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Anatomical Position and Directional Terms [Anatomy MADE EASY] — Transcript

by Simplico · 2,438 words · 392 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00welcome back to the channel where
0:01medical and science topics are made easy
0:04today we're going to talk about
0:05anatomical directional terms you're
0:07going to learn simple tricks to remember
0:08the different anatomy terms that are
0:10shown so make sure to watch until the
0:12end
0:13you'll also want to turn on the captions
0:14down below and read along to help you
0:16remember everything so let's jump right
0:18into it
0:19as we go through the different
0:20directional terms there needs to be a
0:22standard body position that we're using
0:24this is called the standard anatomical
0:26position you might remember from the
0:28previous video on body planes and
0:30sections that the correct anatomical
0:32position is standing upright with the
0:34head and eyes directed straight ahead
0:36the arms are hanging at the sides and
0:38slightly away from the trunk so they're
0:40not touching the sides the palms are
0:42facing forward and the thumbs are
0:44pointing away from the body the legs are
0:46parallel and the feet are flat on the
0:48ground facing forward
0:50finally right and left refer to the
0:52patient's right and left side as
0:54indicated by the r and l
0:56so if you were looking at the patient
0:57the right side would be your left side
0:59and the left side would be your right
1:01side
1:02the anatomical position gives us a
1:03consistent universal way of discussing
1:05anatomy and it creates clear reference
1:08points as we go through the different
1:09anatomical terms
1:11for more information on the anatomical
1:13position make sure to check out the
1:14previous video on body planes and
1:16sections because that goes into more
1:18detail it'll be linked down below in the
1:20description
1:22the first pair of directional terms is
1:23medial and lateral to better understand
1:26medial and lateral let's divide the body
1:28into right and left sections using a
1:30sagittal plane
1:31remember in the previous video on body
1:33planes that the sagittal plane runs
1:35vertically front to back and it divides
1:38the body into right and left sections
1:40the line you see represents the midline
1:42of the body
1:43the midline is an imaginary vertical
1:45line down the middle of the body and it
1:47divides the body into equal right and
1:49left sections
1:51the easy way to remember the definition
1:52of midline is to think of midline and
1:54middle
1:56that midline is going to be our
1:57reference point when describing medial
1:59and lateral
2:00if we move toward the midline of the
2:02body then we're moving medial
2:04so medial is defined as the middle or
2:06toward the midline or middle of the body
2:09in other words we're moving away from
2:11the sides and toward the midline this is
2:13medial
2:15medial is simple to remember use the
2:17letter m to think of medial midline and
2:20middle
2:21if we move away from the midline of the
2:23body then we're moving lateral
2:25so lateral is defined as the side or
2:28toward the side of the body
2:30in other words we're moving away from
2:31the midline and toward the sides this is
2:34lateral lateral can be remembered by
2:37thinking of your lats which are your
2:39side back muscles
2:42let's look at some examples of medial
2:43and lateral we can say the nose is
2:45medial to the eyes because the nose is
2:48more toward the midline compared to the
2:50eyes
2:51we can also say the eyes are lateral to
2:53the nose because the eyes are more
2:55toward the side of the body compared to
2:56the nose
2:58if the woman had two freckles on her
3:00face as shown on the image you could
3:02describe freckle 1 as being lateral to
3:04freckle 2 or you could say freckle 2 is
3:07medial to freckle 1.
3:09if we go back to our original image we
3:11can see the arms are lateral to the
3:13torso and the torso is medial to the
3:16arms we can also use directional terms
3:19for internal structures for example the
3:22lungs are lateral to the heart and the
3:24heart is medial to the lungs as depicted
3:26by the image
3:28so hopefully medial and lateral make
3:30sense now remember medial is toward the
3:32midline and they both start with the
3:34letter m
3:35and lateral is toward the side and the
3:37lat muscles stretch toward the side of
3:39the body
3:41the next pair of directional terms is
3:42superior and inferior this time we're
3:45going to divide the body into upper and
3:46lower portions using a transverse plane
3:49remember in the previous video on body
3:51planes that the transverse plane runs
3:53horizontally and it divides the body
3:55into upper and lower sections
3:58that transverse line is going to be our
3:59reference point when describing superior
4:02and inferior
4:03if we move toward the head then we're
4:05moving superior so superior is defined
4:08as above or toward the head
4:10you can think of superior and skull
4:12because they both start with the letter
4:13s and this can help you remember
4:15superior is toward the head
4:18if we move away from the head then we're
4:20moving inferior so inferior is defined
4:22as below or away from the head
4:25you can use the f and inferior to think
4:27of floor and this can help you remember
4:29inferior is toward the floor
4:31superior and inferior also go by
4:33different names
4:34another name for superior is cranial
4:36which makes sense because we're moving
4:38toward the cranium or head
4:40another name for inferior is caudal
4:43caudal means tail so it makes sense that
4:45inferior is also known as caudal because
4:47we're moving toward the tail or away
4:49from the head
4:51let's look at some examples of superior
4:53and inferior if we go back to our same
4:55image we can say the eyes are superior
4:57to the nose and the nose is superior to
4:59the mouth because the eyes are above the
5:01nose and the nose is above the mouth
5:04or we can say the mouth is inferior to
5:06the nose and the nose is inferior to the
5:08eyes because the mouth is below the nose
5:11and the nose is below the eyes
5:14and if we go back to our freckle example
5:16we can see freckle 1 is superior and
5:18lateral to freckle 2 and freckle 2 is
5:20inferior medial to freckle 1.
5:24if we go back to our original image we
5:26can see the head is superior to the
5:27torso and the torso is inferior to the
5:29head
5:31finally we can apply these terms to
5:33internal structures as well for example
5:35the heart is superior to the liver and
5:37the liver is inferior to the heart
5:40hopefully that explains superior and
5:42inferior remember superior is toward the
5:44skull and they both start with the
5:45letter s and inferior is toward the
5:48floor and you can use the f and inferior
5:50to help you remember that
5:51finally don't forget that superior can
5:53also go by cranial and inferior can also
5:55go by caudal
5:58you can also use these terms to describe
6:00different sides of a structure for
6:02example if we look at the right lung
6:04this will be the lateral aspect because
6:05it's toward the side of the body and
6:07this will be the medial aspect because
6:09it's toward the midline
6:11the superior aspect will be the upper
6:13portion toward the head and the inferior
6:15aspect will be toward the floor away
6:17from the
6:18head moving on to the next pair of
6:21directional terms let's look at anterior
6:23and posterior
6:24this time we're going to divide the body
6:26into front and back portions using a
6:28coronal plane
6:29remember in the previous video on body
6:31planes that the coronal or frontal plane
6:33runs vertically side to side and it
6:35divides the body into front and back
6:37sections
6:38that coronal line is going to be our
6:40reference point when describing anterior
6:42and posterior
6:44if we move toward the front of the body
6:46then we're moving anterior so anterior
6:48describes the front or toward the front
6:50of the body
6:52if we move toward the back of the body
6:54then we're moving posterior so posterior
6:57describes the back or toward the back of
6:59the body
7:00a comes before p in the alphabet and
7:02this can help you remember anterior is
7:04in the front and posterior is in the
7:06back
7:08anterior and posterior also go by
7:09different names
7:11another name for anterior is ventral and
7:13another name for posterior is dorsal for
7:16ventral you can think of a ventriloquist
7:18which literally translates to stomach
7:20talker
7:21we learned in our medical prefix video
7:23that the prefix ventri refers to the
7:25stomach abdomen or front of the body
7:28this can help you remember ventral means
7:29anterior
7:31for dorsal you can think of a dorsal fin
7:33on the back of a fish to help you
7:34remember dorsal means posterior
7:38let's look at some examples of anterior
7:39and posterior if we look at a side view
7:42of the brain we can see the frontal lobe
7:44is anterior to the occipital lobe and
7:46the occipital lobe is posterior to the
7:48frontal lobe
7:50you could also say the patella or
7:52kneecap is located on the anterior side
7:54of the leg and the olecranon or elbow is
7:57located on the posterior side of the arm
8:00the next pair of directional terms is
8:02proximal and distal these terms are most
8:04commonly used on the extremities and
8:06tubular structures
8:08if we move toward the trunk or point of
8:10attachment then we're moving proximal
8:13so proximal is defined as toward the
8:15trunk or near the point of attachment or
8:18origin
8:19for proximal you can think of the word
8:20proximity which means near or close
8:24if we move away from the trunk or point
8:26of attachment then we're moving distal
8:29so distal is defined as away from the
8:31trunk or far from the point of
8:33attachment or origin
8:34for distal you can think of the word
8:36distant which means far away from
8:40let's look at some examples of proximal
8:42and distal
8:43the wrist is proximal to the hand
8:45because the wrist is closer to the trunk
8:47than the hand is
8:48the elbow is proximal to the wrist
8:50because the elbow is closer to the trunk
8:53and the shoulder is proximal to the
8:54elbow because the shoulder is closer to
8:56the trunk
8:58remember proximal means toward or closer
9:00to the trunk
9:01we can also say the elbow is distal to
9:03the shoulder because the elbow is
9:05farther away from the trunk than the
9:07shoulder is the wrist is distal to the
9:09elbow because the wrist is farther away
9:11from the trunk
9:12and the hand is distal to the wrist
9:15because the hand is farther away from
9:16the trunk
9:17remember distal means away from or
9:19farther from the trunk
9:22we can do the same with the lower
9:24extremities the ankle is proximal to the
9:26foot the knee is proximal to the ankle
9:29and the hip is proximal to the knee
9:31again proximal means toward or closer to
9:34the trunk
9:35we can also say the knee is distal to
9:37the hip the ankle is distal to the knee
9:40and the foot is distal to the ankle
9:42again distal means away from or farther
9:45from the trunk
9:47we also said proximal and distal can be
9:49applied to structures for example if we
9:51look at the colon the stool first
9:53travels up the ascending colon then
9:56through the transverse colon then down
9:58the descending colon
9:59therefore the red star on the ascending
10:01colon would be the proximal end of the
10:04colon or large intestine more
10:06specifically it's the proximal end of
10:08the ascending colon
10:10the green star is located more distal on
10:12the colon and that's because it's
10:13farther away from the starting point of
10:15the colon and more specifically it's
10:18located at the distal end of the
10:19descending colon
10:22the next pair of directional terms is
10:24superficial and deep
10:26if we move closer to the surface of the
10:28body then we're moving superficial
10:31so superficial is defined as closer to
10:33the surface
10:35superficial and surface both start with
10:37the letter s to help you remember this
10:40if we move away from the surface of the
10:41body then we're moving deep
10:44so deep is defined as away from the
10:46surface of the body
10:47the term is self-explanatory which makes
10:49it easy to remember
10:52let's look at some examples of
10:53superficial and deep the skin is
10:55superficial to the ribs and the ribs are
10:58superficial to the lungs or you can say
11:01the lungs are deep to the ribs and the
11:03ribs are deep to the skin
11:06remember superficial means closer to the
11:08surface of the body and superficial and
11:10surface both start with the letter s
11:12while deep means away from the surface
11:14of the body
11:16next we have unilateral and bilateral
11:18these terms are pretty straightforward
11:20unilateral involves one side of the body
11:23for example there could be a rash
11:25involving only the right arm as depicted
11:27by the star this would be a unilateral
11:29rash involving the right upper extremity
11:32we learned in the medical prefix video
11:33that uni means one or single which will
11:36help you remember unilateral involves
11:38one side of the body
11:40bilateral involves both sides of the
11:42body for example there could be a rash
11:44involving both arms as depicted by the
11:46two green stars
11:47this would be a rash to the upper
11:49extremities bilaterally
11:51we learned in the medical prefix video
11:52that bi means two or double which will
11:55help you remember bilateral involves
11:56both sides of the body
11:59finally we have ipsilateral and
12:00contralateral ipsilateral means on the
12:03same side of the body
12:05for example if a patient presents after
12:07a car accident with a laceration and an
12:09abrasion on their right arm as depicted
12:11by the two stars then those injuries are
12:13ipsilateral to one another
12:16we learned in the medical prefix video
12:18that ipsy means same which will help you
12:20remember ipsilateral means the same side
12:22of the body
12:24contralateral means on opposite sides of
12:26the body for example if a patient
12:28presents after a car accident with the
12:30laceration on their right arm and an
12:32abrasion on their left arm then those
12:34injuries are contralateral to each other
12:37we learned in the medical prefix video
12:38that contra means opposite which will
12:41help you remember contralateral means
12:42opposite sides of the body
12:45hopefully this helped you better
12:46understand anatomical directional terms
12:49if you found the video useful please hit
12:51the like button and comment down below
12:53make sure to subscribe to not miss out
12:54on future medical topics made easy and
12:57as always you can find all of the notes
12:59and pictures for this video on the
13:00website linked down below in the
13:02description
13:03thanks for watching and hope you check
13:04out future videos
13:06[Music]

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