What is known as the
1:02:24endolymph next we have the endolymph so
1:02:27the endolymph is a clear fluid within
1:02:31the membranous labyrinth We also have
1:02:34What is called as the perilymph so the
1:02:37perilymph is a fluid between the
1:02:39membranous and bony labyrinth All right
1:02:42so They're both Fluids ang pinagkaiba
1:02:44lang po ay yung location nila Okay so
1:02:47ulitin natin Saan located ang
1:02:50endolymph inside the membranous
1:02:53labyrinth next um ang perilymph Saan
1:02:56naman po ito
1:02:57located it is in between the membranous
1:03:02and bony labyrinth ulitin po natin ang
1:03:05membranous labyrinth ay nasa looban ng
1:03:08bony labyrinth So yung space po sa
1:03:10pagitan nila ito ay napupuno ng berry
1:03:13lmp next we have the coclea so the
1:03:16coclea is the snail shell shaped
1:03:20structure Okay so parang may spirals or
1:03:23may paikot daw po na structure tayong
1:03:25mak kita again ang tawag doon ay coclea
1:03:28so This Is Where hearing Actually takes
1:03:31place All right so the coclea This is
1:03:34kind of like the end point where the
1:03:36stimulus which in this case the stimulus
1:03:39is in the form of sound waves This Is
1:03:42Where the stimulus would be sent to the
1:03:44brain and then the brain would process
1:03:47the sound that the ear has
1:03:51heard still on the components of the
1:03:54inner ear We also have the Spiral organ
1:03:57so the Spiral organ contains hair cells
1:04:00But what are hair cells hair cells are
1:04:04attached to sensory neurons that when
1:04:07Bent would produce an action potential
1:04:10Al right so ulitin po natin yun sa
1:04:12looban nung spiral organ may hair cells
1:04:15iung hair cells nakadugtong sila sa mga
1:04:18sensory neurons so kapag po yung mga
1:04:21sound waves umabot sa spiral organ at
1:04:24umabot sa ating hair cells No they would
1:04:27bend and those bending would lead to an
1:04:31action
1:04:34potential right here is an illustration
1:04:36of the structure of our inner ear so
1:04:39let's start with the outer ear so again
1:04:41nakikita natin dito ay Iyung Oracle or
1:04:44the fleshy part of our ear going into
1:04:48that we have What is known as the
1:04:49external auditory Canal pagdating sa
1:04:52external auditory Canal mapupunta tayo
1:04:55sa tympanic membrane Again the tympanic
1:04:58membrane is more commonly known as the
1:05:01eum Al right after that no after ng
1:05:05tympanic membrane may nakadugtong dito
1:05:07na bone Ano po Iyung unang bone na
1:05:10nakadugtong sa timatic membrane it's the
1:05:13malus and the malus is connected to the
1:05:16incus and the incus is connected to the
1:05:19state so these three are referred to as
1:05:22the auditory ossicles All right tiny
1:05:26pieces of bone located within the middle
1:05:29ear Al right after that ito na po yung
1:05:32sinasabi natin kanina the coclea the
1:05:35coclea again is the specific part of our
1:05:39ear where hearing Actually
1:05:43happens let's now proceed with the steps
1:05:46of the hearing process so number one
1:05:49sound travels in waves through the air
1:05:52and is funneled into the ear by the
1:05:54Oracle yun din po yung dahilan kung
1:05:56bakit ganito yung hugis nung Oracle or
1:05:59yung external ear natin ' ba So kaya pag
1:06:03ganon or parang dish yyung shape niya is
1:06:06para Ayun nga po no mas makolekta niya
1:06:08yyung sound waves sa paligid next the
1:06:12sound waves would travel through the
1:06:13external auditory meatus to the tympanic
1:06:17membrane again Otherwise referred to as
1:06:20the ear drum pagdating po sa eardrum no
1:06:24yung sound waves though that dating siya
1:06:26sa may eardrums and This Would lead to a
1:06:29vibration All right Iyung sound waves no
1:06:32iv-vi brate niya Iyung ear drums and
1:06:35then the sound is amplified by the
1:06:38auditory ossicles which would transmit
1:06:41sound to the oval window pagdating sa
1:06:44oval window this produces waves in the
1:06:46perilymph of the coclea so notice yyung
1:06:49hearing process no um same with the
1:06:52other processes that we've talked about
1:06:53earlier parang pasa-pasa lang Sila ' ba
1:06:56yung sound waves or yung stimulus galing
1:06:58sa labas papasok sa external auditory
1:07:00meus tapos iv-vi brate niya yung
1:07:03tympanic membrane tapos ipapasa ng
1:07:06tympanic membrane itong vibration na to
1:07:08doon sa auditory ossicles and then
1:07:11naabot siya sa UM oval window so the
1:07:14sound waves would continue to move
1:07:17through the
1:07:19pery What happens next after the
1:07:22perilymph next um the vibrations of the
1:07:25par lymph would cause the vestibular
1:07:27membrane and the endolymph to vibrate
1:07:30and then vibrations of the endolymph
1:07:32would cause displacement of the basilar
1:07:35membrane so again parang pasa-pasa lang
1:07:37sila noo again pinapasa lang po nila
1:07:40Iyung sound waves or Iyung vibrations
1:07:43now the movement of the basilar membrane
1:07:46would be detected by the hair cells
1:07:49again sa UN located ang hair cells sa
1:07:52spiral organ So um the hair cells would
1:07:55now become Bent and cause action
1:08:00potentials this illustration shows us
1:08:02the effect of sound waves on the middle
1:08:05and inner ear structures Pagpasok po
1:08:08nung sound waves papunta sa auditory
1:08:11Canal Tatama siya doon sa tympanic
1:08:14membrane magvibrate yyung tympanic
1:08:16membrane and then pasa-pasa lang po
1:08:18Iyung vibrations doun sa tatlong
1:08:20auditory ossicles again ano po yung
1:08:23tatlong auditory ossicle
1:08:26si Miss Okay um yung melis incus and
1:08:32yung stapes alr so pagdating dito no
1:08:35tutuloy lang po yung vibration papuntang
1:08:38pery lymph and then ipapasa niya
1:08:41papuntang endolymph All right and then
1:08:43pag nangyari po yun no mag-vibrate yung
1:08:48hair cells no pag nag-vibrate po yung
1:08:50hair cells that would lead to their
1:08:54bending bend sila and Ayun nga po that
1:08:57would create some form of action
1:09:00potential We are done with the first
1:09:02function of our ears which is hearing
1:09:05let's now talk about the second function
1:09:07of our ears which is balance or
1:09:10equilibrium now for this one we're
1:09:12talking more about the physical balance
1:09:15of our body there are two types Static
1:09:18and dynamic equilibrium in Static
1:09:22equilibrium this is more associated with
1:09:25the vestibule and it evaluates the
1:09:27position of the head relative to Gravity
1:09:31All right so Ito po Iyung Static
1:09:33equilibrium ito yung tumutulong sa atin
1:09:35na um kumbaga is mag-maintain pa rin ng
1:09:38balance or maintindihan ng katawan natin
1:09:40kung tayo ba ay nakatayo nakahiga kahit
1:09:43pa nakabaliktad tayo no so Ayun po
1:09:45That's Static
1:09:47equilibrium dynamic equilibrium um This
1:09:50is associated more with the semicircular
1:09:53canals of our ear now this one evaluates
1:09:56the changes in Direction and the rate of
1:10:00head movement Okay so kapag Static
1:10:03steady ka lang pero nage-gets mo yung
1:10:06posisyon mo kung nakabaliktad ka ba
1:10:08nakatagilid or whatever so dynamic
1:10:10equilibrium naman may pagkilos po na
1:10:13nangyayari dito Okay so it evaluates our
1:10:17balance during changes in Direction and
1:10:20speed Okay so kung halimbawa nasa
1:10:23sasakyan kayo or kung kung tumatakbo
1:10:26kayo alr So yung dynamic equilibrium po
1:10:29natin yung gumagana
1:10:32dito What are autoit aits are particles
1:10:36of protein and calcium carbonate that
1:10:39are embedded in a gelatinous substance
1:10:42that moves in response to Gravity so
1:10:45pinag-usapan po natin kanina ' ba Iyung
1:10:48Static equilibrium nalalaman natin yung
1:10:52positioning natin depending on the pull
1:10:55of Gravity Now That is because of the
1:10:57presence of the utols within our ears
1:11:02next We also have the microvilli so the
1:11:05microvilli of the hair cells are
1:11:07embedded in this gelatinous substance
1:11:11and they initiate action potentials when
1:11:13Bent All right so ang nangyayari po no
1:11:16um again depending on our positioning
1:11:20with regards to the gravitational po
1:11:24nade-detect
1:11:25po ito ng hair cells natin Okay so yung
1:11:28hair cells ng ears natin hindi lang
1:11:31sound waves or sound vibrations ang kaya
1:11:33nilang
1:11:34i-d kaya din po nilang i-d no yung
1:11:38movement nung mga autoit natin and
1:11:41therefore guiding us to balance
1:11:46ourselves that ends our discussion on
1:11:48senses this has been aurel Enriquez
1:11:51Thank you so much for listening

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