Arduino MASTERCLASS | Full Programming Workshop in 90 Minutes! — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:00are you trying to figure out how to  use arduino to build something cool
2. 0:04well hey you're in luck because in this single  workshop you're going to learn everything you
3. 0:09need to get started with arduino by the time  you're done here you're going to know what
4. 0:13hardware to get and why you're going to  know the ins and outs of an arduino board
5. 0:18you're going to understand which software to get  you're going to know the key arduino programming
6. 0:23functions to control electronic stuff and if  you've never programmed before you're going
7. 0:27to learn the key coding structures found in  all programming languages plus you'll learn
8. 0:33the best follow-on training to this workshop  to really accelerate your skills let's go
9. 0:42before we start please do subscribe to our  youtube channel it doesn't cost you anything
10. 0:47but a click but it really helps us bring you  great content like this arduino workshop huge
11. 0:52thank you to altium for sponsoring this training  if you want to get a free trial of the super
12. 0:57powerful altium 365 software check the link in the  description thanks a ton i really appreciate that
13. 1:04okay so what the heck is this thing called arduino  well arduino is a tool that helps you control
14. 1:11electronic stuff with code so if you're building  a house you'd probably go grab a hammer well if
15. 1:17you're gonna build a project using electronic  stuff grab yourself an arduino but what do i
16. 1:22mean exactly by electronic stuff well let's make  two big general groups inputs and outputs inputs
17. 1:30are devices that gather information and outputs or  devices that have some action in the world so for
18. 1:35inputs think of things like temperature sensors  light sensors touch sensors flex sensors humidity
19. 1:40sensors infrared sensor distance sensors just to  name a few then you have things like outputs dc
20. 1:46motors stepper motors servo motors leds led strips  buzzers speakers lcd displays oled displays the
21. 1:54list goes on what arduino can do is stand in  the middle of these input and output devices
22. 2:01and control them with some cool logic that you get  to create so arduino can be used to read inputs
23. 2:08and control outputs okay so now you have a  general idea of what arduino is it's a tool to
24. 2:15control electronic stuff great okay but how do  you actually get started using arduino what do
25. 2:20you have to do so here's what you're going to need  we're going to talk about the big three it's what
26. 2:25i like to call the arduino trifecta you've got  arduino hardware the arduino ide and the actual
27. 2:31arduino code that you're going to need to write  so first we have the physical component of arduino
28. 2:36which is called an arduino board there's a bunch  of different types of arduino boards out there
29. 2:42when someone says arduino board it could mean a  number of these different circuit boards in just
30. 2:47a little bit i'm going to tell you exactly which  one to go buy if you haven't purchased one yet and
31. 2:52here's some quick good news if you have bought  one already it's probably gonna work just fine
32. 2:57now all arduino boards share one thing in  common they have a micro controller on them
33. 3:03a microcontroller is basically a really small  computer so when you use an arduino you're really
34. 3:10just using a microcontroller the microcontroller  is what enables us to read those different inputs
35. 3:16and control those outputs so again when somebody  says arduino board they're talking about something
36. 3:21physical it's this printed circuit board and it's  got some electrical components on it we'll dive
37. 3:27into this in a little bit okay so you're gonna  need an arduino board the next thing you're going
38. 3:32to need is the arduino ide that is the software  that you will use to actually write the code
39. 3:39that is then going to get loaded onto the  arduino board itself ide stands for integrated
40. 3:46development environment in just a moment we're  going to walk through downloading the arduino
41. 3:50ide to your computer it's totally free it's  pretty darn easy to use and it's an amazing
42. 3:56tool that's going to get you up and running  super fast alright the third part of this arduino
43. 4:01trifecta is the arduino code itself you're going  to need to write some code inside the arduino ide
44. 4:08that is ultimately going to get loaded onto the  microcontroller that's on the arduino board you're
45. 4:13using so the arduino code that you write is called  a sketch so that's like a little bit of jargon
46. 4:18there right so normally you write a program  well arduino they call it a sketch and this
47. 4:23arduino code itself is basically c and c plus plus  programming languages but it's got some arduino
48. 4:31specific functions and structure so when you  program an arduino you're basically programming
49. 4:36in c and c plus plus programming languages now  c code is blazingly fast it is used all over the
50. 4:43place from mission critical code on spaceships  to gpus running machine learning algorithms
51. 4:49if you are planning on learning to program arduino  and this is your first programming language
52. 4:55you should be super stoked because everything you  learn in arduino is going to help you understand
53. 5:01other programming languages it's not like  arduino some weird esoteric coding language
54. 5:06that has nothing similar to other languages and  it's going to give you a step up on learning to
55. 5:11code other languages like python java or whatever  you want to take on so those are the three things
56. 5:16you're going to need an arduino board you're going  to need the arduino ide and then you'll have to
57. 5:20figure out how to write the code that's going to  control this electronic stuff so we are going to
58. 5:25be diving into all three of those things i hope  you're pumped and excited to start learning a ton
59. 5:31so up next we're going to talk about what kind  of arduino board you should get and why if you're
60. 5:36looking for electronic parts for your design  you're going to want to check out octopart it
61. 5:40is a search engine for electronic components  and i'm telling you it's pretty darn amazing
62. 5:46it's like google for electronic components if you  want to find and compare parts quickly there is
63. 5:52no comparison you know when you're designing  something you don't want to get dragged down
64. 5:56by some clunky user interface trying to find the  right component octopart lets you keep your design
65. 6:02momentum going through moments when you used to  stop to research components with every search you
66. 6:06get super important supply chain information like  low stock levels and even life cycle validation
67. 6:12checks octopart is even integrated with altium  365 so you can get real-time insight as you
68. 6:18design make sure to check out octopart.com for  finding your next electronic part all right so
69. 6:24you need to go buy an arduino board but there  are a ton of options which one or ones are you
70. 6:29supposed to go buy to complicate things further  there's a ton of boards out there that say arduino
71. 6:35compatible what does that even mean are they going  to work with the arduino ide in the arduino code
72. 6:41okay if you have not yet bought an arduino board i  would recommend buying an arduino uno rev 3 if you
73. 6:52already have an arduino board and it's not an uno  don't worry about it it's probably going to work
74. 6:58just fine and we'll talk about why in a moment  so why do i recommend buying an arduino uno reb3
75. 7:05well here's the deal the arduino uno is the  best board for getting started with arduino
76. 7:11it's not the best board for all applications but  when you are learning to use the arduino hardware
77. 7:16the arduino ide and the code all at once then  sticking with the arduino uno is going to be your
78. 7:23path of least resistance and here's why it's super  popular so you're going to find tons of code out
79. 7:29there and training specifically for it it has 20  different general purpose input output pins called
80. 7:36gpio for reading inputs and controlling outputs  and this is plenty pins for most applications
81. 7:45plus the board layout itself is kind of the  standard that's used by most arduino accessories
82. 7:52called shields the only real annoying thing  about the arduino uno is that you'll need a
83. 7:57type a b usb cable like the kind you use with  lots of printers to connect it to your computer
84. 8:02so if you don't have one yet go get an arduino  uno rev 3 and i would recommend for your first one
85. 8:08actually getting it from the arduino website it's  a great way to support the arduino organization oh
86. 8:13crud but wait i already bought an arduino and it's  not an arduino uno rev 3 i got a mega or a nano or
87. 8:20this thing that doesn't even say arduino on it but  it sure looks like an arduino uno will these work
88. 8:26well here's the good news the chances are whatever  board you bought is probably going to work just
89. 8:32fine and that is one of the amazing things about  arduino and i want to take just a quick second
90. 8:38to explain something that eluded me for like  ever but hopefully it'll make sense to you
91. 8:43so arduino is the name of a company they started  making arduino boards and they made the arduino
92. 8:51ide and they helped make the underlying arduino  language but everything they did was open source
93. 8:59so the hardware like the actual design of the  board is open source hardware and what that means
94. 9:06is that anybody or company can use the exact same  design and change it if they want to and start
95. 9:13selling boards on their own so that's exactly what  has happened and tons of people and companies have
96. 9:20started selling boards that do the exact same  thing as an arduino board does or sometimes they
97. 9:26do additional things many times they do additional  interesting things so the arduino company and all
98. 9:32types of other companies sell tons of different  boards that all do slightly different things like
99. 9:38think of a car company that sells different types  of vehicles maybe it sells a minivan or an suvs
100. 9:43sedans or trucks each one serves a different  use case but for the most part they can all
101. 9:49get you where you want to go but it's not just the  hardware that's open source it's also the arduino
102. 9:55ide the arduino ide again that's the software that  you use to program the arduino is totally open
103. 10:03source and it's actively developed and supported  by the arduino company and the arduino community
104. 10:10but here's what's crazy the arduino ide will  work with these other companies boards just fine
105. 10:17so any board that you get that says it's arduino  compatible will very likely work just fine with
106. 10:23the arduino ide but here's what's even crazier all  the code that you write for one board is in most
107. 10:31cases going to work fine on another board with  maybe some slight modifications so if you wrote
108. 10:38code for your arduino uno but later want to switch  it to a smaller form factor like an arduino nano
109. 10:45it's not like you need to rewrite all of your  code at most you might need to adjust a couple
110. 10:49lines of code and you're gonna be ready to roll  okay i know that was actually quite a bit there
111. 10:54hopefully you've kind of got a bigger picture of  what arduino compatible actually means and again
112. 11:00i recommend getting yourself an arduino uno r3 if  you're just getting started now what if you don't
113. 11:06have any cash at all like zero cash but you still  want to start playing around with arduino well you
114. 11:13actually have a free simulator option you can get  access to a really nice free arduino simulator
115. 11:22at a website called tinkercad.com tinkercad is  created by autodesk and they have built a really
116. 11:30nice arduino simulator so you can use an arduino  uno board you can build small circuits test them
117. 11:36you can write code right inside the simulator it's  pretty darn cool a lot of people find they like
118. 11:42it a ton now it does have some limits like you're  not going to find all the different parts in there
119. 11:46and there's not a ton of different arduino boards  you can use but for just getting started it is a
120. 11:51great place to go if you're strapped for cash so  now let's take a look at an arduino board and talk
121. 11:57about the stuff that's on it like have you ever  rented a car and you check out its features like
122. 12:03what side you put the fuel in where do you adjust  the mirrors like that kind of thing that's what
123. 12:07we're gonna do here so what i've got is an arduino  uno here this is what we're going to use as our
124. 12:12base for talking right first thing first the whole  thing together is called a circuit board yeah i
125. 12:18know you probably know that but hey just in case  the most important thing on this circuit board is
126. 12:23this big black rectangle that has a bunch of metal  prongs sticking out this is the micro controller
127. 12:31and again it is the most important part of the  arduino board in fact an arduino board is a micro
128. 12:38controller development board it's designed for  you to take advantage of all the cool features
129. 12:45on that microcontroller now depending on the board  you have the micro controller might look a little
130. 12:51different it could be smaller and the metal prongs  may be really tiny not to mention it could be a
131. 12:58completely different microcontroller than the  one on the arduino uno and just as a reminder
132. 13:02the microcontroller is the brains of the operation  here it's what's going to be taking the code you
133. 13:08write and applying the logic so those metal prongs  i was talking about those are called pins these
134. 13:14pins are how the microcontroller communicates to  the world many of the pins can be configured or
135. 13:22like set up right to be inputs or outputs for  reading sensor values or for controlling stuff
136. 13:30and those pins are called the gpio that stands  for general purpose input output now the way the
137. 13:38output pins work is by adjusting the voltage at  the pin the way the input pins work is by reading
138. 13:46a voltage applied at the pin now if you look at  the board like the periphery you'll notice these
139. 13:53plastic columns filled with holes these are  called pin headers or just headers and they come
140. 14:00in different shapes and sizes but a lot of them  look just like this each one of the holes makes
141. 14:06an electrical connection to one of the pins that  we were just talking about on the microcontroller
142. 14:12and those holes are designed to make an electrical  connection with wires and components so you can
143. 14:18stick something into that hole like a wire or  resistor or something like that and you don't have
144. 14:23to solder stuff to the microcontroller you can  just make a temporary connection using this pin
145. 14:29header now let's say you have an input device like  a button you can hook it directly into one of the
146. 14:35pins on the arduino board or if you have an output  device like an led you can connect that directly
147. 14:41to the arduino board as well oftentimes people use  a breadboard when they're working with an arduino
148. 14:47that's a place where you don't have to solder your  circuit together you can use these little wires
149. 14:52called jumper wires to make different connections  they're super handy if you don't have one i would
150. 14:56recommend getting one of those as well now  depending on the arduino board you have the pin
151. 15:02headers may be labeled let's take a close look at  this arduino uno which has labeled headers on one
152. 15:09side we have the digital pins labeled 0 through  13. these pins can be used for reading on off
153. 15:17type inputs like if a button is being pressed or  if it's not being pressed we'd call that a binary
154. 15:22input not only can they read inputs but they can  also act as outputs which means they can source
155. 15:30voltage so if you turn a pin on which is called  setting it high then the pin can source 5 volts
156. 15:38if you turn it off called setting the pin low then  it can source zero volts and what this allows you
157. 15:45to do is control different electronics like leds  buzzers and it also allows you to communicate with
158. 15:52other devices using different protocols now  some of these pins have special purposes for
159. 15:57example pins 0 and 1 are used for communication  with the usb port they're marked with a tx for
160. 16:04transmit and an rx for receive there's also two  tiny leds on the board marked tx and rx and those
161. 16:11leds will flash on and off when signals are being  transmitted on those two pins some pins also have
162. 16:18a little squiggly line next to them those little  squiggles mean that the pin is capable of pulse
163. 16:24width modulation or pwm and what pwm does is turn  the voltage high and low at different frequencies
164. 16:33and this is useful for driving inertial loads like  motors and also for fading leds on and off as well
165. 16:40as controlling things like servo motors now if you  look at the other set of pin headers on the other
166. 16:45side of the board you'll see two sections one  marked for analog in and one for power the analog
167. 16:53in section has six holes and these are places  where you can connect and read analog inputs so
168. 17:00before remember we said the button is either on  or off that binary input well analog is when you
169. 17:06have a continuous signal and there's lots of  sensors out there that have analog outputs to
170. 17:12read those analog outputs you can use these analog  input pins and that's because the microcontroller
171. 17:19has an analog to digital converter on it called  an adc these pins right here are connected to the
172. 17:27microcontroller's adc an example of a sensor that  might output a variable voltage is a temperature
173. 17:34sensor so as the temperature changes in the room  or wherever the voltage at the output pin of the
174. 17:40temperature sensor is going to adjust and if you  have that output pin connected to the analog input
175. 17:46pin then you can read that variable voltage and  then use code to translate it from a voltage to
176. 17:52an actual temperature next to the analog  in section we have the power section here
177. 17:58you'll find two pins marked g and d gnd stands for  ground and that's the lowest voltage on the board
178. 18:05you'll also see a 5v and a 3.3 v pin the v  stands for voltage which you probably guessed
179. 18:13and you can use these as a voltage source for  small components you connect to the arduino board
180. 18:19as long as they don't draw too much current now  we're going to skip all the other pins for now and
181. 18:24talk briefly about how you can power this arduino  uno there's generally three recommended ways you
182. 18:31can provide power through the usb port you know  just by like connecting the board to your computer
183. 18:36or you can power it through the dc jack so that  dc jack there is a 2.1 millimeter center positive
184. 18:45plug and you can connect a power supply to it  like say five double a batteries or one of those
185. 18:51wall wart supplies the voltage limit on this dc  jack is about 7 to 20 volts but you're better off
186. 18:58limiting your voltage to about 12 volts and  that's because there's a voltage regulator
187. 19:04on the arduino board and if you supply a ton of  voltage then it has to dissipate a bunch of heat
188. 19:10and that's just lost power and excess heat  that you don't need so i'd limit it to a 12
189. 19:14volt output i'd also recommend a minimum output  current of one amp that's a thousand milliamps
190. 19:22more is okay but less can be an issue if you start  hooking up a bunch of stuff to your arduino board
191. 19:27now if you look at that power section again  on the pin headers you'll see a pin marked
192. 19:32v in this is where you can hook up an external  voltage source to the board in order to power it
193. 19:38this has the same limits as the dc jack so we're  talking about that 7 to 20 volts again limiting it
194. 19:44to 12 volts is a good idea the final pin i want  to talk about is the reset pin if you apply a
195. 19:50low voltage to this pin it will reset the arduino  board same thing with that reset button when you
196. 19:56press it that's going to reset the board as well  and that's like turning the power off on like some
197. 20:01electric device right you just turn it off turn  it back on again which is totally fine to do with
198. 20:06an arduino board all right i know that was a ton  you probably have more questions than answers the
199. 20:13truth is there is a ton to learn we just barely  scratch the surface with all the stuff that's
200. 20:18going on with an arduino board but hopefully that  gives you a taste of the most important things you
201. 20:22need to know on the arduino board right now you're  going to have a basic footing so that we can start
202. 20:27writing some code and actually make this arduino  board do some stuff now in order to get code
203. 20:33onto this arduino board we're going to be using  the arduino ide next what we'll do is get the
204. 20:39arduino ide set up so that we can start writing  code and get it loaded onto the arduino board
205. 20:45we'll run through a couple example sketches just  to give you an idea of how this whole thing works
206. 20:50all right so what i've done is navigate to the  arduino website that's just arduino.cc and then
207. 20:55i clicked on this software navigation tab and  that takes me to this page where it shows kind
208. 21:02of a bunch of different options for different  ides so as a reminder ide stands for integrated
209. 21:09development environment and it's simply a software  tool that you're going to use to write your code
210. 21:15in and it's also going to help you load the code  into an actual arduino board it's a really handy
211. 21:21tool and all the options on the arduino website  are free and when i say options you actually
212. 21:26have three different options on this website for  what ide you want to use they have the web editor
213. 21:33they have the original arduino ide which is  arduino ide 1 and then they have the future
214. 21:40version of the arduino ide which is arduino ide 2.  now arduino ide 2 is still in development as we're
215. 21:47speaking but it's definitely working and you can  download it and check it out i think it's a great
216. 21:51ide i'm not positive yet but i actually think  they're going to keep both of these ides around
217. 21:58for a long time so i don't think ide 1 is going  away i think it's got a lot of great features it's
218. 22:02really simple to use nothing really gets in your  way not to say that arduino ide 2 isn't great also
219. 22:09but it has a bit more going on than arduino ide  one now arduino ide one and two are both downloads
220. 22:16that you would download onto your computer you  know load onto your hard drive and use but they
221. 22:19also have a web editor that you can set up and so  it doesn't matter what computer you're on you can
222. 22:24write code for your arduino and you can upload the  code that you write in the web editor onto your
223. 22:29arduino boards with your computer what's great  about the web editor is if you have a chromebook
224. 22:33or maybe you're in an educational environment a  lot of people have chromebooks then you can use
225. 22:37this web editor on those chromebooks so let's go  through the process of downloading this arduino
226. 22:43ide one it's gonna be the same for arduino ide two  but let's just do this so i'm on a windows machine
227. 22:49click this you have the option to donate  i'm just gonna download it for now
228. 22:54i'm going to download it to downloads i'll double  click the exe file i want it to make changes
229. 23:02something about selling your first kid  i'm just going to leave all these checked
230. 23:06i'm just going to leave it as this default  destination folder under program files
231. 23:14all right now it's completed i'll go ahead and  hit close all right now i've got a shortcut right
232. 23:20on my desktop here if i click this it's going  to open up the arduino ide i'll allow access
233. 23:27all right here we go this is not super duper  fancy but this is it right here so when you
234. 23:32open up the arduino ide it opens up a new  sketch it creates a new sketch for you with
235. 23:37the date in there and it fills it with  two functions void setup and void loop
236. 23:42which you'll learn about here shortly but what's  really important is about where these things get
237. 23:46saved so what i'm going to do is i'm just  going to go ahead and save this file save
238. 23:54all right so i'm saving this the file name is  going to be sub sandwich i'm going to hit save
239. 23:58so now what i want to do is show you where  that actually gets saved so i'm going to go
240. 24:02to my documents and if we come to documents when  you install the arduino ide it creates a folder
241. 24:09called arduino and if you open that folder  up there's going to be some files inside here
242. 24:15so libraries is where all the libraries that you  save will go and all the other sketches you save
243. 24:22it's going to create a folder with the name of  the sketch so we save sub sandwich and if you
244. 24:27open that it's going to have a file in here and  you can see the file name is also sub sandwich now
245. 24:32the file extension is dot eno old file extensions  are dot pde but dot eno is what you'll see
246. 24:39in this folder named arduino this is called your  sketchbook folder so if you go to file sketchbook
247. 24:47you'll see here's two programs in here now i had  already downloaded the arduino ide and i had a
248. 24:53little simple write program so that's why this  shows up but if you want to get to the programs
249. 24:57you've written which are called sketches in  arduino you would just go to sketchbook and there
250. 25:01they would show up but let's go to file and let's  go down to preferences and i want to show you this
251. 25:07right here this is where you set your sketchbook  location right now mine is under users mica
252. 25:14documents and then arduino and you can change that  here if you want you can also change the font size
253. 25:19like we could make the font size bigger which i  usually do so we'll make that 18. you can display
254. 25:25line numbers if you want so you'll see this when  i save this here but there's some important stuff
255. 25:31that takes place in here we won't talk about  all of it right now but i'm just gonna hit ok
256. 25:36and now you can see we see the line numbers okay  cool all right so let's go ahead and check out
257. 25:42one of the cool features of the arduino ide and  that is all the example sketches in here so i'm
258. 25:46going to go to file and i highly recommend  you do this as well and i'm going to go to
259. 25:50examples and in the examples they have a bunch  of example programs a bunch of example code
260. 25:57that you can play around with so i'm going  to go to basics and i'm going to go to blink
261. 26:02it's going to open up a new program new sketch  here and they've got some comments up here
262. 26:07comments are things that tell you about the  program but they there it's not actually code it's
263. 26:12just more like help or text for you to understand  what's going on and blank turns an led on and off
264. 26:19so we won't talk about this code right  now but i just want to show you how to
265. 26:23check to see if there's any errors in the  code and then how to actually upload it onto
266. 26:26an arduino board so the first thing i'm going  to do is i'm going to take my arduino uno and
267. 26:30i'm actually going to plug it in with that usb  cable to my computer so i'm going to plug it in
268. 26:34now my computer made a little noise like oh hey i  recognized something yours may or may not but mine
269. 26:40does and then i'm going to go up to tools board  and i'm going to select which board i have now
270. 26:46i have an arduino uno so it already recognized  that for me so i'm just going to click that
271. 26:51we also need to set the port so here's the port  it's going to show me i have com4 hooked up i
272. 26:57have an arduino uno maybe i have different things  shown here right but there might be multiple ports
273. 27:03listed here i'm just going to go with this  one right here so i'm going to click that
274. 27:07so now that i have my board and my port selected  i'll be able to upload this code onto my arduino
275. 27:13now if you look in the bottom right of the  arduino ide it'll tell you what board you have
276. 27:17and what port it's on and then this space right  here in this black space this council space it's
277. 27:22going to show you if you have any errors or  anything like that so the first thing i'm
278. 27:25going to do is hit this little check mark this is  the verify and what it's doing is it's checking
279. 27:30your sketch for any errors now since this is an  example sketch we're not going to see any errors
280. 27:36so we get a little message down here about how  much space it's using and we're doing just fine so
281. 27:40now i want to actually get it onto my arduino  board so i'm going to go ahead and hit
282. 27:43upload now when i hit upload now it's actually  uploading it to my arduino board and if you
283. 27:50look at your board while it's uploading you'll see  the tx and rx lights start blinking now what this
284. 27:56program does is it blinks an on-board led on the  arduino uno so most arduinos they have an led on
285. 28:03the board somewhere usually it's a pin 13 but not  always and as you can see right now we're blinking
286. 28:09the led so we are able to successfully upload this  to the to the board and so it's on for a second
287. 28:14and off for a second but if let's say we wanted to  speed that up we could mess around with this delay
288. 28:19function and we'll talk more about this later so  don't get too worried but i just want to just show
289. 28:23you how how this can work so i'm just going to  make that 100 and this let's make it 75 and then
290. 28:31i'm gonna go ahead and upload it again so now i  can see the led is blinking much faster and it's
291. 28:37not off as long as it is on so it's kind of a neat  little effect okay so that's uploading code to the
292. 28:43board that's not too crazy right so that's about  everything you need to know on a very basic level
293. 28:48about how to get code loaded onto your arduino  board i highly recommend going into file examples
294. 28:55and just walk through each of these examples see  the circuit they talk about setting up and then
295. 29:02playing around with those circuits just doing that  is really going to help you find your way around
296. 29:07alright so this is arduino ide 1.0 for  kicks let's check out arduino ide 2.0
297. 29:22all right the license agreement i'm going  to install it for everybody uses a computer
298. 29:27and i want to say yep that's  okay again selling my children
299. 29:33now what's nice is you can have arduino  ide 1 and arduino ide 2 installed on
300. 29:37your computer at the same time no  issues there so i'll get hit install
301. 29:46and then i'll just click finish all right and  it automatically opens the arduino ide 2.0 for
302. 29:53you now i had already had it installed you might  have to click to install some drivers while you go
303. 29:57through that process but it's just acknowledging  that some drivers are getting installed
304. 30:02and it looks pretty darn similar doesn't it  so you're going to have file and preferences
305. 30:08and you'll notice that the sketchbook location  is the same for ide1 and for ide 2. so when you
306. 30:15save a sketch in idd2 it's going to also  you'll also be able to access it from ide1
307. 30:20no problem at all okay and you can also you  can change the theme to a different you know
308. 30:24colored theme in there too if you wanted  to do that kind of fun to do i'll just keep
309. 30:27it with this theme now if i want to connect a  board i can just go to tools board and select
310. 30:33my board notice this is arduino avr  boards there's different types of boards
311. 30:38that you can have show up here we won't  cover how to show the different boards but
312. 30:41got a really big list here and i'm just going down  saying yep arduino uno and then i go back to tools
313. 30:47port and the only port is showing me is currently  this com4 arduino uno port so i'll select that
314. 30:54and then you'll notice just right here it's going  to show me my options if i had other boards here
315. 30:59it would show me those and then again down in  the bottom right it's telling me what board i'm
316. 31:03connected to and the port that i'm on the verify  button is the exact same and the upload button is
317. 31:10also the same so i can go to file sketchbook  i can see there was that sub sandwich sketch
318. 31:15that we had saved i can go to examples and see  all those examples i'll just go to blink again
319. 31:20now in arduino id 2.0 this is going to open up  a new window so go ahead and open this up it's
320. 31:26the same sketch nothing different there and just  verify that yep this is the port i've got selected
321. 31:33and i can go ahead and upload and the output  shows down here all right and that's pretty much
322. 31:39arduino ide 2.0 so pretty darn similar huh not  too much different there now let's talk about
323. 31:45the web editor so go ahead and click code  online and what you have to do is set up an
324. 31:50account i've already done that all right so here  i am now i'm logged in to the arduino web editor
325. 31:58but in order to actually upload a sketch with  the usb port you have to install some software
326. 32:03it's the arduino agent so this little thing pops  up i'm just going to go ahead and click that and
327. 32:07it's going to walk me through setting it up making  sure it's installed so i'm going to install the
328. 32:12agent and then select for windows 32 or windows  64. i've got a win64 so i'll download for that
329. 32:22i'll double click the installer just hit some next
330. 32:27yep i'm gonna accept selling my kiddos that  looks like a good installation directory
331. 32:34all right i am planning on using this with google  chrome or firefox so i'm i'm not gonna click
332. 32:40yes this is these are the two i plan on working it  on so here we go and now i'll hit next it's going
333. 32:47to go ahead and install that and then it launches  the agent it just kind of runs in the background
334. 32:53finish it now when you look down at  your toolbar you'll see this little
335. 32:57arduino looking thing and this is the agent right  here so you can actually click this it's going to
336. 33:03take you right to the web ide if you go to  the create it'll open up a tab for you and
337. 33:08what we're going to be working with is  the web editor all right so now i'm i'm
338. 33:13all connected all right so now what i do if i  want to select the board is i just click here
339. 33:20and it's going to show me the boards i  have so here's an arduino uno i select that
340. 33:24cool and then over here it's got the different  things so i can go to examples basics blank
341. 33:34here's that sketch that we just saw on our  desktop same thing here and then i'll click upload
342. 33:41same thing happens the tx and rx lights turn on  and off and i have successfully uploaded the board
343. 33:48so same thing here and when you save sketches they  get saved over in your sketchbook folder but this
344. 33:54is an online sketchbook folder so you know i've  used this before so we've got some code in here
345. 33:59but it just gets saved over in here and you can  organize it you can access these from anywhere
346. 34:04so that's pretty cool so which one of these are  you supposed to use well here's the good news it
347. 34:09doesn't really matter just pick one and go with  it now if you are on a chromebook computer then
348. 34:15you're gonna have to go with that arduino web  editor but otherwise you know ide ide1 ide 2 it
349. 34:20doesn't really matter there's also other editors  out there that you know we're not going to talk
350. 34:24about right now that you could write this code on  for example vs code you could use platform io the
351. 34:31code's going to remain the same it's just a matter  which ide you feel most comfortable programming in
352. 34:37all right here we are in the arduino ide  and this is the stuff we're going to go over
353. 34:41how every arduino program is laid out how to  use variables how to use control structures
354. 34:46and we're going to be talking about all the  most important arduino specific functions
355. 34:50as we go through this so the first thing we're  going to do is go ahead and open up a new sketch
356. 34:55we're going to talk about how an arduino program  is laid out so here's a new sketch and what do you
357. 35:00notice there's some words here some stuff well  this stuff these are functions and the reason
358. 35:06we know their functions is they've got these  open and closing so here's an open and here's
359. 35:11a closing parenthesis after a word so that kind  of setup when you see an open closing parenthesis
360. 35:18maybe some stuff would be in here that's going  to give it away like hey this is a function so
361. 35:24the name of this function is called setup it has  an opening curly brace and a closing curly brace
362. 35:30same thing with this function this function is  called loop and it also has an opening and closing
363. 35:36curly brace now you can forget this word void  don't worry about that but these two functions
364. 35:41set up in loop need to be in every single  arduino program you write if we read the
365. 35:48information that's in here it says put your setup  code here to run once and in loop it says put your
366. 35:54main code here to run repeatedly well what does it  mean to run code what are they talking about well
367. 35:59that just means that if we write any code in here  it's going to execute the code and it's going to
368. 36:04execute the code from the top to the bottom so if  we have code 1 code two it's gonna execute code
369. 36:13one first and then the next line of code code two  and it's gonna go on until it gets to the end and
370. 36:18once it gets to the end setup is over and then  it moves on to the loop so setup runs once and
371. 36:25the code you'll put in here is stuff that only  needs to run once it's like code that's going
372. 36:29to set up the other part of your program now  the loop it's going to run over and over again
373. 36:37so in loop it also starts at the top and it's  going to work its way down first it's going to
374. 36:42execute this code on line 9 and then this code on  line 10. of course this is in code this is just
375. 36:47gibberish but i'm just trying to give you an idea  then it gets to the bottom curly brace and when it
376. 36:52gets here it starts back up at the top and it runs  this code step by step and it's going to do that
377. 36:58forever that is it just repeats the same thing  over and over and over until either you remove
378. 37:04power from the arduino board or i don't know  the universe ends in heat death now you might
379. 37:09be thinking wait a second how can a program  that does the same thing over and over again
380. 37:15actually do anything really useful doesn't  that kind of limit it to doing simple stuff
381. 37:21now first blush you are totally right but what we  can do as programmers and where it really gets fun
382. 37:27is we can use variables and control structures to  change how the program reacts and so you're able
383. 37:33to get extremely creative diverse logic that can  control things from graphical user interfaces to
384. 37:40countdowns to just about anything you can dream  up so these functions void setup and void loop
385. 37:45are extremely important they are going to be  in every single one of your arduino programs
386. 37:50in fact if you leave one of these  functions out you're going to get an error
387. 37:56so now we don't have the loop function let me  verify and we should see an error down here
388. 38:03and we get an undefined reference  to loop which is just saying hey man
389. 38:07stick that loop in there okay so this is how  every arduino program is laid out with setup and
390. 38:13loop all right so now let's talk about variables  these are super awesome tools that you're going to
391. 38:19be using in just about every program you write a  variable is like a bucket that allows you to store
392. 38:25information in it like say we wanted to measure  the temperature with a temperature sensor
393. 38:30when you store the value from the temperature  sensor you would put it into a variable making
394. 38:36a variable is simple and storing information in  a variable is really simple you need four things
395. 38:42you need a type a name an assignment operator  which is just an equal sign and then the value
396. 38:49that you're actually going to store into the  variable so let's go through each of these items
397. 38:55again that's type a name an assignment  operator equal sign and then an actual value
398. 39:02the type it's also called a data type is the kind  of information that you're actually going to store
399. 39:08in the variable and there's a bunch of different  data types and i have them listed right down here
400. 39:13if you want to pause the video you can take a look  at them so you've got boolean types those are like
401. 39:19true false values so with a boolean there's only  two options it's either going to be true or false
402. 39:24zero or one but technically zero is false and any  number other than zero would be evaluated to true
403. 39:32and then you can also have high and low so high  is true and low is false so those are examples
404. 39:38of boolean variables then you have a byte that's  just a small number from 0 to 255. so a lot of
405. 39:44times when we're referring to those pin numbers on  the arduino i'll save those as a byte because it's
406. 39:50just a small number and it doesn't take up a lot  of memory so the more the variable can store the
407. 39:55more memory it takes and a byte is a pretty  darn small variable and that's why i use it
408. 40:01for something like a pin number larger numbers  are can be integers and that type is just int
409. 40:08just like up here boolean would be b-o-o-l so that  is the type you would write out before the name so
410. 40:14integers can store negative values to negative 32  000 and some change up to 32 000 and some change
411. 40:22and then for bigger numbers you can use a long  and you just type the word long and it's a longer
412. 40:27number it's like all the way up to 2 billion and  some change and all the way down to negative 2
413. 40:31billion and some change that's a huge number and  then a float is going to be a number that has a
414. 40:36decimal point and then if you want to store a  character something that's going to actually
415. 40:40be displayed on text like say on an lcd screen or  a computer monitor you'd store it as a character
416. 40:46and you store single characters as c-h-a-r  car stands for character and you use single
417. 40:52quotes and then if you want to hold a bunch  of characters like let's say you're storing
418. 40:56somebody's name or or maybe the name of your  wi-fi network you would use a character array
419. 41:02and that's going to be name and then these  open and closing brackets these square brackets
420. 41:06and then you use double quotes for storing that  whole line of text right there and this is what
421. 41:11we'd call a string now it's different than capital  s string that you'll see in the arduino language
422. 41:17but we're not going to be talking about that  now we're just gonna say uh we're just gonna be
423. 41:21using character arrays to store strings so that's  what i mean when i say type what about the name
424. 41:27well the name of the variable is just  how you're gonna refer to it in your code
425. 41:31variable names can contain letters numbers and  underscores but they can't start with a number
426. 41:36and you can't use emojis in your names bomber but  you can use descriptive names for your variables
427. 41:44so using something like current temperature  would be more clear than just writing the
428. 41:48letter c t or something like that now to actually  store a value into the variable you need to use an
429. 41:55equal sign which is called the assignment operator  so here it is right here the assignment operator
430. 42:02throw out all the algebra you know  because this has nothing to do with that
431. 42:05when you see this it says take the value over  here and store it into this variable's bucket
432. 42:12that's what it's saying so it's going to evaluate  this and this doesn't have to just be a value this
433. 42:16could be an expression over here so it's going to  evaluate this expression and save it right here
434. 42:24so let's say i had two variables here one is  called taserblast and it's set equal to eight
435. 42:29and then the other one is called pain  threshold and notice i set it equal to
436. 42:33this expression right so this is taser blast so  this is referring to this variable so this is the
437. 42:39number eight and we're saying well what's eight  divided by two that would be 4 right so now pain
438. 42:45threshold would be holding the value 4. now to set  up a variable the first time all you really need
439. 42:51to use is a declaration so that is the type and  the name so we could do something like taser blast
440. 42:58that would be a declaration and once you've  declared it then you can use it in your code just
441. 43:04by using the name so then we could do something  like this we could say taserblast equals eight
442. 43:11we don't have to include the type anymore because  we've already declared the type so now the program
443. 43:16knows oh hey taserblast is an integer it's a  variable that stores an integer and here we
444. 43:22are assigning the value 8 to it but you can also  do that all in one line and that's a declaration
445. 43:28and initialization all in one so taser blast  equal eight so here we are defining it and we are
446. 43:35initializing it to eight now finally one thing  you might be wondering here is what about this
447. 43:40semicolon here you see a bunch of semicolons right  well any time you've finished with the statement
448. 43:46in arduino that is you're like finished with your  line of code then you end it with a semicolon
449. 43:52so a lot of programming languages they use spaces  between lines to delineate one statement of code
450. 43:59from the next but arduino which is based on c  and c plus is not one of those languages it uses
451. 44:04semicolons so for example we could break this line  up into this right here so notice how these are
452. 44:10on two different lines but since the semicolon is  here when we verify the program the compiler which
453. 44:15is part of the ide which is going to be checking  for our code looking at our code for errors
454. 44:20it's going to start on line 5 but it's not going  to see an end of this statement until it gets to
455. 44:25that semicolon so this is fine in fact this is  fine but normally you'd see it like this okay
456. 44:32so variables they're like special purpose  buckets and they can hold and store values
457. 44:38let's look at an example program that uses  some variables so i'm going to go to file
458. 44:45examples basics fade and let me clean this up  real quick just so we can see a little bit better
459. 44:55alright so check this out we've got three  variables up at the top above setup and when
460. 44:59a variable is above setup it means it can be used  by any function inside the program so it's called
461. 45:05global when it's up here so like i said here's  three variables and we see that they are declaring
462. 45:10and initializing each one of these variables so  all of them are of what type integer right and
463. 45:16then each one has a name so one's called led one's  called brightness and one is called fade amount
464. 45:21they assign the value nine to led and here  it says the pwm pin the led is attached to
465. 45:28so they have a circuit that might look  something like this they've got an led
466. 45:32one side of the led is connected through  a resistor to pin 9 which is capable of
467. 45:38doing pulse width modulation the other side of the  resistor with the short leg is connected to ground
468. 45:44then they have a variable called brightness  set to zero and a variable called fade amount
469. 45:49set to five so let's just take a look at the  rest of this program we're going to find some
470. 45:53really interesting functions in here so here's  setup you'll recall setup runs once and there
471. 45:58is a really important function inside setup here  called pin mode so if you'll recall the pins on
472. 46:05the microcontroller are how they interact with  the outside world and we can access those pins
473. 46:10through the headers on the arduino board right if  we want them to be inputs we need to use this pin
474. 46:16mode function to set them as inputs if we want  those pins to be outputs like turning on an led
475. 46:22we need to set those pins to be outputs and the  way we do that is in setup because it only needs
476. 46:28to happen once and we use this function called  pin mode now you should notice that pin mode is
477. 46:33a function right because it's got a name and  then it's got these open opening and closing
478. 46:39parentheses you also notice that it changes to a  specific color and this means that it's an arduino
479. 46:44specific function it's like a special function  that arduino is using and pin mode takes two
480. 46:49values it said that you pass in values to this  function the first value is led so what was led
481. 46:57well that's a variable name and we had set it  equal to nine so we're passing the value nine
482. 47:02to pin mode and then we have a comma and  then we're passing this keyword output and
483. 47:07what this is telling the arduino is hey pin 9  on that microcontroller needs to be set as an
484. 47:13output that way it can source voltage so pin  mode super important arduino function so what's
485. 47:20the first thing that happens in the loop well we  come to another really important arduino specific
486. 47:26function called analog write we know it's arduino  specific because it turns orange like this or it
487. 47:30highlights in a specific way now depending on the  ide you're using maybe it doesn't highlight but
488. 47:35anyway you know it's a function because it's got  these open and closing parentheses and you'll
489. 47:39notice we pass in some variables some values here  now what analog write does is for the pins that
490. 47:46are capable of doing pwm pulse width modulation  it sets the duty cycle so if you recall with pwm
491. 47:54we're adjusting the on and off time of that pin  very rapidly and we can adjust the average voltage
492. 48:01of the pin between 0 and 5 volts but it's on a  scale and it goes from zero to 255. so this first
493. 48:09value led is referring to the pin number that we  want to apply the pwm at so what was led oh that's
494. 48:16right we set it to nine so this is the value nines  we're saying hey pin 9 we're going to pwmu and now
495. 48:21it says hey well what is the amount you want to  set the pwm tube somewhere between 0 to 255. if
496. 48:27we set it to 0 this would have an average voltage  of 0. if we set it to 255 the average voltage
497. 48:34would be 5 volts and somewhere in between there  you know like what 127 or something like that
498. 48:40that would be two and a half volts so you can use  anywhere in that range and again it's adjusting
499. 48:45the actual duty cycle so the on and off cycles of  the pin all right again super important function
500. 48:51analog write arduino specific you can use it  to set pwm for a pin okay so we've talked about
501. 48:58pin mode and analog right so far now what's  this next line of code here well look at this
502. 49:03we're doing another assignment so we're saying  hey brightness that was a variable we made right
503. 49:09what was this brightness was equal to zero so it  says brightness is equal to brightness plus fade
504. 49:16amount that doesn't that look like weird algebra  well remember it's not algebra the assignment
505. 49:21operator is saying take the stuff on the right  side of the equal sign evaluate it and then store
506. 49:28it in this variable so here we have brightness  well what is brightness well it was zero right
507. 49:34so this is zero plus another variable fade  amount what's this well it was set at five
508. 49:39so what's zero plus five that gives  us five right so now brightness
509. 49:43is now five so brightness is five okay that's  interesting so on line thirteen we were pwming
510. 49:51pin nine and we're saying the brightness was zero  so that led would be off so now what we need to
511. 49:57do is start talking about control structures a  control structure allows you to adjust the flow
512. 50:04of your code if we go to the arduino reference  page and we go to structure when i'm talking
513. 50:11about control structures i'm talking about these  right here so we have an if statement force else
514. 50:19whiles switch cases these are the control  structures that are going to allow you to
515. 50:24have your code do different things depending on  different circumstances so let's go back to that
516. 50:29code and we'll see we have this if statement so  this is some control code and notice it's followed
517. 50:35by an opening and a closing parenthesis and inside  this is called our condition so if statements have
518. 50:44a condition if the condition evaluates to  true then the code inside the curly braces
519. 50:51gets run if the condition evaluates to false then  all the code in here just gets skipped over so you
520. 50:57only do the stuff inside the curly braces of an if  statement if this is true now you might be looking
521. 51:03at this and being like wait what is going on here  well we've got two things going on so this right
522. 51:08here is actually an or symbol so this condition  is saying if the brightness variable is less than
523. 51:14or equal to 0 or if the brightness variable is  greater than or equal to 255 then do something so
524. 51:23well why don't we just evaluate well let's pretend  we're the arduino and let's evaluate this so
525. 51:28what did we say we said brightness was 5. so if  brightness is 5 is 5 less than or equal to 0 nope
526. 51:35it's not okay well is five greater than or equal  to 255 nope it's not so that means we're just
527. 51:41going to skip over this line of code right here  the first time through the loop right okay so
528. 51:46we've controlled our code flow because we  haven't used this based on based on a condition
529. 51:54so then we get to this next line of code and it  says delay 30. here's another one of those super
530. 51:59important arduino functions that you'll learn to  love and hate it's called delay and what it does
531. 52:05is it stops the program in its tracks no other  code will run for the amount of time you put in
532. 52:11here and this time is in milliseconds so for 30  milliseconds we're going to say stop don't do
533. 52:16anything arduino board and when we say stop don't  do anything what we're saying is don't execute any
534. 52:22more code because what we did up here on line 13  when we pwm'd pin 9 to a value of 0 that means the
535. 52:31led was off right it's there's no brightness  there and we're just gonna hold that position
536. 52:36so delay is kind of like hold it hold it okay go  that's what's going on here so after the delay
537. 52:43we get to this final curly brace here's the end of  this loop function and what do we do we start back
538. 52:48up at the top so we're back at the top we run  into our friendly function analog write again
539. 52:54using the pwm feature of the microcontroller  and what is brightness this time well if you
540. 53:00recall last time through we changed brightness to  five so now brightness is five so that increases
541. 53:06the on time for the duty cycle and that means  this led is going to be on ever so slightly
542. 53:12so now the led is going to turn on dimly now it's  not going to turn on dimly because we've applied a
543. 53:18lower average voltage to it it's actually going to  come on dimly because of the ways our eyes work so
544. 53:25the led is going to be flickering on and off at  a rapid pace it's not going to be like somewhat
545. 53:31on and somewhat off it's going to be full on  and full off but the frequency of it coming
546. 53:36on and off tricks our eyes into thinking that it's  actually dimly lit and that's how pwm works with
547. 53:42leds you're able to make a fading effect of the  led by adjusting the duty cycle of that pwm signal
548. 53:49all right so we can see the led dimly well down  here what do we do well now we're going to take
549. 53:55brightness that was five right and we're setting  it equal to brightness plus fade amount well what
550. 53:59is brightness well you might be tempted to think  well hey yeah we set brightness to zero up here
551. 54:04well actually brightness got updated before so  we're you we're working with the newest the latest
552. 54:09and greatest brightness which was five right so  five plus fade amount which was set to five so
553. 54:14that's ten so now brightness is equal to ten now  we come back down to our if statement and we are
554. 54:20checking the condition but the condition really  hasn't changed right because 10 isn't less than or
555. 54:24equal to zero nor is it greater than or equal to  255. so again we're just going to skip this code
556. 54:30now we delay we say it hold it everybody we come  back and you can see we're just going through
557. 54:35this over and over again and what is happening  well what's happening is brightness this value
558. 54:39because of line 16 it keeps increasing it  gets bigger and bigger and bigger and so we
559. 54:45see this led fade on slowly it's going to get  brighter and then brighter and then brighter
560. 54:52so we're going to see it fade on from dark to  brightness well what happens when this value gets
561. 54:58to 255 well when this value gets to 255 then this  if statement this condition is going to be true
562. 55:05because brightness will be equal to 255 which  means the code in here is going to run so our
563. 55:11control structure is going to affect that flow  when brightness gets to 255 and what does it do
564. 55:17well it flips the sign of fade amount so it's  this fade amount which was five it sets it equal
565. 55:23to negative fade amount which makes it minus five  and then we delay so that's interesting minus five
566. 55:30okay so we said brightness was 255 right  so we come up to this loop brightness is
567. 55:35still 255 so that led is going to be like fully  bright fully lit we come down to brightness now
568. 55:40brightness that's 255 plus negative 5. so what's  a positive number plus a negative number well you
569. 55:50basically do a subtraction so now we're going  to go down to 250. so now we'll be going from a
570. 55:55high brightness to a low brightness because fade  amount is negative so we'll be subtracting from
571. 56:00brightness until we get down to zero and then this  if control statement is going to flip it again
572. 56:06and then we'll add and it's just going to go back  and forth forever and ever and ever and that's
573. 56:10just a basic idea of how this flow works so let's  look at another example of a control structure
574. 56:17let's look at a switch case statement here's  an example of another control flow mechanism
575. 56:24function called switch case and what we're  doing here is we have a sensor hooked up
576. 56:30to one of our analog pins and if you recall  the analog pins are connected to the analog
577. 56:35to digital converter on the microcontroller so  pins a0 through a5 6 pins on arduino uno using
578. 56:42that adc and what that adc is able to do is take  an analog voltage and convert it into a number
579. 56:50between 0 and 1023 so what this program is doing  is it's going to read the value of the sensor
580. 56:56and then based on what that input in is it's going  to print out something different to the serial
581. 57:01monitor now we haven't talked about the serial  monitor but we are in a second because it's super
582. 57:06important when you're using the arduino ide but  let's start at the very top here look we've got
583. 57:10two variables they're both integers one is called  sensor min and one is called sensor max sensor min
584. 57:17was assigned to the value zero and since our max  you see we've initialized it to the value six
585. 57:22hundred but what's this const in front well this  is constant and what this is saying is hey these
586. 57:28variables aren't going to change throughout the  program this is called a qualifier and you'll see
587. 57:32this pretty often you only use this for variables  that don't change okay here we are in the setup
588. 57:38and we see a super important function called  serial dot begin so there is a code library
589. 57:45called the serial library and begin is a function  that's part of that library and so to use the
590. 57:51begin function first we write the name of the  library which is serial we have a little dot
591. 57:55and then we follow with the name of the function  begin and we're passing into it this value 9600
592. 58:00which is the baud rate all seems kind of odd just  a lot of details here i'm kind of skimming over
593. 58:05but essentially what this does is it allows us  to communicate on the serial port between our
594. 58:10arduino board and our computer so there's a tool  built into the arduino ide called a serial monitor
595. 58:16open it up right now and what it does is it allows  us to display text from the arduino board to our
596. 58:22computer okay so serial begin initializes that  serial communication super important function
597. 58:29don't worry about the 9600 now just go with it  again it's just the rate of communication okay
598. 58:34so we go through setup then we jump into the loop  what's loop do it it goes over and over and over
599. 58:39again and what are we doing here inside the loop  well it looks like we are declaring a variable
600. 58:46and initializing it to a value so we're making  an integer we're calling it sensor reading and
601. 58:51we set it equal to what what is this well this is  a function right we see the name and then we see
602. 58:58these parentheses here analog read is another one  of those super duper important arduino functions
603. 59:05analog read uses those analog pins so analog pins  zero through six and it allows us to use the adc
604. 59:13to read a voltage but all it needs to know is hey  what pin number do i need to read that voltage at
605. 59:18and so we're saying pin a0 so if you want to refer  to those analog pins you can use a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3
606. 59:26a 4 a 5 so you just put an a in front of the  number now we could have said we could have made
607. 59:31a variable out of this we could have made a byte  called sensorpin and set it equal to a0 we could
608. 59:36have made it a constant since it's not going to  change and then we could have taken sensorpin and
609. 59:41put it right here just like that so now what's  going to happen on this line of code is that
610. 59:45analog read is going to look at this sensor pin  pin a0 it's going to read the voltage and whatever
611. 59:51the adc returns it's going to be a number between  0 and 1023 it is going to store it into sensor
612. 59:58reading so now sensor reading is going to be equal  to whatever that value was line 14 a little bit
613. 1:00:05confusing it's using a map function now this isn't  this is a arduino specific function it's not super
614. 1:00:11duper important it's still useful what map does  is it takes one range and it converts it into
615. 1:00:16another range basically what's going to happen  is you pass in the existing range and then you
616. 1:00:21want to transform it into a new range not going to  go into it now but basically what it's going to do
617. 1:00:26is it's going to squish down the number so as that  sensor value changes we're either going to get a
618. 1:00:310 a 1 a 2 or a 3. and that's when we finally get  to this switch case here so the switch notice that
619. 1:00:38there's a parenthesis following it and inside  there is a value and this value is going to
620. 1:00:44determine which case we actually take on so here  we've got case zero so when the value is zero
621. 1:00:52we're going to execute this code when the value is  1 we're going to execute this code when the value
622. 1:00:58is 2 this code and when the value is 3 this code  notice the break statement after the case that
623. 1:01:03says hey when you get to the break statement  it's going to jump us out of that switch case
624. 1:01:09so you're only going to do one of these cases so  in this loop we're going to read the value at the
625. 1:01:14sensor we're going to map it to a small condensed  range and then we're going to do something
626. 1:01:20based on the value and in this case we're using  the serial library again but we're using the print
627. 1:01:26line function from the serial library and this is  what is actually going to print something out to
628. 1:01:30the serial monitor window so after we get down to  the end of the switch case we have a short delay
629. 1:01:36just one millisecond and then we jump back up  to the top of the loop and what do we do well
630. 1:01:40we read the sensor again well why would we read  the sensor we just read it didn't we well we're
631. 1:01:46going to read the sensor because the idea is that  our arduino is constantly checking the sensor it's
632. 1:01:52always on the lookout hey did the sensor change  did it did it change again is something different
633. 1:01:57so every time through this loop which is running  rapidly the arduino is on the lookout for a change
634. 1:02:02and when it sees a change this switch case can  react differently so i'll go ahead and upload this
635. 1:02:09and i'm going to open up that serial monitor  window and you'll see it's low and the sensor i
636. 1:02:15have attached i actually just have a potentiometer  attached a potentiometer is like a dial think of
637. 1:02:20like on a amplifier or in an old school radio you  know as you turn that dial to change the station
638. 1:02:27so i'm just gonna sli slowly change this  and you can see as i change that the value
639. 1:02:32is changing sensor reading is changing because  the value at sensor pin is changing and as i
640. 1:02:38adjust it lower it's doing that as well so you can  see again how this control structure is helping us
641. 1:02:45adjust what happens in the sketch itself all  right we're going to look at one final sketch
642. 1:02:51and that's going to cover some of those other  super important arduino functions so let's go to
643. 1:02:56file examples button so now this is a sketch  that is going to check for a button press so
644. 1:03:04this circuit looks something like this we're going  to have an led attached through a 220 ohm resistor
645. 1:03:11to pin 9 the other side going to ground but then  we're adding in a button one side of the button is
646. 1:03:16connected to pin two the other side of the button  is connected to ground so you can forget about the
647. 1:03:22potentiometer just look at the led and the button  here so what we want this code to do is look at
648. 1:03:28that button and we want to change how the led is  reacting based on the what the button is doing
649. 1:03:35so in this case when we press the button the led  is going to turn off and when we're not pressing
650. 1:03:40the button the led is going to be turned on all  right so what do we have at the top we've got some
651. 1:03:46variables should be familiar with these by now  we've got button pin we set that equal to two
652. 1:03:51and led pin we set that equal to nine  again that's where we've connected our
653. 1:03:55hardware right the button at pin 2 and the led  at pin 9. these are set as integers they could
654. 1:04:01be bytes but it's okay to have them integers and  then they're qualified as constants they're not
655. 1:04:05going to change so that's why they're made as  constants but then we have a variable called an
656. 1:04:09integer called button state and it's set equal to  zero now the button can either be on or off so we
657. 1:04:16could have set this equal to a boolean but setting  it equal to an integer is fine too then we get to
658. 1:04:22our setup function and we're using the pin mode  again so we can use the pin mode function to
659. 1:04:28set those pins as outputs like we're doing  with the led we're setting it as an output
660. 1:04:33or we can set a pin as an input so we could just  do input like this but we can also set it to an
661. 1:04:41input pull up now i won't exactly get into what  pull-up resistors are and all that stuff right now
662. 1:04:46but basically what it's saying is hey we're going  to set this pin to a high state and if you want it
663. 1:04:51to change you need to pull it to a low state but  for all intents and purposes we're saying hey we
664. 1:04:55want that button pin that pin 2 to be an input and  if we wanted we could just do input but in this
665. 1:05:01case we're just going to go with input pull up all  right so in setup which only runs once we're going
666. 1:05:06to use pin mode to set one pin as an output and  one pin as an input and then inside the loop what
667. 1:05:13do we do let's see first line of code we come into  we've got our variable button state it's set equal
668. 1:05:18to zero now and we're setting it equal to this  function digital read button pin so here's another
669. 1:05:25super important arduino function digital read  we know it's a function because it's got those
670. 1:05:30parentheses right it takes a value in here and  it's a reserved function name it changes to the
671. 1:05:36color orange and what digital reads going to do is  it is going to read the voltage at that button pin
672. 1:05:43and it's going to check whether the voltage is  high or whether the voltage is low now in our
673. 1:05:49case when we are not pressing this button since  we made this an input pull up pin 2 will read
674. 1:05:55high but when we are pressing that button what  we're doing is we're introducing ground voltage
675. 1:06:01and so pin 2 is actually going to read ground  voltage when we press the button so that would
676. 1:06:06be a low voltage state so when we don't press  the button this is going to be high and when we
677. 1:06:11do press the button it's going to be low high  is represented by a 1 and low is represented
678. 1:06:17by a zero so if we don't press the button  then digital read is going to return a value
679. 1:06:23what's that value gonna be if we're not pressing  the button it's gonna be a one so then button
680. 1:06:28state would be assigned the value one and then we  get to some control flow we've got our friendly if
681. 1:06:35statement and we look at this condition in this  control flow and it's saying hey button state
682. 1:06:39equal equal high hey what is this isn't that an  assignment operator well notice that it's an equal
683. 1:06:44equal this is actually checking for equality so  it wants to know hey is button state equal to high
684. 1:06:51well we said it was right because digital read it  was reading button pin if we're not pressing the
685. 1:06:56button it would be a one it would be high right so  this is true and if that's true we would run the
686. 1:07:02code inside the if statement and in this case we  come to another super important arduino function
687. 1:07:07digital write so we had digital read a second  ago that's for reading digital inputs either on
688. 1:07:13or off inputs and digital write is for creating  an output on those digital pins either a high
689. 1:07:18voltage or a low voltage so digital right it's  going to take two values first it needs to know
690. 1:07:24what pin to apply the voltage at and then either a  high voltage or a low voltage so in this case the
691. 1:07:30voltage is going to be high we want that led to  be on if we are not pressing the button so now we
692. 1:07:35see another part of this control flow it's called  an else so notice that the else comes right after
693. 1:07:42the end of this if statement and it's got its own  curly braces and what this else is doing is saying
694. 1:07:47hey if the if statement is false so if this is not  true go ahead and do this other thing so if this
695. 1:07:56else do this right so if we're not pressing the  button then we're going to write the voltage to
696. 1:08:02led pin low so what this control flow is going to  allow us to do is check the current button state
697. 1:08:08and then whether or not it's pressed it's going  to do one thing or another thing now we could make
698. 1:08:12this an else if and if we add the if there we had  another if we could add another condition in here
699. 1:08:18like maybe we had two buttons and we said if  the other button is high then do this won't
700. 1:08:24do that now but just wanna let you know that  that's something that you can do all right i
701. 1:08:29know that was a lot we talked about how every  arduino program is laid out with setup and loop
702. 1:08:34we talked about variables how they're buckets for  storing information how you can declare them and
703. 1:08:39initialize them in the different data types there  are we talked about a couple control structures
704. 1:08:45namely the if statement the if else and also the  switch case statement now there's a lot of other
705. 1:08:50control structures that are really useful for  example a for loop and a while loop we won't get
706. 1:08:54into those now and then throughout this whole  conversation we've been talking about the most
707. 1:08:59important arduino specific functions the pin mode  function digital write digital read analog write
708. 1:09:06analog read and then the serial  library function serial begin
709. 1:09:10and serial print and serial print line and then  finally the delay function now i know that's a lot
710. 1:09:16to take in but really that just laid most of it  out right there for you it's really these basics
711. 1:09:23that allow you to do tons of stuff so all the  stuff we talked about here is core critical stuff
712. 1:09:29that you need to kind of get into your brain and  practice play around with go into those example
713. 1:09:33sketches see if you can see any of this stuff  see if you can follow some of the control flow
714. 1:09:37now we've only scratched the surface though it's  going to get really exciting because we're going
715. 1:09:43to start talking about arduino libraries and  what arduino libraries are going to let you do
716. 1:09:48is start using all different types of hardware by  simply using other people's code so what exactly
717. 1:09:55is an arduino library it's not like you know  a place with a bunch of books about arduino
718. 1:09:59right you're right it's not that when you hear  the term arduino library what it's referring to
719. 1:10:05is code that someone or some group of people  have written and they've packaged it up to work
720. 1:10:12on a specific thing so an arduino library is  code that's developed for a specific purpose
721. 1:10:20and is packaged in a way that allows you to access  all of the functionality without necessarily
722. 1:10:27having to understand all the dirty details because  anytime you're writing code and learning about
723. 1:10:33new stuff and figuring things out there's a lot  of complexity and what an arduino library does
724. 1:10:39is it abstracts away some of that complexity by  giving us simpler ways to access the functionality
725. 1:10:46so let me give you an example let's say you sit  in your car and you want to start it right maybe
726. 1:10:50you have a key start or a button start or maybe i  don't know maybe there's like clapper start cars i
727. 1:10:54don't know whatever anyway all you got to do is  something really simple right but what actually
728. 1:10:59takes place inside the car is rather complex  it's got a starter in there or maybe i guess
729. 1:11:04if you have an electric car maybe there isn't a  starter but you get the idea all types of things
730. 1:11:09are happening by you simply turning a key pressing  a button whatever right you don't need to know
731. 1:11:14the details of all that all you have to do is turn  the key so an arduino library is sort of like that
732. 1:11:20there's a person or several people who have  worked together to write code to control some
733. 1:11:26type of hardware or do some type of calculation  for example controlling a stepper motor or a
734. 1:11:32servo motor or maybe lighting up some neopixel  leds so these people have put in the blood sweat
735. 1:11:38and tears to make this code work and what you're  able to do is just use the functions or part of
736. 1:11:45the code that they've written in order to invoke  all of the stuff that is going on in their library
737. 1:11:50and what's amazing is you can get these arduino  libraries for completely free almost all of them
738. 1:11:56are open source they're just being shared out  there just about any piece of hardware out there
739. 1:12:02that you want to control there's probably going  to be a library that's already been written to
740. 1:12:06help you control it and i want to try to drive  the point home that this is absolutely amazing
741. 1:12:13you're basically being handed all these tools  that you can start using people are just like
742. 1:12:18hey here use this tool hey use this tool it's  like i don't know to me it's really exciting
743. 1:12:23now i'm not saying you're going to just blindly  use any library it's a good idea to have an idea
744. 1:12:27of kind of some of the inner workings but when  you're just getting started and you really have no
745. 1:12:32idea how the coding works at all it's fantastic to  be able to just use these libraries and bam there
746. 1:12:37you're going you're like off to a running start so  hands down access to arduino libraries is stinking
747. 1:12:43amazing so now i am going to show you how  to install an arduino library it's super
748. 1:12:48simple so first here's a quick bonus when  you download the arduino ide they actually
749. 1:12:54already include some really handy libraries  so you can just go to the arduino libraries
750. 1:12:59from sketch include library and see the list  here now if you want to install a library it's
751. 1:13:05pretty simple there's a couple ways to do it so  you can either go up to sketch include library
752. 1:13:10and then go to manage libraries or you can go to  tools manage libraries and it's going to open up
753. 1:13:16the library manager before i get to the library  manager though what i'll usually do is search for
754. 1:13:22a library on the internet so i'll google something  like arduino servomotor library or arduino
755. 1:13:30accelerometer library i'll find a library on  google i'll see what the name is and who wrote it
756. 1:13:36and then i'll search for it in the library  manager so let's just run through that real quick
757. 1:13:43all right several different listings here i'm just  going to click this one by electronic cats kind of
758. 1:13:48a cool name so the mpu 6050 by electronic cats so  this looks like it's a specific accelerometer so
759. 1:13:56if i have this specific accelerometer you know  i already have the hardware then i would have
760. 1:14:00searched for this i probably would have gotten to  this page if i haven't purchased an accelerometer
761. 1:14:04yet then maybe this is one of the accelerometers  i would consider buying because i know
762. 1:14:09there's a library that i can use to control it  so now all i'm going to do is just grab this
763. 1:14:15part right here mpu6050 i know it's by electronic  cats now i'm going to go back to the ide paste it
764. 1:14:22right in there and now this is filtering and i'm  coming down here and then look at this see a bunch
765. 1:14:27of them come up there's several different ones for  this mpu6050 but this one is by electronic cats
766. 1:14:33so i know this is the one i want i'll go ahead  and click install that easy and now it tells me
767. 1:14:39it's installed so what actually is happening  when you click install well what's happening
768. 1:14:44is the arduino ide is going out to the internet  it is grabbing all the code files and it is saving
769. 1:14:50them into the libraries folder in your arduino  folder so let me show you exactly where that is so
770. 1:14:58i'm going to go ahead and open up my documents so  here i have documents you know my documents this
771. 1:15:04is the arduino folder right and inside the arduino  folder you have a folder called libraries and this
772. 1:15:10is where that folder is going to get saved all  that code is going to get saved so let's look
773. 1:15:16for it oh there it is the mpu6050 and here is all  that code right there it just gets saved into this
774. 1:15:21libraries folder if you wanted to you could just  download this library and paste it right inside
775. 1:15:26this libraries folder but that's what it needs  to go inside this libraries folder okay so that
776. 1:15:31is how you install an arduino library let's go  ahead and do the same thing in arduino ide 2.0
777. 1:15:41so here i am in arduino ide 2.0 and guess  what i got to do i can go up to tools manage
778. 1:15:47libraries and instead of opening up a box over  here a new window it's just going to show the
779. 1:15:52libraries right here so this is the same  thing you're going to search and filter
780. 1:15:56and then a shortcut to get here instead of  going to tools is just clicking this little
781. 1:16:01these uh shelf book of libraries right see it just  pops up like that and then you would do the same
782. 1:16:05thing you could click install so it's really  pretty much the same thing okay so that is how
783. 1:16:11you install an arduino library all right what i'm  about to show you isn't some type of secret but i
784. 1:16:17have met so many people who don't realize that  this actually exists alright so here's the deal
785. 1:16:22when you install a new library a very common  thing that comes with the library are example
786. 1:16:30programs that demonstrate how to use the library  and this is how you get to them alright so i'm
787. 1:16:36gonna go to file examples and now i'm gonna scroll  down and this is examples from custom libraries
788. 1:16:44so these are libraries that i've installed  right that we just did like we showed there
789. 1:16:48and i'm going to come down to that mpu6050 i'm  going to come over here and i can see that there's
790. 1:16:56a bunch of different example files i'm just  going to go ahead and go to this mpu6050 raw
791. 1:17:03and what this sketch does is it is a working  sketch on how to use this accelerometer sometimes
792. 1:17:11they'll have comments in here to help you explain  different lines of code but they're going to give
793. 1:17:15you some basic examples of actually how to use  the accelerometer now look at this this is great
794. 1:17:22it says use the code below to change the excel  gyro offset values so they're giving you a bunch
795. 1:17:27of code to kind of play around with to adjust the  accelerometer so you can literally take this code
796. 1:17:35upload it to your arduino and just play around  like hey how can i make this thing work how can
797. 1:17:41i make this thing adjust it gives you a known  thing to kind of start with and many times in
798. 1:17:46these examples they're going to give you the types  of programs that you'd be looking for so anytime
799. 1:17:53you get a new library first thing you should do  first thing i always do is i go to those examples
800. 1:17:58and i just start reading through the examples and  see if i can make heads or tails of what's going
801. 1:18:03on and i will play with the example sketch before  i ever start trying to write my own code from that
802. 1:18:10library all right so that is the quickest  way to learn how to use an arduino library
803. 1:18:15all right now what i want to do is i want to  show you two examples of a library in action
804. 1:18:20so check this out here we are i'm going to go to  file examples and i'm going to come down to the
805. 1:18:27servo library and i'm going to come over to knob  now the servo library is going to help us control
806. 1:18:34a servo motor and we're going to control it using  a potentiometer so potentiometer is like a dial
807. 1:18:40like you think of an amplifier you know you'd  like turn the volume up turn the volume down
808. 1:18:44or like old-school radio dial right and so as  we turn the potentiometer it is going to move
809. 1:18:49this servo motor and this is what the circuit  diagram would look like so here's our servomotor
810. 1:18:54it's connected to power and ground on this  breadboard which is then connected to the arduino
811. 1:18:59and then we have a potentiometer the middle pin is  connected to pin a0 and then we've got the outside
812. 1:19:06pins the potentiometer one hook to ground and  one hook to power so i do want to mention servos
813. 1:19:11can really draw a lot of current especially if  you have a load on the servo so like let's say
814. 1:19:17you're trying to move some amount of weight even  if it's somewhat small that current requirement
815. 1:19:22can surge and the voltage regulator on the arduino  can only provide so much current so generally
816. 1:19:28it's a good idea to use a separate power supply to  actually power the servo but you control the servo
817. 1:19:35with the arduino again lots of details in this  stuff i won't get into it but since we've got
818. 1:19:41no load on our servo we'll be just fine so if we  look at this sketch we are including notice at the
819. 1:19:47top here we say include servo.h this allows us  to use all that code in the servo library here
820. 1:19:54this kind of looks like we're creating a variable  right what we're actually doing here is creating
821. 1:19:58an object we're using a class that's part of this  servo library the type is servo and the name we're
822. 1:20:05giving it is my servo then we've got some other  variables here this is for our potentiometer pin
823. 1:20:10hooked in at pin a0 and then there's a variable to  hold the value that gets red from a0 now in setup
824. 1:20:17we're going to do something that runs once and  so here we're calling the attach function that's
825. 1:20:22provided by the servo library and we're going to  attach pin 9. that's where we've got the servo
826. 1:20:28signal line plugged in start some serial  communication here then we get into the loop and
827. 1:20:33notice what we're doing so we've got that variable  val so first we're using analog read at pin a0
828. 1:20:39right so if you'll recall that's using the analog  to digital converter it's going to take whatever
829. 1:20:45position we have that potentiometer at it's going  to take it and store it in this variable val and
830. 1:20:50then down here we're going to take that value and  we're going to map it to a new range from 0 to 180
831. 1:20:56because most servos you use they can move 180  degrees in either direction and then we're going
832. 1:21:03to use this function myservo dot right and put the  value in and what this is going to do is tell the
833. 1:21:08servo what position to move it so if val is a zero  it's going to move to the zeroth degree if val is
834. 1:21:14180 it's going to move to 180 degrees and anywhere  in there so if we go ahead and upload this code
835. 1:21:21now as i move the potentiometer it moves the  servo motor it's pretty cool and it's just
836. 1:21:27amazing how quick i was able to get that up  and running so let's look at another example
837. 1:21:32i don't know if you have heard about individually  addressable leds a common name is called neopixels
838. 1:21:38but they come in these strips and they're super  cool so one library that's used with those is the
839. 1:21:43fast led library so i'm just going to come into  fast led and i'm going to check out this cylon
840. 1:21:50now notice this example in the library it's giving  me all types of information about what i need to
841. 1:21:55actually hook up now it might take me a bit of  time to kind of figure out exactly what this code
842. 1:22:00is doing but at least i have a starting place to  work with all i have to do is make the connections
843. 1:22:05so the strip i have has 12 leds i'll make the  connections as appropriate click upload and now
844. 1:22:13i've got this cool effect on my led strip that's  pretty awesome all right well i hope you are as
845. 1:22:19pumped as i am about using arduino libraries like  i said they open up so much opportunity for you
846. 1:22:26as a new programmer because you can lean into  the expertise of all these developers all over
847. 1:22:31the world i'm going to make a claim here maybe  i'm wrong but i would say arduino hands down
848. 1:22:37has the most libraries available for all different  types of hardware out there it's just amazing
849. 1:22:43now if you have any questions about this please  just ask the question in the comments i'm going
850. 1:22:48to do my very best to answer all the questions  also while you're down there if you could like
851. 1:22:53our video and if you haven't yet subscribed  to our channel it doesn't cost you anything
852. 1:22:57but a click but it really helps us bring you great  content like this arduino programming workshop hey
853. 1:23:03if you made it this far and you hear me talking  right now congratulations i'm hoping that you just
854. 1:23:09learned a ton of stuff and it tells me if again  if you're this far into it you really want to
855. 1:23:14try to learn this arduino stuff now if you enjoyed  this workshop you feel like you're kind of getting
856. 1:23:19ahead a little bit then i really think you would  enjoy the training that we offer at programming
857. 1:23:24electronics academy now our flagship training is  called the arduino course for absolute beginners
858. 1:23:30and it lays out module by module a clear and  concise guide for learning the ins and outs
859. 1:23:37of programming with arduino you're going to  start at the very beginning getting familiar
860. 1:23:42with the arduino ecosystem and the fundamentals of  programming then you'll dive into programming for
861. 1:23:47inputs and outputs you'll learn coding structure  to help build logic into your programs and you'll
862. 1:23:52do a deep dive into coding libraries and how to  find and use the best ones for your application
863. 1:23:58we'll cover using arrays and writing your  own functions and finally we'll cover using
864. 1:24:03interrupts and timers to make your code react to  inputs exactly when you need them by the end of
865. 1:24:08this training course you're going to have the  programming knowledge to start writing code to
866. 1:24:13control your own projects you'll understand how to  lay out an arduino program the specific functions
867. 1:24:19you'll need for reading inputs and creating  outputs and you're going to know how to structure
868. 1:24:23your program so that it flows like you wanted  to now here's what's crazy this flagship course
869. 1:24:29is only one of the courses that comes as part of  our program we have courses that cover connecting
870. 1:24:35your project to the internet on how to power your  project course on basic electronics on using lcd
871. 1:24:41displays on using audio boards for making noise  on using servo motors and more and we keep adding
872. 1:24:48concise high quality training programs and here's  probably the best part of this program if you ever
873. 1:24:54get stuck or confused on a lesson in our training  you can simply ask for help in our private forum
874. 1:25:01and get a pleasant response thanks again to  altium for sponsoring this training check out
875. 1:25:06the description to get a free trial of the super  powerful altium 365. if you want to learn more
876. 1:25:13about this training program just click the link  in the description to get started thanks a lot
877. 1:25:19again if you want to check out that program just  click the link in description have a great one bye