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Anatomy Reproductive Systems — Transcript

by Dr. Naveen Jalota, M.D. · 7,381 words · 1,093 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00hello and welcome let's start talking
0:04about reproductive system
0:06chapter 27 is what you guys have here
0:09when we talk reproductive system the
0:12reproductive system you'll see is going
0:14to be first of all made up of our
0:17primary sex organs when we talk our
0:22primary sex organs will see our primary
0:25sex organs will be referring to our
0:27gonads our gonads and when we talked
0:32gonads or primary sex organs we're
0:35talking testes in males and we're
0:38talking ovaries in females second you
0:46have your accessory reproductive organs
0:49you your secondary sex organs and we'll
0:52go through each of those as well jumping
0:55back to our primary sex organs our
0:57primary sex organs are going to be
0:59important because they produce they
1:04produce and we'll see they secrete a
1:08couple of important things number one
1:10they produce gametes or what we can also
1:16refer to as sex cells not s e LS but c e
1:23LLS next and secreting they secrete a
1:32variety of steroid hormones that we
1:34refer to as sex hormones so then the
1:40secondary sex organs the accessory
1:42reproductive organs you'll see in the
1:44males it'll include ducks glands and the
1:51external genitalia in the female
1:55we have uterine tubes the uterus and the
2:01vagina excuse me so the first thing here
2:07we can check out now after we've laid
2:10out the basics there is the difference
2:12is between the reproductive system and
2:15other major organ systems now when we go
2:17through and we talk about the function
2:20you'll see number one the function of
2:23the reproductive system is not to
2:25maintain the well-being of an individual
2:27that's really the function we can see of
2:30all these other organ systems that we
2:32have now when we talk about this
2:35reproductive system this reproductive
2:38system is slumber it doesn't work until
2:42puberty it doesn't kick in fully until
2:45puberty so when we go through we talk
2:49about the functions of the reproductive
2:51system the functions we'll see number
2:53one a common function and the common
2:56function for both male and female
2:57reproductive systems is to produce
2:59offspring it's to produce offspring even
3:05though male and female reproductive
3:08organs are different they have this
3:11common function it's to produce
3:12offspring now when we talk specific
3:16specific for male function specific
3:20you'll see male function in a specific
3:23function of male reproductive organs
3:24we'll see is going to be to manufacture
3:26male gametes that are called sperm and
3:34deliver them to the female reproductive
3:36tract where fertilization occurs no one
3:43we talked specific to female female is
3:47again also to produce now gametes but
3:50female gametes right / or eggs and if
3:57fertilization occurs its function is to
4:00maintain the fetus the organs and will
4:04maintain the fetus so let's go through
4:08and let's check out then we'll go
4:11through we'll check out the differences
4:13between external and internal genitalia
4:16there and then we'll go through some of
4:18the second
4:18sex characteristics also let's check out
4:21first a couple of genetics components
4:24here as well
4:25now sexual reproduction is what
4:29basically we exhibit and this involves
4:32two parents right now both parents will
4:35contribute half of the genetic makeup
4:38helping to conduct helping to basically
4:41form so 23 pairs of chromosomes we have
4:45right so half coming from mom and half
4:47coming from dad so 23 come from mom 23
4:49comes from dad so it's going to involve
4:52two parents now gametes you've got your
4:55sex cells we've spoken about those
4:56zygote is the fertilized egg and male is
4:59the difference you should know they're
5:01from biology as well
5:03I'm sure the chromosomal difference
5:05between male and females in bio we do a
5:08really good exercise where you mate with
5:11coffee stirrers it really gives you that
5:13idea and puts everything into
5:14perspective of how traits are passed on
5:17and how even you know chromosomes for
5:21the different sexes basically are made
5:24and whatnot so you can see they're males
5:27have penis for introducing sperm to the
5:29female reproductive tract and the
5:31females have a vagina for receiving that
5:33sperm so we'll go through all those
5:36different parts and check that out there
5:37as well so all the different structures
5:43you can see they're external versus
5:45internal here let's start with them male
5:49good image there we have a nice image
5:51here as well here they're highlighting
5:53everything you can see you're an area
5:55along with the digestive and
5:56reproductive and few obviously the two
6:04systems urinary and reproductive organs
6:11are highlighted as well so here we go
6:14through male let's talk first
6:16testes when we talk about the testes the
6:18testes they lie within the scrotum
6:21they're found lying within the scrotum
6:24they're about 4 centimeters long and
6:27about two and a half centimeters wide
6:32the testes they're going to be found
6:34surrounded by tunics and we'll go
6:37through those tunics there as well now
6:39we talked about the function of the
6:40testes the function of the testes is to
6:42produce sperm produce sperm so let's go
6:46through the different structures now in
6:49relation to the testes first we have
6:51what we call the Tunica vaginalis so
6:53let's do this let's move over to this
6:55image right inside of here where now we
6:57can appreciate the Tunica vaginalis the
7:01Tunica vaginalis is a two-layered outer
7:04tunic it's basically the serous layer
7:10and it is derived from the out pocketing
7:15of the peritoneum it is derived from the
7:20out pocketing of the peritoneum
7:24that's the Tunica vaginalis now in the
7:26lab when you dissect this on the cats
7:29and the male cats it's basically I
7:31described this part like like having to
7:34dissect the layer off of the off of a
7:37grape it's kind of what you're doing
7:38here now it was very delicate it's a-you
7:42know right on that testy there as well
7:46and it's but it's it's a really good
7:48idea because you really use that idea it
7:51being a two layered outer tunic so
7:53Tunica vaginalis and then we've got the
7:56tunica albuginea the tunica albuginea is
7:58the deeper fibrous capsule it's
8:03basically you can see the white coat
8:05it's the white coat and it forms septae
8:11the tunica albuginea does it forms
8:14septae that divide the testes into about
8:18200 to 250 lobules and each of these
8:24lobules are gonna contain you can see
8:25these seminiferous tubules the semi
8:33faris tubules are the actual sperm
8:37factories they are the actual sperm
8:41factories they're surrounded by three to
8:45five layers of my ID cells and we'll
8:49look at that in greater detail right
8:52inside of here so let's do this here you
8:54could see if we were to go and make a
8:56cut right through here and turn
9:00basically that seminiferous tubules a
9:02round here you could appreciate now a
9:05nice cross-section through they sent me
9:08the first tool and then here you can
9:10appreciate the myeloid cells they're
9:14smooth muscle like cells and they
9:17squeeze sperm and testicular fluid out
9:22of the testes they're going to help
9:24squeeze sperm and testicular fluid out
9:26of the testes so here you could see when
9:28they contract here they're going to be
9:31basically causing an effect you can say
9:34exhibiting the effect on these
9:36components inside of here so when these
9:41seminiferous tubules do basically their
9:44thing you can see here then sperm is
9:47going to be routed into the straight
9:49tube you'll so the straight tube you'll
9:53is going to be basically marking the
9:55exit point from those seminiferous
9:57tubules leading us into this tubular
10:00Network we can see here on the dorsal
10:02aspect the dorsal superior aspect of the
10:05testes called the ready testes the ready
10:10testes a tubular network on the
10:11posterior side and it receives sperm
10:15from the straight tubules next I'm
10:22coming back here we can also appreciate
10:23we're going to see interstitial cells
10:28interstitial cells or lay Digg cells
10:34they're going to be lying in the soft
10:36connective tissue that's surrounding
10:38those seminiferous tubules they're found
10:41in the soft connective tissue and they
10:45produce
10:46androgens most importantly we've spoken
10:49about already very good testosterone
10:59right next in here we've got our
11:02external genitalia now when we talk
11:06external genitalia
11:08first we can appreciate the scrotum now
11:11when we talk about the scrotum the
11:13scrotum is a sack of skin it is a sack
11:17of skin and superficial fascia that's
11:23going to be found hanging outside the
11:26abdominal pelvic cavity at the root of
11:30the penis it's covered with a sparse
11:35amount of hairs and it will contain
11:39within it the pair of oval testes the
11:48function of this scrotum is to keep the
11:52testes at a temperature that's slightly
11:56lower than that of the rest of the body
12:04so let's go through the actual structure
12:06then of the scrotum let's go through and
12:09we'll see there going to be two sets of
12:12muscles that are going to be found here
12:15first layer of muscles we have here is
12:18called dark toes muscle it's a layer of
12:22smooth muscle in the superficial fashion
12:28it wrinkles the scrotal skin so here you
12:33can appreciate the skin and then deep to
12:36the skin you can appreciate the
12:38superficial fascia that contains dart
12:40toes muscle then we can appreciate the
12:47spermatic cord here it's been opened up
12:50it has been fully opened up here so the
12:53spermatic cord now you can see is a
12:56connective tissue sheath
13:00it contains nerve fibers it contains
13:05nerve fibers blood vessels we can see on
13:10the other side lymphatics as well and
13:15this structure the spermatic cord is
13:18gonna pass through the inguinal canal it
13:22passes through the inguinal canal you
13:27can see it passes right to thing we know
13:28canal making its way down into the
13:30spermatic make the spermatic cord makes
13:32its way down into the scrotum then here
13:38we can appreciate creme aster muscle
13:40when we talk about cream aster muscle
13:43the cream aster muscle you can see is
13:45going to be bands of muscle and it's
13:49bands of skeletal muscle that are going
13:54to arise from the internal oblique
13:57muscle as the testes pass from the
14:07abdominal cavity down into you can see
14:12the scrotum so as the testes pass from
14:16that abdominal pelvic cavity into the
14:19scrotum the scream aster muscle elevates
14:26the testes it elevates the testes and
14:30allows the testes to move closer to the
14:33body
14:34if ambient temperatures fall to lower
14:40temperatures where a fan be and
14:43temperatures get too cold we'll see we
14:47need right temperature for sperm
14:50production so too hot and too cold then
14:57the testes are adjusted they're either
15:02closer to the body if for if it's too
15:04cold or moved away from the body if then
15:07the body temperature starts to rise
15:14next time we can appreciate the Pampa
15:16deform venous plexus the testicular
15:19artery inside of here as well now these
15:25are going to be long branches from the
15:27abdominal aorta and they supply the
15:29testes and the pump uniform venous
15:32plexus is going to be draining the
15:34testes into then the inferior vena cava
15:40so cause penn pinafore venous plexus
15:43then to the testicular veins and then to
15:46the inferior vena cava we'll see
15:48eventually more specifically there
15:50you'll see when you get there
15:54sensory nerves sensory nerves you will
15:58see the testes are going to be richly
16:00supplied with sensory nerves next then
16:05we've got the penis the penis is the
16:07copulatory oregon it is a copulatory
16:11organ the function of the penis is that
16:16it's designed to deliver sperm into the
16:20female reproductive tract number one
16:25designed to deliver sperm into the
16:28female reproductive tract number two
16:30it's going to remove waste it will
16:34remove waste products police fluids even
16:38from the body in the form of urine let's
16:45talk
16:46some of the structures in relation to
16:48this penis first we have what we call
16:51the glans penis the glans penis is the
16:54enlarged tip and it's covered by what we
16:59refer to as the Priebus or the foreskin
17:06it's a loose skin covering found around
17:11the glans penis the foreskin
17:18next and we have the shaft when we talk
17:23about the shaft the shaft is basically
17:25the body of the penis and this body is
17:29you could see constructed of two parts
17:31first you have what we call the corpus
17:34spongiosum the corpus spongiosum is the
17:39inner layer it's the layer that's found
17:42directly surrounding the urethra the
17:49inner layer found surrounding the
17:51urethra and you can see this corpus
17:53spongiosum expands distally forming the
18:00glans penis and proximally forms the
18:06bulb of the penis surrounding that corp
18:13surrounding the corpus spongiosum is
18:16going to be the corpora cavernosa so
18:20here then we can see the corpora
18:22cavernosa bilaterally it looks like that
18:26here but it's gonna be you can see
18:28making its way around and then on the
18:31bottom of the penis is where we'll have
18:34this in view basically this two sides
18:36fused together and we'll check that out
18:41there as well so here we'll see when we
18:43talk corpora cavernosa the outer layer
18:46around the urethra makes up most of the
18:49penis you can see it makes up most of
18:51the penis and it's surrounded by tunica
18:56albuginea and it's surrounded by
19:00tunica albuginea you can see that here
19:04if we were to make a cross-section
19:05through there you can see that tunica
19:07albuginea basically surrounding all of
19:10that layer right outside of here and
19:19here we can see proximally
19:24it'll give rise to the crus the Kura
19:27basically so let's talk about them the
19:31root of the penis then we talk about the
19:33root of the penis the root is where
19:36we're gonna find the bulb and we can
19:37find the Kura so the ball biz covered
19:40externally by bolbo spongy osseous
19:46muscle the bulb is covered externally by
19:53Bobo's by bobo spongy osseous muscle and
19:57it is secured to the urogenital
20:02diaphragm it is secured to the
20:07urogenital diaphragm next in here we can
20:19appreciate the crew ah the crew are
20:20basically you can see found lateral then
20:23to the bulb the bulb is going to help to
20:25anchor that penis the to this urogenital
20:28diaphragm next then here we can see when
20:35we talk a foreskin surgical removal of
20:39the foreskin here is referred to then as
20:41male circumcision next thing we've got
20:47the duct system the duct system is
20:51responsible for taking sperm from the
20:55testes to basically the body's exterior
21:01it's continuous with the tubules of the
21:05testes the duct system is so here let's
21:10look at basically you can appreciate
21:12first this epi
21:14the epididymis is this cup shaped
21:17structure found surrounding that dorsal
21:25aspect of the testes cupping you can say
21:29the dorsal aspect of the testes and its
21:32function its function is to house sperm
21:35its function is to house sperm and here
21:40you could see that very well
21:41in the cat's this is what it needs to
21:44look like this is what it needs to look
21:47like in order for you to get your points
21:49you have to remove the layers that we
21:53discussed all right we said first we
21:56have that Tunica vaginalis you need to
21:59remove that Tunica vaginalis for it to
22:01be able to look like this so here then
22:05is the epididymis its job its function
22:08is to house
22:09sperm here now we'll look at the
22:13different structures of the epididymis
22:15first we have the head of the epididymis
22:18leading us then to the body of the
22:21epididymis so the head you can
22:26appreciate you've got the e friend duct
22:28tools they cap the superior aspect of
22:31the testes and they take sperm from the
22:34ready testes the friend duct tools and
22:41bring that sperm than into the
22:44epididymis the friend duct tools then
22:48you can see bring that sperm into the
22:53head of this epididymis that here you
22:55can see all of these duct tools
22:58eventually are going to start to come
22:59together and then here we can see we
23:03have the body and the body is mostly
23:06constructed up of you can see just this
23:08one duct now that passes through leading
23:13us to the tail and here you can see that
23:17duct of the epididymis curling around
23:20making a u-turn and making its way back
23:23up makes its way back up
23:27all the way through as the ductus or the
23:32vas deferens the ductus deferens would
23:37have lost deferens we can see now is
23:41responsible for taking this sperm
23:45it'll take the sperm from the duct of
23:48the epididymis here you can see the vas
23:53and brings that sperm now into the
23:58ampulla here you have the ampulla the
24:03ampulla is basically the terminal part
24:06of the vas it's found at the end and it
24:10will join the duct of the seminal
24:17vesicle that's found right near it it'll
24:21join that duct to empty their secretions
24:25into this little duct here the
24:29ejaculatory duct which you can
24:33appreciate in greater detail right
24:36inside of here here you've got the
24:43ejaculatory duct right inside of here
24:47and here you have the urethra that we've
24:50already gone through and we've talked
24:52about so the jackal Ettore duct receives
24:57secretions from the seminal vesicles and
24:59secretions from the ampulla and it
25:02directs those secretions in to then you
25:06can appreciate here the urethra here
25:15we've got the urinary secretions
25:17basically urine coming in you'll learn
25:20in physiology all of these pathways are
25:23going to be shut then so that way sperm
25:27has only one pathway to take and we
25:32don't have any reflux up into here or
25:34anywhere else so the ejaculatory duct it
25:39entered
25:41and empties as you can see here enters
25:45into that prostate it's in a prostate
25:47gland it empties into the urethra the
25:52urethra we've discussed divided up into
25:56three divisions prostatic membranous and
26:03spongy so go through and know those
26:08divisions there as well and then here
26:11we've got the external urethral orifice
26:14which will allow we said urine to make
26:19its way out and here you can see sperm
26:21as well to make its way out so here you
26:24can see in the male the urinary and the
26:27reproductive organs are found in close
26:31proximity and here you can see is where
26:34the two come into contact with each
26:37other in the female we don't have this
26:40urinary okay and reproductive are going
26:44to be separated there you have urinary
26:47in the front basically here reproductive
26:50next and then you can see gi there at
26:55the end so you know the female this
27:02doesn't connect like we see here this
27:03remains separate so you have the urinary
27:06basically that's why I said then
27:08reproductive next and then GI let's look
27:13at and let's talk about the accessory
27:15glands now here you have some accessory
27:18glands you can appreciate first we're
27:20going to see the pair of seminal
27:23vesicles we also have a pair of Bobo
27:27urethral glands and the single prostate
27:31gland you can see from here seminal
27:38vesicles large hollow glands they're
27:43found lying at the posterior bladder
27:47surface prostate
27:53glad we've got next you can see here why
27:57we do deer digital rectal exams in the
28:01mail for a prostate gland test the close
28:06proximity trained physicians so here
28:12then we can see the prostate gland it's
28:16a single gland a doughnut-shaped gland
28:21it's about the size of a peach pit about
28:26the size of a peach pit and it encircles
28:31the urethra inferior to that bladder so
28:37you should be able to put together why
28:39patients with an enlarged prostate can't
28:44empty their urine all the time blocks
28:55off that pathway next and we can
29:00appreciate here the Bobo urethral glands
29:02when we talk boo boo urethral glands
29:05they are pea-sized glands inferior to
29:11the prostate inferior to the prostate so
29:20what they do now all these glands what
29:22they do is they secrete secretions so
29:27when we talk about semen semen is sperm
29:32which came from the testes testicular
29:36secretions plus secretions from these
29:41various glands and that's what semen is
29:47so let's talk then sperm now when we
29:50talk sperm here we can appreciate a nice
29:53view of sperm here you can see we've got
29:59the different phases of meiosis meiosis
30:021 through meiosis 2 so make sure you
30:06review
30:07there as well so we you're familiar with
30:09basically those different phases and
30:11exactly what's happening there and you
30:13understand again review for biology why
30:17we have genetic variability so here you
30:25can see then at the end of meiosis 2 we
30:30have we're talking males we have sperm
30:33produced right how many do we have
30:35produced if you said 32 you're right
30:40right no for functional sperm so this is
30:47the structure of one of those sperm here
30:51is that phase of growth for that sperm
30:56it starts off you can see here in a very
31:01immature stage moving all the way
31:05through becoming then a mature sperm so
31:10moving back in here you could see all
31:13the different events that are taking
31:15place in the cell here we can appreciate
31:23all of those different events within the
31:26testes so here you can see you've got
31:29type-a spermatogonia which is going to
31:33be found along the basement membrane of
31:35those seminiferous tubules that cell
31:40then the type-a spermatogonia divides
31:44giving rise to two cells that type B
31:50spermatogonia is going to continue
31:53through spermatogenesis type a cell is
31:57going to stay we'll see here so
32:05dr. stem-cell basically gives rise to
32:07the two cells now other the two cells
32:09this cell will stay here this cell then
32:11is gonna continue forward so here you
32:14can see it goes through meiosis one
32:15giving rise to two daughter cells which
32:17then goes through which then go through
32:19meiosis 2 giving rise to four daughter
32:22cells and here you can see the four
32:25sperm we mentioned so we look at one
32:29sperm okay is what we're looking at here
32:34when we were looking at them basically
32:37the mature sperm or what we're seeing
32:39right inside here so here you can see
32:43first we have the type B's formatter
32:47Gonia which becomes a primary
32:49spermatocyte which becomes then
32:52secondary spermatocytes which become
32:55then spermatid which undergoes per meal
32:58Genesis to become sperm metamorphosis
33:03and then here you can see the sperm you
33:06got to know all the different parts
33:07there also you got the head that had two
33:10important because the heads going to
33:11contain the nucleus which is gonna
33:13contain compacted DNA along with that
33:15you can appreciate here a croissant the
33:19acrosome is going to be lysosome like
33:23and it's produced by the Golgi apparatus
33:26and this lysosome like material it
33:32contains hydrolytic enzymes that are
33:37gonna enable the sperm to penetrate and
33:40enter an egg the mid piece is important
33:46because the mid piece is gonna contain
33:47you can see a lot of mitochondria when
33:52you all learn in mitochondria you
33:54learned you all learned in biology what
33:56mitochondria do then here we
34:03got the tail the tail is a flagella and
34:06I am sure you probably went to the
34:08structure there as well a flagella die 9
34:13structure ok 9 + 2 arrangement of
34:17microtubules and all of that I'm sure
34:20you gon do that check that out so let's
34:24move okay get spermatogenesis down there
34:28as well let's move back here and let's
34:31talk vasectomy vasectomy now is a
34:35surgical procedure where basically you
34:38could see then this vas deferens is its
34:43pathway is going to be basically
34:44separated and some physicians will go in
34:50and they'll put sutures in a couple of
34:54locations there and try to block that
34:55pathway off and you have to come for a
34:57follow up to make sure the pathway is
34:59blocked off okay and then many cases
35:05where people don't come back for the
35:07follow-up and they think it's even
35:08blocked off sometimes and pathways not
35:10fully blocked off so that's what they'll
35:12check there and make sure that the
35:14pathway is blocked off and next time
35:19let's move to female reproductive system
35:21then so let's talk female reproductive
35:24system so when we talk female
35:26reproductive system here then we're able
35:28to appreciate so let's talk then female
35:33reproductive tract so here when we talk
35:36female reproductive tract now here we
35:38can appreciate first we'll have what we
35:41call the ovaries let's move over to this
35:45picture right in here now here we can
35:48appreciate the ovaries which are the
35:50female gonads here one image there
35:53depicting the image of the ovaries
35:55closed completely you could appreciate
35:57them from their external entirety in
36:01their external entirety and then here
36:02we've got a nice basically a cut right
36:05through depicting to us and the internal
36:09aspect of the ovaries so here now when
36:11we go through we talk about the ovaries
36:12there the female gonads they're found
36:14flanking the uterus bilaterally
36:17right you can see bond both sides
36:19they're flanking the uterus they're
36:21shaped like an almond and double its
36:24size shaped like an almond but double we
36:30get very happy very excited when we get
36:33to appreciate these female parts in our
36:35female cadavers most of the cadavers
36:37usually have had hysterectomy fool
36:40respect me where they've even had the
36:42ovaries removed and you know not able to
36:44appreciate anything there so when we do
36:46get to see them we're real thankful and
36:48we're really appreciative of that now
36:50when we go to him we talk function
36:52function of the female ovaries is to
36:54produce female gametes they produce
36:56female gametes right the OVA number one
36:59number two sex hormones estrogen and
37:05progesterone next in here let's go to
37:07the different structures here we've got
37:09first our ovarian ligament you can
37:12appreciate the ovarian ligament the
37:14Varian ligament is going to be found
37:16suspending or anchoring the ovaries
37:19medially to the uterus found flanking
37:25the ovaries medially to the uterus you
37:32can see that they're very nicely on both
37:37sides
37:43next in here we can appreciate the
37:46suspensory ligament so ovarian angering
37:52the ovaries medially to the uterus
37:54bilaterally you can see that suspensory
37:57you don't see by ladder you were
37:58disabled to appreciate on one side so
38:02the suspensory anchors basically the
38:05ovaries laterally to the pelvic wall
38:07laterally to the pelvic wall then we
38:12have the broad ligament broad ligament
38:15lives up to its name
38:17the broad ligament is a peritoneum fold
38:21it's a peritoneum fold that tents over
38:25the uterus and supports the uterine
38:30tubes the uterus and the vagina
38:38it also encloses the ovarian ligament
38:43and these vessels next we've got
38:51germinal epithelium German epithelium is
38:54going to be a layer of cuboidal
38:56epithelial cells layer of cuboidal
39:02epithelial cells and they're going to be
39:05found surrounding the tunica albuginea
39:09found surrounding the tunica albuginea
39:12and this German epithelium is continuous
39:19with the peritoneum it's a continuation
39:21of the peritoneum so next time we talk
39:27about the tunica albuginea the tunica
39:29albuginea albuginea i've heard it
39:33pronounced as well okay is the fibrous
39:37surrounding it's the fibrous surrounding
39:41of the ovaries the fibrous surrounding
39:47of the ovaries all tunica albuginea
39:55now these ovaries you can see are
39:56divided up into two parts they get
39:58divided up into two divisions you have
39:59the cortex and then we have the medulla
40:02now when we talk cortex the cortex is
40:04the outer part it's the outer part and
40:07it houses the forming gametes
40:13it houses the forming gametes the
40:18medulla you can see inside of here the
40:21medulla is gonna contain the blood
40:22vessels the blood vessels that are
40:24responsible for nourishing these growing
40:27low signs in the cortex we can
40:35appreciate all these various follicles
40:36these follicles you can see are all in
40:38various stages of growth these follicles
40:40are tiny sac-like structures they're
40:45tiny sac-like structures that are
40:50embedded in the highly vascular
40:53connective tissue of the cortex the
41:02follicles you can see contain the OVA do
41:05site after the follicle has released the
41:17OVA during ovulation it happens they
41:20describe it as happening about midway in
41:23the cycle after the old site has been
41:31ovulated you can see what's left is
41:34basically the corpus luteum the corpus
41:38luteum the corpus luteum is a glandular
41:41structure that's formed from the
41:45ruptured follicle after ovulation and
41:49it's got an important task as well next
41:57and we can see is the duct system the
42:01duct system now the duct system here in
42:04the female reproductive tract has little
42:07or no
42:08actual contact with the ovaries the
42:13ovaries you can see are basically seated
42:15there like this and then the duct system
42:17is found right above it so there's
42:21little to no contact between the two
42:23okay you can see they're separated so
42:27here now when we talk we're talking
42:30about now the uterine tubes the
42:32fallopian tubes the oviduct whatever you
42:35want to call them now these fallopian
42:37tubes the uterine tubes of OB ducts
42:40they're about four inches long and their
42:45function is to receive the ovulated oil
42:49site it's to receive the ovulated oil
42:51site and they are the site where
42:54fertilization occurs so let's go through
43:01the various structures of the oviducts
43:04now we go through the various structures
43:05first we have what we call the
43:07infundibulum so the first division is
43:10the infundibulum it's the open end of
43:14the fallopian tubes here it's open as
43:20well it's opening into the uterus here
43:22it's actually opening out into basically
43:25you can think of the pelvis so it's the
43:30open end and here we talk about the
43:34infundibulum it's a funnel-shaped side
43:39you can think of it as being the funnel
43:41shaped side and it bears cilia and it's
43:48going to contain cilia also coming off
43:53of the infundibulum is these thin
43:55barrier here you can appreciate those
43:57fimbriae and greater detail these
43:59fimbriae are going to be tiny finger
44:01like structures they're tiny finger like
44:06projections that are ciliated and why do
44:11we have all the cilia in there to help
44:14bring that egg inside and bring it into
44:16this oviduct sweep it into the oviduct
44:23next and will appreciate the ampulla the
44:28ampulla is the region where
44:30fertilization occurs from the ampulla
44:35then do site or that fertilized a can
44:43make its way then into the isthmus the
44:49isthmus is this segment that it's a
44:51segment of this uterus that is it's a
44:54segment of the fallopian tube that
44:55connects to the uterus it's a segment of
44:59the fallopian tube that connects to the
45:01uterus and then we've got the uterus if
45:12we have implantation take place anywhere
45:17in here that leads to ectopic
45:20pregnancies I would go in and remove
45:24that and then the couple usually the
45:29couple will try again next then here
45:31we're able to appreciate the internal
45:36aspect known we talk about the internal
45:38aspect we've talked about ciliated and
45:39non ciliated cells so make sure you
45:41review that from the beginning of the
45:42semester and we've gone to that we've
45:44talked about that and we've talked
45:45actually what each of those cells are
45:47doing there as well so make sure you
45:48review that there and get that checked
45:50out and then you got your broad ligament
45:52we talked about the broad ligament the
45:54broad ligament itself is so broad that
45:57you can see here it gets divided up into
45:58various parts so make sure you know all
46:00the divisions the mezzo Sal Pink's the
46:02mezzo ovarian the mezzo of mezzo metrium
46:06as well and make sure you understand
46:08every single division basically at that
46:10broad ligament there also next and here
46:14we can appreciate the uterus so we
46:16talked about the uterus and we talked
46:18about the uterus the uterus is going to
46:20be described as an upside-down pear
46:24shaped structure the uterus is located
46:32in the pelvis
46:34anterior to the rectum anterior to the
46:40rectum and posterior superior to the
46:46bladder and posterior superior to the
46:50bladder the function of the uterus is to
46:56receive retain and nourish a fertilized
47:03OVA let's go through the structures of
47:09the uterus first we have the fundus when
47:12we talk about the fundus the fundus just
47:14like the stomach is the dome-shaped part
47:17it's the rounded superior region it's
47:23found located superior to the entrance
47:25of the fallopian tubes
47:27that's the fundus next and we have the
47:32body of the uterus the body is the major
47:35portion the mid portion you can think of
47:40that leads us them to the Isthmus here
47:44then we can appreciate the Isthmus the
47:46Isthmus is the constricted region the
47:52Isthmus then takes us over to the cervix
47:56the cervix is the narrowed neck or
48:01outlet it projects inferiorly into the
48:09vagina when we talk about the walls of
48:16the uterus though a uterus is made up of
48:17three layers so the uterine wall has
48:20three layers you have first outside here
48:22the peri metrium it's an incomplete
48:27outer most serous layer of the uterus
48:33internal to that you have the myometrium
48:38the prefix Milo should tell you
48:40everything you need to know there right
48:43we have skeletal muscle inside of here
48:45oh no it's cardiac muscle because it can
48:48cracks right very good
48:52cardiac muscle smooth muscle smooth
48:57muscle then you've got the endometrium
49:00we talk endometrium it's the mucosal
49:03lining of the uterus
49:04it's a mucosal lining of the uterine
49:07cavity it's simple columnar epithelia
49:11under lane by lamina propria under lane
49:16by lamina propria so let's look at that
49:22endometrium then in greater detail when
49:25we look at that endometrium in greater
49:26detail here we can appreciate that
49:29here you can appreciate now first what
49:31we call the stratum function Ollis and
49:35the stratum bus allas the two layers of
49:39that endometrium okay and then you can
49:46see again the muscle underneath so here
49:48you can appreciate the muscle underneath
49:52all smooth muscle right inside of here
49:54so stratum bus Ollis basal layer and
50:00stratum function Ollis stratum function
50:03all this is the functional layer this is
50:06the layer that undergoes cyclic changes
50:09it undergoes cyclic changes in response
50:13to it undergoes cyclic changes in
50:19response to levels of ovarian hormones
50:25this is the layer that gets shared
50:28during menstruation
50:33deep to that we said as a stratum
50:36ViSalus the basal layer you can think of
50:39the stratum basileus is responsible for
50:42forming a new stratum function on us
50:44every month along with that you can look
50:48at the vascularity there look at how
50:49much there vascularity is going to
50:51increase then as well as maz basically
50:56we move away from the actual
51:00menstruation part of
51:01this whole ovarian cycle and uterine
51:05cycle next then we've got the round
51:10ligament the round ligament is going to
51:13anchor the uterus to the anterior body
51:15wall you can appreciate that there very
51:19nicely then we can appreciate the vagina
51:25then we talk about the vagina the vagina
51:28is a thin walled tube about three to
51:32four inches long and it's found lying in
51:36between that found lying in between the
51:41bladder and the rectum lying in between
51:45the bladder and the rectum and it
51:48extends from the cervix to the body's
51:53exterior so it extends from the cervix
51:56to the body's exterior we talk about the
52:00function now the vagina the function is
52:02it's a copulatory organ it receives the
52:06penis during sexual intercourse it also
52:13provides as a passageway it provides as
52:17a passageway for the delivery of an
52:21infant and also it provides as a
52:25passageway for the delivery of menstrual
52:28flow let's
52:35through then some structures here and
52:38let's look at the let's look at this
52:41view of basically the vulva we can see
52:44here now here this one you can see it's
52:48a little more detailed here here we can
52:51appreciate number one vaginal fornix no
52:53we talked about the vaginal fornix sorry
52:56I'm jumping back here vaginal fornix is
52:58going to be this recess the space that's
53:02going to be found surrounding the cervix
53:05that's the vaginal fornix next in here
53:09we can move back we have the hymen the
53:13hymen is an incomplete partition that's
53:19formed by the mucosa near the distal
53:23vaginal orifice then we can appreciate
53:31the external genitalia now we talk about
53:33the external genitalia here we have
53:35first the lab eeeh majora the lab eeeh
53:38majora are going to be too elongated
53:44hair-covered fatty skin folds there too
53:52elongated fatty hair covered skin folds
53:59next that we can appreciate the lab iam
54:01I Nora
54:02the lab iam minora are going to be to
54:06thin hair free skin folds and they are
54:14enclosed by the lab eeeh majora you can
54:18see they are enclosed by the lab eeeh
54:22majora next in here we can appreciate
54:27the vestibule the vestibule is a recess
54:31it's a space you can think of
54:32it's a recess which contains the
54:35external openings of the urethra and the
54:39vagina so here we've got the vaginal
54:45orifice the vaginal orifice now is the
54:48opening
54:49for the vagina and in the urethral
54:52orifice we've got to opening up the
54:54urethra and here we can also appreciate
54:58the greater vestibular glands so here's
55:02the opening of those glands their ducts
55:04open right over there and this is what
55:08you see underneath the skin then the
55:13greater vestibular glands their
55:14pea-sized glands the function to keep
55:18the lube that functioned to lubricate or
55:21keep the vestibule moist their pea-sized
55:26glands they keep the vestibule moist and
55:29lubricated next that we could appreciate
55:33the clitoris so here then we've got the
55:35clitoris it's a small protruding
55:37structure its homologous to the penis of
55:42the male it's composed of erectile
55:47tissue and sensory nerve endings here
55:57then we can appreciate that clitoris
56:01without and it's also known as a glance
56:03you can or you can see this part that we
56:06could see is basically visible here is
56:08the glans okay so that's what we're
56:10seeing here the rest of it is covered
56:12again by now Priebus or foreskin so some
56:18cultures some religions they believe in
56:22removing the foreskin in females males
56:27or just males or just females or you
56:29know whatever you have there but
56:31nonetheless this is what gets removed
56:33there next when we have mammary glands
56:39mammary glands now we talk mammary
56:42glands mammary glands and we'll see our
56:44present in both sexes they're present in
56:48both sexes
56:49however they normally function only in
56:52females and their function then is to
56:57produce milk which will help to nourish
57:00a newborn baby
57:06now we look at the structure of the
57:09breasts and the structure of the mammary
57:10glands now we can see first its skin
57:13beneath the skin then we're able to
57:15appreciate how basically you have this
57:20organization of these glands underneath
57:22the skin and above the muscle so here
57:26then you can see how these mammary
57:30glands are divided up into about 15 to
57:3320 lobes 15 to 20 lobes that are gonna
57:38be found surrounding the nipple and
57:44opening at the nipple surrounding an
57:47opening at the nipple now between each
57:52of these lobes you can appreciate
57:54suspensory ligaments the suspensory
57:57ligaments are basically inter lobar
58:00connective tissue that attaches the
58:03breast to the underlying muscle fascia
58:07and the overlying skin here you can
58:19appreciate alveoli these alveoli are
58:24going to produce the milk when the
58:27female is lactating it'll make its way
58:32then into the lac de faris ducts from
58:37them the lac de Ferris ducts this milk
58:41is going to make its way up into the lac
58:43de Ferriss sinuses so this is where milk
58:47accumulates
58:48during nursing and here we can
58:55appreciate the nipple and you can see
59:00how all of these different basically
59:03ducts then are going to open up at the
59:06nipple and then surrounding the nipple
59:09so nipple is central centrally locate on
59:13the breast surrounding the nipple then
59:15is Kari olih areola
59:17is all pigmented tissue it's a pigmented
59:20ring of tissue so there we have then the
59:27mammary glands known we said when we
59:31talked in integumentary system that we
59:33would talk about them here and here we
59:35are let's go to then the development of
59:40the external genitalia so here we have
59:46before we take off to there oh genesis
59:48and meiosis 1 meiosis 2 in the female
59:51and in the female then the final product
59:54the end product of meiosis is 32 eggs
59:58right how many eggs
1:00:02how many function likes five for know
1:00:05for like the male right for functional
1:00:06eggs correct right same and male and
1:00:08female nope nope nope one functional egg
1:00:13and you have basically three polar
1:00:16bodies if you recall from biology so
1:00:19make sure you've got all that down there
1:00:21and understood right it's the sry gene
1:00:28that codes for testes determining factor
1:00:32that's gonna allow then the male parts
1:00:35to come in the wolffian ducts if that's
1:00:40our Y gene is not present mullerian
1:00:42ducts basically learning parts are going
1:00:44to form so here then we can appreciate
1:00:50the in different stage not this in
1:00:53different stage you can appreciate a few
1:00:55structures here first we have what we
1:00:57call the genital tubercle then here we
1:01:00can appreciate the you could see the
1:01:03urethra fold and I here we have the
1:01:04lobules scrotal swellings so first let's
1:01:06talk genital tubercle the genital
1:01:08tubercle is a small projection on the
1:01:11external body surface of all embryos at
1:01:15the indifferent stage this is before the
1:01:19seventh week in the mail this genital
1:01:23tubercle will form the penis
1:01:27in the female
1:01:30gives rise to the clitoris now the
1:01:36urethra folds and we can see next but
1:01:38let's check this general tubercle out
1:01:41forming the penis here you can see it
1:01:48forming the clitoris basically next and
1:01:58we have the urethra folds the urethra
1:02:02folds they flank the urethral groove now
1:02:07the urethra folds in the mail they will
1:02:11fuse they will fuse in the midline
1:02:16forming the spongy urethra of the penis
1:02:22they will remain unfused at the tip to
1:02:30form the urethral orifice sometimes what
1:02:37happens is this doesn't close it doesn't
1:02:39use properly leaving then this opening
1:02:42down in here allowing then urine to make
1:02:49its way out so let's say here's the
1:02:55penis right here then we have this okay
1:03:06so let's do this
1:03:16so it remains unfused here okay so now
1:03:21that's normally speaking right that's
1:03:23what's gonna be basically that you read
1:03:25orifice the external urethral orifice
1:03:27allowing that urine to make its way out
1:03:28now here what happens is sometimes it
1:03:31remains unfused here on the bottom
1:03:34allowing then urine to make its way out
1:03:36down this way this is a condition called
1:03:40hypospadias so make sure you got that
1:03:46down in the female in the female the
1:03:49urethral holes are going to become the
1:03:52lab eeeh my nora the lab iya minora you
1:03:56can see on both sides the lab you'll
1:04:02scroll of swellings in the male will
1:04:04give rise then to the scrotum the
1:04:08scrotum in the female
1:04:12you've got your lab iya majora lab iya
1:04:19majora so here you could see how all
1:04:30three systems in the female are found
1:04:34one right after the other in this view
1:04:37here you can see you got the bladder and
1:04:39then you can see the urethra the urinary
1:04:43system and then here you've got the
1:04:46uterus and the vagina reproductive
1:04:49system so the male these two are hooked
1:04:52up and then the female you can see the
1:04:56digestive system back here
1:05:10some reproductive disorders I'd like you
1:05:12to know about prostate cancer affects
1:05:15males we've got the prostate right we
1:05:18didn't see that in relation of the
1:05:19female it affects about 9% of men over
1:05:2150 years of age testicular cancer as
1:05:24well most common tumor and men between
1:05:2715 and 34 years of age and then breast
1:05:30cancer you could see in females one you
1:05:33could see one in every eight or nine
1:05:34women in America here we could see
1:05:38cervical cancer right affecting the
1:05:43cervix so how we do pap smears and then
1:05:47also on top of that sexually transmitted
1:05:48diseases such as AIDS hepatitis C caused
1:05:51by viruses

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