As 7 Grandes Abordagens da Psicologia | História da Psicologia — Transcript

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1. 0:09The main schools of thought in
2. 0:11psychology represent different theories
3. 0:13. When psychology first emerged as a
4. 0:17science separate from biology and
5. 0:20philosophy, the debate over how to
6. 0:22describe and explain the human mind and
7. 0:25behavior began. The first school of
8. 0:28thought, structuralism, was championed
9. 0:31by the founder of the first psychology
10. 0:33laboratory, Wilhelm Wundt. Almost
11. 0:37immediately, other theories began to
12. 0:39emerge and contend for dominance in
13. 0:41psychology. In the past, psychologists
14. 0:44often identified themselves exclusively
15. 0:46with a single school of thought. Today,
16. 0:50many psychologists take a more eclectic
17. 0:52view of psychology. They often draw
18. 0:55upon ideas and theories from different
19. 0:57schools rather than holding a singular
20. 1:00perspective. So, let's talk a bit about
21. 1:03the main schools of thought that have
22. 1:06influenced our knowledge and
23. 1:07understanding of psychology.
24. 1:11Structuralism is widely considered the
25. 1:13first school of thought in psychology.
26. 1:16This perspective focused on breaking
27. 1:19down mental processes into more basic
28. 1:21components. Important thinkers
29. 1:23associated with structuralism include
30. 1:26Wundt and Edward Titchener. The focus
31. 1:30of structuralism was on reducing mental
32. 1:32processes to their most basic elements.
33. 1:36Structuralists used techniques like
34. 1:38introspection to analyze the internal
35. 1:41processes of the human mind.
36. 1:46Functionalism was formed as a reaction
37. 1:48to the theories of the structuralist
38. 1:50school of thought and was heavily
39. 1:52influenced by the work of William James
40. 1:54. Unlike some of the other well-known
41. 1:58schools of thought in psychology,
42. 2:00functionalism is not associated with a
43. 2:03single dominant theorist. Instead,
44. 2:06there are several different
45. 2:08functionalist thinkers associated with
46. 2:10it, to the point that some historians
47. 2:12even question whether functionalism
48. 2:14should be considered a formal school of
49. 2:16psychology, given its lack of a central
50. 2:18leader or formal set of ideas. Rather
51. 2:23than focusing on the mental processes
52. 2:25themselves, functionalist thinkers were
53. 2:27more interested in the role that these
54. 2:29processes played. Gestalt psychology is
55. 2:36a school of psychology based on the
56. 2:38idea that we experience things as
57. 2:40unified wholes. This approach to
58. 2:44psychology began in Germany and Austria
59. 2:46during the late 19th century in
60. 2:48response to the molecular approach of
61. 2:51structuralism. Instead of breaking
62. 2:54thoughts and behavior down into their
63. 2:56smallest elements, Gestalt
64. 2:57psychologists believed that you should
65. 2:59look at the whole of the experience.
66. 3:03According to Gestalt thinkers, the
67. 3:05whole is greater than the sum of its
68. 3:07parts. Behaviorism became a dominant
69. 3:13school of thought in psychology during
70. 3:15the 1950s. It was based on the work of
71. 3:19thinkers like John B. Watson, Ivan
72. 3:21Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. Behaviorism
73. 3:25suggests that behavior can be explained
74. 3:27by environmental causes. Behaviorism is
75. 3:30focused on observable behavior.
76. 3:33Learning theories, including classical
77. 3:36conditioning and operant conditioning,
78. 3:38were the focus of a major research
79. 3:40effort. The behavioral school of
80. 3:43psychology had a significant influence
81. 3:45on the course of psychology, and many
82. 3:48of the ideas and techniques that
83. 3:50emerged from this school of thought are
84. 3:52still widely used today. Psychoanalysis
85. 3:57was founded by Sigmund Freud. This
86. 3:59school of thought emphasized the
87. 4:02influence of the unconscious mind on
88. 4:04behavior. Freud believed that the human
89. 4:07mind was composed of three parts: the
90. 4:09id, the ego, and the superego. The id
91. 4:13consists of primitive instincts, while
92. 4:15the ego is the component of personality
93. 4:18that deals with reality. The superego
94. 4:22is the part of the personality that
95. 4:23holds all the ideals and values we
96. 4:25internalize from our parents and
97. 4:27culture. Freud believed that the
98. 4:30interaction of these three elements
99. 4:32leads to complex human behaviors.
100. 4:36Freud's school of thought was
101. 4:37enormously influential, but it also
102. 4:39generated considerable debate. This
103. 4:42controversy existed not only in his
104. 4:44time, but also in modern discussions of
105. 4:46Freud's theories. Other great
106. 4:49psychoanalytic thinkers include Anna
107. 4:51Freud, Sigmund's daughter, Jung, and
108. 4:54Erik Erikson. Humanistic psychology was
109. 5:00developed as a response to
110. 5:02psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
111. 5:04Humanistic psychology focuses on
112. 5:06individual free will, personal growth,
113. 5:09and the concept of self-actualization.
114. 5:12While early schools of thought were
115. 5:15centered primarily on abnormal human
116. 5:17behavior, humanistic psychology differs
117. 5:20in its emphasis on helping people reach
118. 5:23and realize their potential. Major
119. 5:28humanistic thinkers include Abraham
120. 5:30Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanistic
121. 5:33psychology continues to be quite
122. 5:35popular today and has had a significant
123. 5:38influence on other areas of psychology,
124. 5:40including positive psychology. This
125. 5:44particular branch of psychology is
126. 5:46centered on helping people live a
127. 5:47happier, more fulfilling life.
128. 5:53Cognitive psychology studies mental
129. 5:55processes, including how people think,
130. 5:57perceive, remember, and learn. As part
131. 6:02of the larger field of cognitive
132. 6:03science, this branch of psychology is
133. 6:05related to other disciplines, including
134. 6:07neuroscience, philosophy, and
135. 6:09linguistics. Cognitive psychology began
136. 6:12to emerge in the 1950s, in part as a
137. 6:15response to behaviorism. Some critics
138. 6:20of behaviorism argued that it could not
139. 6:22adequately explain behavior influenced
140. 6:24by internal processes. This period is
141. 6:28often referred to as the cognitive
142. 6:30revolution, with a wealth of research
143. 6:32on topics such as information
144. 6:34processing, language, memory, and
145. 6:36perception beginning to emerge. One of
146. 6:42the most influential theories of this
147. 6:44school of thought was the theory of
148. 6:45cognitive development stages proposed
149. 6:47by Piaget. So, did you enjoy it? If you
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