Aristotle & Virtue Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #38 — Transcript

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1. 0:03Imagine a person who always knows what to say.
2. 0:05Who can diffuse a tense situation, deliver tough news gracefully, is confident without being arrogant, brave but not reckless, generous but never extravagant.
3. 0:15This is the type of person that everybody wants to be around, and to be like.
4. 0:19Someone who seems to have mastered the art of being a person.
5. 0:23This may sound like an impossible feat, but Aristotle believed that, while rare, these people do exist.
6. 0:28And they are what we all should aspire to be: virtuous.
7. 0:31And there's a whole moral theory based on this idea of virtue.
8. 0:36But unlike most of the moral theories we’ve discussed, virtue theory doesn’t spend a lot of time telling you what to do.
9. 0:41There’s no categorical imperative or principle of utility.
10. 0:45Instead, virtue theory is all about character.
11. 0:47Rather than saying, “follow these rules so that you can be a good person,” Aristotle and other virtue theorists reasoned that, if we can just focus on being good people, the right actions will follow, effortlessly.
12. 0:58Become a good person, and you will do good things. No rulebook needed.
13. 1:02So, why should you be a virtuous person?
14. 1:04Because: eudaimonia.
15. 1:06[Theme Music]
16. 1:17Virtue theory reflects the ancient assumption that humans have a fixed nature – an essence – and that the way we flourish is by adhering to that nature.
17. 1:25Aristotle described this in terms of what he called proper functioning.
18. 1:29Everything has a function, and a thing is good to the extent that it fulfills its function, and bad to the extent that it doesn’t.
19. 1:35This is easy to see in objects created by humans.
20. 1:37A function of a knife is to cut, so a dull knife is a bad knife.
21. 1:41And a function of a flower is to grow and reproduce, so a flower that doesn’t do that is just bad at being a flower.
22. 1:46And the same goes for humans – we’re animals – so all the stuff that would indicate proper functioning for an animal holds true for us as well – we need to grow and be healthy and fertile.
23. 1:55But we’re also “the rational animal,” and a social animal, so our function also involves using reason and getting along with our pack.
24. 2:01Now you might notice that some of this sounds like parts of natural law theory – Aquinas' theory that God made us with the tools we need to know what’s Good.
25. 2:09Well, Aristotle had a strong influence on Thomas Aquinas, so part of Aristotle’s thoughts on virtue ended up in natural law theory.
26. 2:15But for Aristotle, this isn’t about God’s plan, it’s just about nature.
27. 2:19Aristotle argued that nature has built into us the desire to be virtuous, in the same way that acorns are built with the drive to become oak trees.
28. 2:26But what exactly does it mean to be virtuous?
29. 2:29Aristotle said that having virtue just means doing the right thing, at the right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward the right people.
30. 2:36Which sort of sounds like Aristotle is saying exactly nothing.
31. 2:39I mean, how vague can you be?
32. 2:41But according to Aristotle, there's no need to be specific, because if you’re virtuous, you know what to do.
33. 2:47All the time.
34. 2:48You know how to handle yourself and how to get along with others.
35. 2:51You have good judgment, you can read a room, and you know what's right and when.
36. 2:55Aristotle understood virtue as a set of robust character traits that, once developed, will lead to predictably good behavior.
37. 3:01You can think of virtue as the midpoint between two extremes, which Aristotle called vices.
38. 3:06Virtue is the just-right amount – the sweet spot between the extreme of excess and the extreme of deficiency.
39. 3:12And this sweet spot is known as the Golden Mean.
40. 3:15So let’s take a look at some particular virtues, starting with courage.
41. 3:19What is courage?
42. 3:20To take a closer look at this, let’s head to the Thought Bubble for some Flash Philosophy.
43. 3:24Walking home from a movie, you see a person being mugged.
44. 3:28What is the courageous action for you to take?
45. 3:30Your impulse might be to say that a courageous person would run over there and stop the mugging, because courage means putting yourself in harm's way for a good cause, right?
46. 3:38Well, no.
47. 3:40A virtuous person – in the Aristotelian sense – would first take stock of the situation.
48. 3:45If you size up the mugger and have a good reason to believe that you could safely intervene, then that's probably the courageous choice.
49. 3:51But if you assess the situation and recognize that intervention is likely to mean that both you and the victim will be in danger, the courageous choice is not to intervene, but to call for help instead.
50. 4:02According to Aristotle, courage is the midpoint between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness.
51. 4:08Cowardice is a deficiency of courage, while recklessness is an excess of courage – and both are bad.
52. 4:14Aristotle said that you definitely can have too much of a good thing.
53. 4:17So, being courageous doesn’t mean rushing headlong into danger.
54. 4:20A courageous person will assess the situation, they’ll know their own abilities, and they’ll take action that is right in the particular situation.
55. 4:28Part of having courage, he argued, is being able to recognize when, rather than stepping in, you need to find an authority who can handle a situation that's too big for you to tackle alone.
56. 4:37Basically, courage is finding the right way to act.
57. 4:39And a lot of the time – but not all of the time – that means doing a thing that you know you’re capable of, even if doing it scares the pants off of you.
58. 4:46Thanks, Thought Bubble!
59. 4:48Aristotle thought all virtue works like this.
60. 4:50The right action is always a midpoint between extremes.
61. 4:53So, there’s no all-or-nothing in this theory – even honesty.
62. 4:56In this view, honesty is the perfect midpoint between brutal honesty and failing to say things that need to be said.
63. 5:02Like, no one needs to be told that they have a big zit on their face – they already know.
64. 5:06The virtue of honesty means knowing what needs to be put out there, and what you should keep quiet about.
65. 5:11And it also means knowing how to deliver hard truths gracefully.
66. 5:14How to break bad news gently, or to offer criticism in a way that’s constructive, rather than soul-crushing.
67. 5:20The virtue of generosity works the same way.
68. 5:22It avoids the obvious vice of stinginess, but also doesn’t give too much.
69. 5:25It’s not generous to give drugs to an addict, or to buy a round of drinks for everyone in the bar when you need that money for rent.
70. 5:31The just right amount of generosity means giving when you have it, to those who need it.
71. 5:35It can mean having the disposition to give just for the heck of it, but it also means realizing when you can’t, or shouldn’t give.
72. 5:41So now you can see why Aristotle’s definition of virtue was totally vague – where that Golden Mean is depends on the situation.
73. 5:48But, if you have to figure out what virtue is in every situation, how can you possibly ever learn to be virtuous?
74. 5:53Aristotle thought there was a lot that you could learn from books, but how to be a good person was not one of them.
75. 5:58He said virtue is a skill, a way of living, and that’s something that can really only be learned through experience.
76. 6:04Virtue is a kind of knowledge that he called practical wisdom.
77. 6:07You might think of it as kind of like street smarts.
78. 6:09And the thing about street smarts is that you gotta learn ‘em on the street.
79. 6:13But the good news is, you don’t have to do it alone.
80. 6:15Aristotle said your character is developed through habituation.
81. 6:18If you do a virtuous thing over and over again, eventually it will become part of your character.
82. 6:23But the way you know what the right thing to do is in the first place, is by finding someone who already knows, and emulating them.
83. 6:29These people who already possess virtue are moral exemplars, and according to this theory, we are built with the ability to recognize them, and the desire to emulate them.
84. 6:38So you learn virtue by watching it, and then doing it.
85. 6:41In the beginning, it'll be hard, and maybe it’ll feel fake, because you’re just copying someone who's better than you at being a good person.
86. 6:47But over time, these actions will become an ingrained part of your character.
87. 6:51And eventually, it becomes that robust trait that Aristotle was talking about.
88. 6:55It'll just manifest every time you need it.
89. 6:58That's when you know you have virtue, fully realized. It becomes effortless.
90. 7:02OK but: Why? What's your motivation?
91. 7:05What if you have no desire to be the guy who always says the right thing, or the lady who always finds the courage when it's needed?
92. 7:11Virtue theory says that you should become virtuous because, if you are, then you can attain the pinnacle of humanity.
93. 7:17It allows you to achieve what's known as eudaimonia.
94. 7:21This is a cool Greek word that doesn’t have a simple English translation.
95. 7:24You might say it means “a life well lived.”
96. 7:26It’s sometimes translated as “human flourishing.”
97. 7:29And a life of eudaimonia is a life of striving.
98. 7:32It’s a life of pushing yourself to your limits, and finding success.
99. 7:36A eudaimonistic life will be full of the happiness that comes from achieving something really difficult, rather than just having it handed to you.
100. 7:43But choosing to live a eudaimonistic life means that you’re never done improving, you’re never to a point where you can just coast.
101. 7:49You’re constantly setting new goals, and working to develop new muscles.
102. 7:53Choosing to live life in this way also means you'll face disappointments, and failures.
103. 7:57Eudaimonia doesn’t mean a life of cupcakes and rainbows.
104. 8:00It means the sweet pleasure of sinking into bed at the end of an absolutely exhausting day.
105. 8:05It’s the satisfaction of knowing you’ve accomplished a lot, and that you’ve pushed yourself to be the very best person you could be.
106. 8:11This is morality, for Aristotle.
107. 8:13It’s being the best you can personally be, honing your strengths while working on your weaknesses.
108. 8:18And, for Aristotle, the kind of person who lives like this, is the kind of person who will do good things.
109. 8:24Today we learned about virtue theory.
110. 8:26We studied the Golden Mean, and how it exists as a midpoint between vices of excess and deficiency.
111. 8:31We talked about moral exemplars, and the life of eudaimonia that comes with virtuousness.
112. 8:36Next time, we’re going to consider a tricky little problem in ethics known as moral luck.
113. 8:40Crash Course Philosophy is produced in association with PBS Digital Studios.
114. 8:44You can head over to their channel to check out a playlist of the latest episodes from shows like:
115. 8:48PBS Space Time, BBQ with Franklin, and PBS OffBook.
116. 8:51This episode of Crash Course was filmed in the Doctor Cheryl C. Kinney Crash Course Studio
117. 8:55with the help of all of these awesome people and our equally fantastic graphics team is Thought Cafe.