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0:02hi I am AEL Enriquez and this
0:04presentation contains our discussion on
0:07the endocrine
0:11system the endocrine system is composed
0:13of endocrine glands and specialized
0:17cells across different areas in the body
0:20so specialized this means that although
0:25they belong to the same organ
0:28system types of cells that can be found
0:31here and functions they at least have
0:35one similar similarity though and that
0:38is to secrete hormones or enzymes that
0:42would be released into the blood
0:44circulation until it reaches the target
0:47organ or specific
0:52organu with these
0:56hormones Target tissues are tissues that
0:59that have the receptors or a structure
1:03that would bind specifically to a
1:05certain hormone this is
1:18why all
1:21right receptor on the surface of the
1:24cells Target organ with the structure of
1:28the hormone so imagine the lock and key
1:32model
1:35so
1:38specializ so if the key does not match
1:41the lock it won't work so that's the
1:43same idea with hormones and Target
1:49organs hormone
1:53receptor C
1:58or
2:01or their structures do not
2:05match this illustration shows us the
2:08different organs that are included in
2:10the endocrine system
2:13sooss anatomical illustration so as we
2:17proceed with the discussion we would
2:19also be introduced with the microscopic
2:22anatomy of all these endocrine system
2:28glands
2:30let's now talk about chemical Messengers
2:32so this one is easy to
2:35remember
2:38aut so these cells would release
2:41chemicals and it affects themselves it
2:44affects the same type of
2:48cells paracine paracine chemicals are
2:52released by cells to affect nearby cells
2:56so these cells don't have to be the same
2:59as as long
3:00ASAP no as it says here close proximity
3:04then it will
3:09work
3:10neurotransmitters and
3:12neuromodulators are secreted
3:14specifically by nerve cells so function
3:18belongs more within the nervous system
3:23and then classified as hormones or neuro
3:26hormones since location
3:30target cells they first have to travel
3:34to the bloodstream before they reach
3:37their target tissues so those Target
3:40tissues they would find their matching
3:47receptor listed here are the functions
3:49of the endocrine system notice all the
3:53keywords that were used here so regulate
3:57modulate control control so very
4:00controlling no very manipulative pal
4:03endocrine system but um yeah that's
4:07their job though um their job is to
4:09control the things that are happening in
4:12the body to keep things going as it
4:16should all right so regulate metabolism
4:19control um food intake and digestion
4:22modulation of tissue development and all
4:24these other things that needs to be
4:28maintained listed here are more of its
4:32functions notice the same words were
4:35used no regulate control modulate
4:38stimulate so basically if we were to
4:41make a hierarchy no the brain would tell
4:44the organs of the endocrine system what
4:47to do and then the endocrine system
4:51would tell all the other organs what
4:53they should be doing all
4:56right brain endocrine system
5:04system to control each specific
5:11organs now what are the different types
5:13of hormones now some hormones are water
5:16soluble meaning they could be dissolved
5:19in water so these are also the most
5:22common types of
5:25hormones horon ocine system they are
5:29water
5:31soluble some hormones are lipid soluble
5:34meaning it needs to be in an
5:38environments or fat
5:43molecules human
5:47so examples that have been listed here
5:50so for water soluble hormones they're
5:53usually made up of proteins or peptides
5:56or amino acids lipid soluble hormones
6:00usually they are the ones that are um
6:03structured like a steroid or
6:06aoid listed here are the
6:14examples on this slide how hormones are
6:18released so there are chemicals in the
6:21blood that could stimulate the release
6:23of these hormones so
6:26chemicals signal endocrine system para
6:30work so these are referred to as humoral
6:37stimuli next it says here that hormones
6:40could also be controlled by other
6:43hormones so for
6:45example for
6:53example endocrine system
6:56normal another hormone would now be
6:59released to counteract the previously
7:02released hormone
7:04so hormone endocrine
7:14system no some hormones would stimulate
7:19or encourage the release of other
7:24hormones this slide just shows us um an
7:28illustration of an example of a humoral
7:32stimuli so first off no detect brainet
7:36brain that there are low levels of blood
7:39calcium ion
7:42brain endocrine system no to release the
7:47parathyroid hormone the parathyroid
7:49hormone or pth now would influence the
7:53action of Osteo class and if you would
7:55remember no um from our discussion on
7:58the skeletal
8:01system is to mobilize or to move the
8:05calcium
8:06ion
8:10Osteo or remove calcium ions
8:15and bloodstream which would now increase
8:18and normalize the blood calcium ions so
8:22as we can see right
8:23here low calcium
8:26levels ocine system release parathyroid
8:30hormone parathyroid
8:33hormonu oste eventually more calcium
8:37ions have been moved or released into
8:40the bloodstream so that's what we mean
8:43or that's one of the examples on how
8:45humoral stimuli would happen now
8:52inversely next illustration as you can
8:55see right here what
8:57if blood calcium levels all right so of
9:01course brain blood calcium levels so
9:14um calcium
9:16levels secrete parathyroid hormone as we
9:19can see right here no pth secretion so
9:24with that paraid
9:28hormone
9:38bloodstream so as the calcium ions are
9:42um being depleted or being used up by
9:45our organ systems um eventually decrease
9:49or normal levels blood calcium ions all
9:54right
9:55so first scenario so again these
9:58illustrations shows us an example of
10:01humoral
10:04stimuli let's now talk about humoral
10:07inhibition in simpler
10:12terms action hormon so one of them could
10:16affect the other and usually opposites
10:21function all right so hormones
10:25B but um as you can see right here they
10:28work together to maintain homeostasis or
10:32to balance out each other
10:37explain like aldosterone or the atrial
10:41natiuretic peptide for
10:44now is the concept or the idea of
10:47humoral inhibition again when we say
10:50humoral inhibition by pair
10:54your hormones one hormone could affect
10:58the other
10:59and usually they would be opposite in
11:02function to maintain
11:09homeostasis as we can see right here
11:11neurons or the brain also plays a major
11:15role in guiding the endocrine system on
11:18what to do so for the most part um
11:21either in inhibit or in stimulate brain
11:26endocrine organs to do their work so if
11:29something needs to be controlled they
11:31would stimulate the endocrine organ that
11:34is responsible now okay situation um
11:38homeostasis has been achieved um balance
11:42the brain would also inhibit those
11:45endocrine organs all right so the
11:49neurons or the neurons that could be
11:51found in our brain has the capability to
11:53both stimulate and inhibit endocrine
11:57glands
11:59we also have the terms negative feedback
12:03all right so negative feedback it means
12:06that the hormone has the capability to
12:09inhibit
12:12itself back to normal condition human
12:16body all right so
12:17again previous slides that the function
12:21of a lot of hormones that is being
12:22produced is to maintain balance to
12:25produce homeostasis so again so negative
12:36feis has been achieved everything is
12:38back to
12:40normal negative feedback wherein a
12:43certain hormone would inhibit itself no
12:47once the blood levels have reached a
12:49certain point or a you um a state of
12:54being
12:56balanced positive feedback no positive
13:00feedback enhance or word is
13:05exemplify activity all right so um again
13:10let's go through the key wordss all
13:12right so positive feedback
13:16enhance negative feedback
13:25inhibit a hormone can only stimulate
13:29um a certain organ or a certain tissue
13:32if they have a specific receptor for
13:35them or you example is the lock and key
13:40model
13:41now structure hormone
13:45receptor cells then that would not work
13:48on that cell next the area on each
13:52molecule no the area on each molecule of
13:55the cell where a hormone can bind is
13:58referred to to as the receptor site all
14:01right so
14:05specif attach you hormones and this is
14:08usually based on their shape plus you
14:12chemical
14:13characteristics all
14:15right receptor sites
14:19specific or hormones now receptor sites
14:23they're mainly um the the specificity
14:27that they have for certain hormones is
14:30brought about by their molecular shape
14:33and chemical characteristics or chemical
14:40structures this slide talks more about
14:43the differences of lipid soluble
14:46compared to water soluble hormones so
14:49lipid soluble hormones they could easily
14:52pass through the phospho lipid no
14:55phospholipid bil layer of the cell
14:57membrane water soluble hormones they
15:01can't do
15:03that hydrophobic Tails
15:10phospholipids this illustration right
15:12here shows us Target tissue specificity
15:16and response so again this is a very
15:18simple illustration as we can see right
15:21here we have a Target cell for hormone
15:24one hormone one
15:27yellow Point
15:29structure hormone 2 is also right here
15:33color
15:34blue pointy structures at one side as we
15:38can see right here in this illustration
15:41now specificity as we can see right here
15:44in this cell it has a receptor specific
15:48only for the shape of hormone one all
15:51right notice no
15:53Noti receptor for hormone one it only
15:57has a slot or it only has a
16:03space hormone one unlike hormone
16:092 it has two pointed areas so that's a
16:14very simplified kind of like
16:16illustration showing specificity all
16:19right so this happens because their
16:21shapes would fit one
16:25another hormone number two c
16:35hormone one and um it will only work in
16:39accordance to the action of hormone
16:46one let's now talk about the organs of
16:49the endocrine system so
16:52Focus areas that I have already
16:55highlighted all right so emphasis
17:01Parts all right so first up is the
17:03pituitary gland so the pituitary gland
17:06this is located within the brain and it
17:09is controlled by the hypothalamus all
17:12right location pituitary gland
17:21brain gland it's the
17:24hypothalamus now the pituitary gland is
17:27actually divided into two regions the
17:30anterior and posterior all right
17:36so microscopic Anatomy microscopic
17:40Anatomy difference in
17:43staining anterior and posterior
17:47pituitary
17:50gland this illustration right here just
17:53shows us gross anatomy location
17:57pituitary gland
17:59right here it just shows us a list of
18:01the different um hormones and organs
18:04that may be affected by um the pituitary
18:08gland or by the action of the pituitary
18:15gland again let's just focus on the
18:18highlighted parts or highlighted
18:20keywords um on this slide so first up
18:23the anterior pituitary gland would
18:26synthesize the hormones again
18:28as um as controlled by the hypothalamus
18:32now the neurons of the hypothalamus
18:35would secrete releasing hormones that
18:38would stimulate the production and
18:40secretion of a specific hormone so
18:42basically
18:51um pituitary gland all right so again
18:54the hypothalamus would secrete releasing
18:57hormones next we also have what is known
18:59as inhibiting hormones inhibiting
19:02hormones would decrease the secretion of
19:05a specific anterior pituitary hormone so
19:09again same concept as we've discussed
19:12earlier um
19:15achieve ocine system
19:20homeostasis inhibiting
19:27horon
19:32[Music]
19:38Anor so that previous slide talked about
19:42the anterior pituitary gland let's talk
19:45about the posterior pituitary gland so
19:48the posterior would store and release
19:51the hormones that have been produced by
19:54the um neuroendocrine cells in the
19:56hypothalamus all right so
20:00anterior no it would um it would kind of
20:03like synthesize the hormones that is
20:06needed so posterior it would store the
20:09hormones that is needed okay anterior
20:14synthesize posterior store right so
20:18there are two hormones that is released
20:19from the posterior pituitary gland first
20:22up is the antidiuretic hormone or ADH
20:25and oxytocin okay
20:31hormones pituitary gland the ADH or anti
20:35diuretic hormone and
20:41oxytocin okay so balik po UL anterior
20:45pituitary hormones all right so anterior
20:52pituitary hormones synthesiz anterior
20:56pituitary or anterior pituitary first up
21:00is the growth hormone so the growth
21:02hormone it targets almost all tissues as
21:06a person is growing or
21:12developing increase in size or increase
21:16in Mass all right so again Mula anterior
21:18pituitary it produces the growth hormone
21:22so it it stimulates the growth of Bones
21:25muscles and all the other organs now
21:27listed here here are some abnormalities
21:31so too much
21:35G growth hormone it may cause gigantism
21:40or giantism all right gigantism or
21:47Gian grow hormone too much G on the
21:51other hand if there is too little
21:55GH production growth hormone this would
21:58now lead to pituitary
22:05dwarf next still on the anterior
22:08pituitary it also produces the TSH or
22:12thyroid stimulating hormone so as the
22:15name implies it's very easy to remember
22:17Target tissue po thyroid stimulating
22:21hormone is the thyroid gland all right
22:24so it regulates thyroid gland secretions
22:28again listed here are some abnormalities
22:31so again too much TSH
22:35or thyroid stimulating hormone it would
22:38lead to the enlargement of the thyroid
22:42gland which is um generally referred to
22:45aser
22:47now if there is to little
22:51TSH produce thyroid stimulating hormone
22:55then the thyroid gland would shrink or
22:57leave
22:58compared to normal size all right again
23:01excessive TSH goer um not enough TSH
23:07shrinkage of the thyroid
23:13gland still on the anterior pituitary
23:16hormones next is the gonadotropin
23:20hormones so lutenizing hormone okay
23:25anterior pituitary gland produces what
23:28are known as gonadotropin hormones and
23:31for females what we have is the
23:34lutenizing hormone or LH all right so On
23:38Target tissue are the ovaries so this
23:41one would promote ovulation and
23:43progesterone production so
23:50again now for males Ling hormone
23:56males based on the male anatomy Target
24:00tissue n so for females it's the ovaries
24:02but for males it's the testes all right
24:06so next um with regards to the function
24:08it is necessary for the production of
24:11sperm and
24:13aldosterone okay so
24:16segment all right um the gonadotropin
24:19hormone under this is the leutinizing
24:22hormone so both females and males they
24:25have the leutinizing hormone per
24:29Target organs for females the target
24:31organ or Target tissue are the ovaries
24:34for males the target tissue are the
24:36testes for females ovary Target tissue
24:41function is for ovulation all right next
24:45for males Nam po lutenizing hormone
24:47would Target the testes and this would
24:50help with sperm production and
24:53testosterone
24:56production
24:59next NASA anterior
25:01pituitary and still under the gonado
25:04throp pins we have what is known as the
25:06follicle stimulating hormone or FSH all
25:11right so again anterior ptary um gland
25:15produces gonadotropins and is type
25:18gonadotropin is the follicle stimulating
25:21hormone now lutenizing hormone both
25:24females and males no would have f
25:28but
25:29again Target
25:31tissue function for females FSH would
25:35Target specifically follicles ovaries
25:41so slides on microscopic
25:44Anatomy specifically located follicles
25:47but anyway um FSH no would um work on
25:51the follicles or the ovaries for
25:53follicle maturation and also the
25:56secretion of estrogen now for males it
26:00would Target the seminiferous tubules
26:03that could be found on the testes all
26:06right so
26:07basically Ling hormone Target organ
26:12test FSH specific specific area Target
26:17is the seminiferous tubules only all
26:21right which
26:23again of the microscopic anatomy of the
26:27sem first tubules so again this also
26:30helps for sperm
26:35production anterior pituitary
26:39hormones prolactin all right so as the
26:43name implies
26:45practin Target is memory glands and it
26:48functions for milk production all right
26:52practin for milk
26:56production again it's still included
26:59under the anterior pituitary
27:03hormones next still on the anterior
27:05pituitary
27:08hormones next is the melany stimulating
27:13hormone or msh again it's a bit easy to
27:17understand as the name implies no it
27:19targets specifically the cells on the
27:22skin known as our melanocytes and this
27:26would stimulate melanin production or
27:29you production brown pigment that is um
27:32that could be found on our skin next is
27:35the adreno
27:38corticotropic hormone or the
27:40ACT okay the adrenocorticotropic hormone
27:44or act specific Target n is the adrenal
27:48cortex all right again and the names of
27:52these um specific hormones are quite
27:55easy to
27:56remember
27:58Oran
28:00Target adreno corticotropic hormone
28:03would Target the adrenal cortex now this
28:07would stimulate the production of
28:14corticosteroids okay
28:16so hormones anterior pituitary let's now
28:20proceed to the hormones that may be
28:22released by the posterior pituitary all
28:26right so first first up is the
28:28anti-diuretic hormone or ADH all right
28:32anti- diuretic hormon so specific Target
28:36organ are the kidneys and this would
28:39lead to the conservation of water so
28:42basically in simpler
28:47terms anti diuretic hormone posterior
28:52pituitary or relase posterior pituitary
28:56anti diuretic hormone all right anti-
29:00diuretic against
29:03urination right listed here our
29:05abnormalities specifically diabetes
29:08inid
29:13okay um diabetes melus okay diabetes
29:17melus it has something to do with our
29:20uptake or utilization of
29:23glucose no um so diabetes in CP no what
29:28is happening is that there is low
29:30amounts of ADH all
29:33right antidiuretic hormone so the
29:37kidneys would produce large amounts of
29:40dilute or watery urine
29:50so
29:53kidneys fluids kidneys
29:56automatically or parang um they would
29:58get rid they would get rid of the water
30:00that passes through regardless
30:03dehydrated
30:11person antic hormone so as we can see
30:15right here um very low amounts of ADH
30:19could lead to dehydration and thirst
30:22which again is
30:23because urinate person or produce UR
30:30dehydrated or fluids within their body
30:34all right so again the anti-diuretic
30:36hormone is important for the
30:38conservation of water or for the
30:41reabsorption of water in our kidneys
30:46again amount of the
30:50ADH dietes in
30:52CPUs you
30:55patient still on the posterior pituitary
30:59next hormone that is being um released
31:02from here is the oxytocin so this one is
31:05also quite easy to remember Target PO is
31:08uterus and this would increase uterine
31:12contractions during labor or child
31:18birth all right
31:22posterior oxytocin Target oxytocin
31:26uterus
31:35so that was for the pituitary gland
31:37anterior and posterior
31:39tap pituitary gland both the anterior
31:42and posterior let's now proceed to the
31:45thyroid gland so the thyroid gland has
31:48been described to be one of the largest
31:50glands and it requires iodine to
31:54function all right so um
31:58we have what is known as thein law all
32:01right so um you you could look it up no
32:04we have what is known as the Asin law
32:07and under that is
32:09required fortified with iodine
32:15as all right so again um this is because
32:19of the requirements of the thyroid gland
32:23all right the thyroid gland requires the
32:25presence of iodine to function so the
32:28thyroid gland would secrete the thyroid
32:30hormone and calcitonin
32:33so description thyroid hormones they are
32:36secreted by follicular cells and a
32:40Target is almost all tissues all right
32:43so this would regulate the metabolic
32:45rate needed for growth all right so
32:49again
32:56iodine hormones which as we can see
32:58right
33:03here next is calcitonin so calcitonin is
33:06secreted by the paricular cells all
33:10right so
33:13highlight hormone right the thyroid
33:16hormones would come from the folicular
33:19cells the calcitonin would come from the
33:21par folicular cells now for this one
33:25specific Target are the bones and a few
33:29other tissues
33:32so is that it reduces blood calcium
33:36levels when there are excessive amounts
33:39or blood calcium levels um
33:47illustra parathyroid hormone or humoral
33:55stimuli
33:58recording
34:02illustration blood calcium
34:12levels calcium levels in our blood
34:20circulation normal you blood calcium
34:25levels shown here are the um gross
34:29anatomical illustrations and microscopic
34:32anatomy of the thyroid glands and also
34:36the parathyroid
34:40glands on this slide they're just giving
34:42us kind of like a visual representation
34:45or visual illustration on the different
34:50organs thyroid hormone secretion again
34:53thyroid hormone is quite important in
34:57the growth and development of
35:02humans on this slide um this slide talks
35:05about some thyroid hormone disorders
35:08specifically those that would affect a
35:10person's metabolism all right
35:14so which talks about
35:17hypothyroidism all right so first off in
35:20hypo thyroidism there is decreased
35:24metabolism oraba
35:28metabolism so what would happen is if
35:30metab metabolis if metabolis is slow
35:34what would happen is there would be
35:36weight gain all right weight gain and
35:40also or experience
35:44Fue all right my different terms
35:47hypothyroidism depending if the person
35:49is an adult or an infant so if the
35:51person is an adult hypothyroidism may be
35:54referred to as mixa
35:58infant hypothyroidism this is referred
36:01to as cretinism all right so both of
36:05these are cases of
36:08hypothyroidism decrease
36:12metabolism age affected persons next is
36:16hyper thyroidism so as we can um assume
36:20no from the
36:22name
36:23hypothyroidism so in hyper thyroidism
36:26there is an increased
36:30metabolism
36:31metabolize person in comparison to the
36:34amount of food that they are
36:39intaking
36:40energy um compared to how fast you're
36:44intaking food materials or nutrients
36:47what would happen is there is weight
36:49loss all right and um some people may be
36:53given the appearance of nervousness all
36:56right so
36:58for people with hyper thyroidism they
37:00may develop what is known as the graves
37:03disease now or Graves disease is
37:09goer
37:10enlargement enlargement of the um
37:14thyroid gland all right so here's a side
37:17by-side comparison of hypothyroidism and
37:20hyper
37:24thyroidism differences
37:30that was for the thyroid gland let's now
37:32talk about the parathyroid gland this
37:34one is also a bit easy to remember no so
37:37parathyroid gland produces parathyroid
37:40hormone
37:42or the pth all right so specific Target
37:46tissues pth are the bones and kidneys
37:51all right so
37:55although which is to regulate blood
37:58calcium levels now as you can see right
38:01here more than calcitonin
38:04so parathyroid hormone regulate calcium
38:08levels in comparison to
38:11calcitonin main
38:16character regulate blood calcium levels
38:19is the parathyroid hormone supporting
38:22role no or side
38:24character calcitonin
38:27rulate or maintain calcium levels in the
38:31blood all right so as we can see right
38:33here if calcium ion levels is low s
38:37blood circulation the Osteo clasp would
38:41break down some of the some of the bone
38:44matrix and um what would happen is
38:46there's also less calcium ions that
38:48would be lost in the
38:50urine Target tissues bones and kidneys
38:55all right so
38:57calcium
38:59levelsthyroid
39:01hormone to break down some of the
39:13bonate calcium
39:15ions now if we were to switch the
39:20scenario if calcium ions are high the
39:23Osteo class would stop or would not
39:26break Down the Bones
39:33Bones calcium ions break down calcium
39:38ions
39:39bone um we won't kind of like we won't
39:43kind of like increase the amount of
39:45calcium ion blood circulation at the
39:48same time
39:49no kides to excrete more calcium ions or
39:54to get rid of more of the calcium ions
39:57in the Ur So basically parathyroid
39:59hormone
40:02kidne excess calcium
40:07iate all right so these are the
40:10mechanisms of action parathyroid hormone
40:14um depending if the calcium levels in
40:16the blood is low or
40:20high bones and
40:24kidneys all right so this illustration
40:27just shows us everything that I
40:30explained earlier all right so bones and
40:35kidneys um in terms of balancing or
40:39maintaining um the correct or the
40:42sufficient amounts of calcium in the
40:46blood next let's move on to the adrenal
40:49glands all right the adrenal glands
40:52they're located superior to the kidneys
40:56all right
40:59soal Ral
41:03kidney is is it is superior to each of
41:08the kidney all right so each of the
41:10adrenal gland has an inner part known as
41:13the medala and the outer part known as
41:16the cortex
41:18okay segment Ora Parts you adrenal
41:22glands inside medola outside cortex okay
41:27so as we can see right here the adrenal
41:29medala and cortex would function as
41:31separate endocrine
41:39glands but in terms of their function
41:45separate inside which is the Meda and
41:48the outside which is the cortex again um
41:52last few
41:54slides if you belong to my lab
41:56laboratory
41:58classes difference
42:01microscopically Meda and
42:06cortex this illustration right here just
42:09shows us the gross anatomical location
42:12of the adrenal glands adrenal glands are
42:15on top of the kidneys
42:18and appearance medala and cortex as we
42:23can see right here in this microscope
42:27um Anatomy
42:30slide all
42:32right hor adrenal Meda
42:39again first up is the epinephrine and
42:42the
42:44norepinephrine hormones produce in times
42:47of fight or flight response all
42:51right we're in situations where we have
42:54to choose fight or flight hormones produ
42:58adrenal medala is the epinephrine and
43:04norepinephrine so let's look at this
43:07illustration right here so my stepbystep
43:13process adrenal medary
43:16secretions adrenal glands all right step
43:18one step two and step three all right
43:21first up stress physical activity um and
43:25all of those similar things could
43:26stimulate the sympathetic division of
43:29our nervous system
43:32so stressful
43:35situation you're scared of dogs imagine
43:39that you are afraid of stray
43:45dogs all right um that would cause you
43:48stress you may be scared you may you may
43:50be very afraid um of coming in contact
43:53with the Stray Dog so process it
43:57hypothal
43:59hypo basically information adrenal Meda
44:04all right so adrenal medala um the
44:07adrenal medala would now work to secrate
44:10epinephrine and nor epinephrine all
44:13right
44:14so step three is this would now prepare
44:18no it would prepare your body prepare
44:21your muscles for increased physical
44:24activity soim
44:30rid epinephrine and norepinephrine would
44:33prepare you to run away all right so po
44:36that's kind of like a simplified
44:38explanation on how epinephrine and nor
44:40epinephrine works again EPI and nor Epi
44:43is produced by the adrenal medala in
44:46response to what was processed by the
44:53hypothalamus so adrenal medala
44:57let's now talk about the hormones that
44:58are produced by the adrenal cortex first
45:01up is the
45:03aldosterone all right
45:07so is that this is a type of Minal
45:12corticoid all right so um again
45:15mineralocorticoids are a type or is one
45:18of the different types of hormones now
45:21under
45:24mineralocorticoids aloster
45:26now specific organ Target aldosterone
45:29are the kidneys so let's look at its
45:32function to regulate ion balance it
45:36causes sodium and water to be retained
45:39and it causes pottassium to beated all
45:42right
45:44simplify
45:46explanation adrenal
45:54CeX influen aldosterone is that it would
45:59keep it would retain or reabsorb um
46:02sodium
46:07andate
46:11sodi potassium let go or
46:16potassium exr or secrete through
46:20urination all
46:23right another hormone that is produced
46:26by the adrenal cortex is
46:29cortisol this is a type of
46:32glucocorticoid all right so
46:34again um among the different types of
46:36hormones we have what are known as
46:38glucocorticoids under glucocorticoids we
46:41have what is known as cortisol all right
46:44so Target tissues
46:46is tissues in the body Target
46:50cortisol function it increases the
46:53breakdown of fat and protein for for
46:56energy purposes and reduces inflammatory
46:59immune responses
47:03so cortisol first up um it would help us
47:07to break down fats and proteins and use
47:10them as an energy source now if you
47:12remember our past discussion from basic
47:15biochemistry I'm primary and most easily
47:18utilized source of energy is glucose
47:22glucose is the molecule that is um just
47:26to simplify it's very easily converted
47:28into ATP or adenosine triphosphate now
47:34um AC adenosine triphosphate from fats
47:38and proteins or from lipids and
47:48proteins proteins for energy production
47:53if for
47:54examplea intake
48:02foring inflammatory
48:07responses inflammatory and immune
48:10responses lymphatic
48:15system this one is a bit easy to
48:17understand you could just read on this
48:19on your own my stepbystep process po no
48:22on how cortisol is secreted as we can
48:25see
48:26right here so again
48:30hypothalamus adrenal cortex relase
48:38cortisol all right
48:40Hindi adrenal cortex all right so um
48:43again um right here is another hormone
48:46that could be released by the adrenal
48:48cortex next up are androgens all right
48:52androgens they're also capable of
48:54targeting um a lot of different tissues
48:57and for males and females now for males
49:02Androgen is for secondary sexual
49:05characteristics so physical
49:07appearance males is attributed to the
49:11presence of androgens now for
49:14females it um kind of like contributes
49:16to the development of the sex drive of
49:19females all right so again the adrenal
49:22cortex produces
49:24androgens functional Androgen for males
49:27and for
49:32females okay so we're done with the
49:35adrenal cortex and medola let's now
49:37proceed to the pancreas all right so the
49:40pancreas is also um a a member of our
49:44endocrine system
49:47so highlighted
49:50portions the pancreas is a mixed gland
49:54with an exor and endocrine
49:58portion
49:59or how do we say this in simpler terms
50:03um pancreas it's composed of different
50:07types of cells
50:10and
50:15exine all right so the exocrine portion
50:18of the pancreas secretes digestive
50:21enzymes okay so basically exocrine
50:24portion pancreas
50:28discussion on the digestive system next
50:31is the endocrine part all right so the
50:34endocrine part um consists of what are
50:36known as pancreatic eyelets or the
50:39eyelets of Langer hats
50:43okays or types of cells pancreas
50:47exocrine and endocrine exocrine
50:50digestive system
50:53endocine eys of ler
50:58hands now within the pancreas there are
51:02three different types of cells all right
51:05Alpha Beta And Delta cells okay
51:15pancreas ilets of Langer heads now um
51:19alpha cells they secrete glucagon the
51:22beta cells they secrete insulin and the
51:26data or Delta sorry the Delta cells
51:29secrete
51:30somatostatin
51:32okay structure
51:36pancreas eyelets of Langer hands eyelets
51:39of Langer hands they're composed of
51:40three different cells these three
51:43different cells also produce three
51:45different hormones Alpha glucagon beta
51:49insulin Delta
51:52somatostatin what do they have in common
51:55malan located Sil pancreas they all work
52:00to regulate glucose levels as we can see
52:03right here in this meme that I've
52:06included all right so um visual
52:10representation would help you
52:13remember cells all right again alpha
52:16cells would secrete glucagon beta cells
52:18would secrete somtin and the Delta cells
52:21would secrete
52:24insulin is to control or regulate
52:28glucose
52:32levels okay so again this slide just
52:34shows us um gross anatomical
52:37appearance pancreas
52:41and microscopic Anatomy no pancreas in
52:46this illustration right here my differ
52:50May differentiation Sil Alin Alpha Beta
52:54And Delta cells
52:55in actual um actual
53:02microscopy beta and
53:08dels of Langer
53:15and
53:18hormon beta or
53:24Delta
53:26pancreas um the pancreas also produces
53:30insulin so listed here are all the
53:32target um tissues and let's look at the
53:35function of insulin it regulates blood
53:37glucose levels all right
53:41so insulin regulate or control blood
53:46glucose levels now after a
53:49meal glucose levels are high so insulin
53:53would be secret all
54:02right secrete insulin now the extra
54:06glucose is stored in the form of
54:09glycogen okay
54:11so the pancreas produces insulin now
54:15after
54:18eating glucose levels insulin would be
54:22secreted insulin is to take some of the
54:25excess glucose or
54:28glucose for energy and it would be
54:31stored or converted to glycogen which is
54:34a storage form of energy or storage form
54:38of glucose so
54:40again
54:42insulin
54:45pancreas now let's talk about insulin
54:49abnormalities we have what is known as
54:51diabetes Melos all right soang
54:55diabetes
54:57inid
54:59rewind diabetes
55:02inid is antidiuretic
55:06hormone antidiuretic
55:09hormone diabetes
55:14in is diabetes
55:17Mel there is two little insulin all
55:20right or there is something wrong with
55:22the insulin receptors okay
55:33either am of that is being
55:38produced
55:44amors receptors structure
55:49insul
55:50insulin pancreas right so listed here
55:54are these symptoms of insulin we have
55:56what is known as
55:58hyperglycemia
56:02hyperglycemia glucose content blood
56:08circulation storage form
56:16glycogen now there are two types of
56:18diabetes meletos insulin dependent and
56:21insulin
56:23independent so as name implies
56:32dependent um these are usually um found
56:36or these are usually observed among
56:39obese people now for OB
56:45people Ty
56:47diabetes with proper diet and exercise
56:51and lifestyle
56:53changes
56:58diet exercise and other treatment
57:08options all right so
57:11again important um keywords type one
57:15dependent type two
57:22independenta
57:23pancreas
57:25um next is glucagon all right target
57:28tissue glucagon is the liver so in
57:31between meals glucose levels would drop
57:34all
57:37right glucose levels within our blood
57:42circulation glucagon would be secret now
57:46glucagon would allow glycogen to be
57:49broken down into glucose okay
57:53now
57:58amounts of glucose within our
58:07circulation we have our internal organs
58:10that are constantly working we have our
58:13brain which is um one of the organs that
58:16has the highest expenditure of
58:19glucose glucose enery
58:23bra pH activity we need a constant
58:26supply of glucose within our bloodstream
58:29so
58:31again glucose levels blood circulation
58:36which usually
58:38happens periods
58:40of glucagon would be
58:43secr gluc is to break down the
58:48glycogen structure glycogen and it would
58:50break down into
58:52glucose or for ATP all right so again
58:57that is the work of glucagon um that is
59:00produced by the
59:03pancreas this illustration shows us the
59:06regulation of blood glucose level
59:09so
59:10mechanisms um in illustration form so
59:14with regards to studying these
59:16illustrations I would highly
59:20suggest recorded discussion also have a
59:24copy of your book near
59:29you next UST
59:39atast
59:48illust all right
59:50soas pancreas all right let's now
59:53proceed to the teses which um
59:56biologically is only present for males
59:58all right
1:00:00so endocrine system testes so the testes
1:00:04is capable of producing testosterone all
1:00:07right now for males for male people for
1:00:10male humans um testosterone could Target
1:00:13almost um all tissues or a lot of
1:00:16different tissues now it functions um to
1:00:19help with sperm production and
1:00:22reproductive organ development and
1:00:24function So Physical um physical
1:00:28structures males reproductive organs
1:00:32they are developed no they are properly
1:00:34developed with the help of
1:00:35testosterone and um sperm production is
1:00:40also successful with the help of
1:00:43testosterone so again testosterone is
1:00:45produced by the
1:00:48testes next are ovarian hormones so um
1:00:52as you can see right here now obvious ly
1:00:55this is produced by females females
1:00:58biologically my ovaries so um the
1:01:01ovaries are capable of producing
1:01:03estrogen and progesterone so for females
1:01:07no if the person is a female it could
1:01:09also Target a lot of different tissues
1:01:11now let's look at the function it is
1:01:13involved in uterine and mamory gland
1:01:16development so again physical appearance
1:01:19physical appearance females it is it is
1:01:21attributed no through the work of
1:01:23estrogen and progesterone and it is also
1:01:27involved in the menstrual cycle all
1:01:29right so n regulate your
1:01:32menstration
1:01:35females females due to the presence and
1:01:39the work of estrogen and progesterone
1:01:42which
1:01:43again
1:01:47ovaries next we have what is known as
1:01:50the thymus gland and again this one is
1:01:53also quite easy to remember the thymos
1:01:55gland produces thymosin all right so
1:01:58this one would Target tissues that are
1:02:01involved in our immune system so
1:02:04again in Greater detail once we talk
1:02:07about the lymphatic system all right so
1:02:10again um key wordss
1:02:13keywords thos it works with the immune
1:02:20system up next is the pineal gland the
1:02:23pineal gland and produces melatonin all
1:02:27right so the Melatonin would Target our
1:02:29hypothalamus and it controls circadian
1:02:33rhythms or sleep wake
1:02:35cycle all right now um if if you would
1:02:39observe in the market we have what are
1:02:41known as melatonin supplements no or you
1:02:45pills or gummies that also contain
1:02:52melatonin pineal
1:02:56M all right so they would have to take
1:02:58these supplements all right melatonin
1:03:02affects our circadium rhythms circadian
1:03:04rhythms or our sleep wake cycle now
1:03:08another important thing to note about
1:03:10this one is that light no ELO would
1:03:14affect its function
1:03:16so um exposure to light with the
1:03:20function and production of melatonin um
1:03:23p
1:03:27when we are exposed to
1:03:31light laptops televisions our cell
1:03:35phones or gadgets no um it kind of like
1:03:39tricks our brain into
1:03:43thinking
1:03:47okay sour it is tricking our brain into
1:03:51thinking that it is still daytime so
1:03:53basically
1:04:00production which is not good we need
1:04:02melatonin especially at
1:04:09night common advice for people who have
1:04:13difficulty sleeping is to avoid using
1:04:16their gadgets um a few minutes or hours
1:04:19before going to
1:04:21sleep melatonin production and
1:04:25sleep
1:04:27ccle
1:04:28circadian all right melatonin is
1:04:32produced by the pineal gland it controls
1:04:35our circadian rhythms and this may be
1:04:38disrupted by constant um exposure to
1:04:42light
1:04:44or
1:04:50visually that ends our discussion on the
1:04:54endocrine
1:04:56system slides these next few slides are
1:04:59these slides that I have
1:05:03collated that contains microscopic
1:05:09anatomy and how they look like in um
1:05:13with regards to their microscopic
1:05:18appearance all right so again um I was
1:05:22the person who comp filed or collated
1:05:26all of these different um tissue samples
1:05:29all right so I um kind of like browse
1:05:32through the
1:05:35internet good examples or best examples
1:05:39of photos to represent um the different
1:05:42tissues that we've talked about at the
1:05:44earlier part of this discussion and
1:05:46guide into identifying the different
1:05:49parts of these
1:05:53tissues microscopic Anatomy this is
1:05:56specifically important if you belong to
1:05:58my laboratory
1:06:01classes all right so let's proceed with
1:06:04the tissues that we need to study for
1:06:06the endocrine
1:06:08system all right so as we can see right
1:06:10here this is kind of like just a general
1:06:13slide which shows us
1:06:16hypothalamus anterior pituitary gland
1:06:19and posterior pituitary gland notice
1:06:23that the anterior pituitary is darker in
1:06:26comparison to the posterior pituitary
1:06:29now with regards to the hormones that
1:06:30they're capable of producing
1:06:34rewind
1:06:37discussion earlier but again here's Just
1:06:40A visual
1:06:42representation hypothalamus anterior
1:06:44pituitary and posterior pituitary again
1:06:48cap dark anterior cap light
1:06:53posterior
1:06:54next a PO um again no this is just kind
1:06:58of like a zoomed in photo Adeno
1:07:01hypothesis and neuro hypothesis or you
1:07:05anterior pituitary versus the posterior
1:07:08pituitary
1:07:11gland this is most likely a high power
1:07:16objective view all right so
1:07:19notice again um this is probably the
1:07:22pituitary gland at the high power
1:07:25objective view again here is the
1:07:27anterior pituitary or the Adeno
1:07:30hypothesis and right here is the neuro
1:07:33hypothesis or the posterior
1:07:36pituitary all right so
1:07:38include pictures at different
1:07:45objectives Scan Power or
1:07:52immersion
1:07:55let's say practicals or major exams at
1:08:05[Music]
1:08:08least again the darker staining areas is
1:08:11the anterior pituitary otherwise
1:08:14referred to as the Adeno hypothesis the
1:08:17lighter staining areas is the posterior
1:08:20pituitary otherwise referred to as the
1:08:23neuro
1:08:26Hypes all right so again this is just a
1:08:29focused view on the anterior pituitary
1:08:34so different types of cells that we may
1:08:37be able to see like acidophils or um
1:08:40baser
1:08:42fills next i b we have a zoomed in um
1:08:48view of the posterior pituitary so the
1:08:50the B we have what are known as pit
1:08:52sites and haing
1:08:57bodies specific functions pites anding
1:09:01bodies but if you would check your book
1:09:04or click on the
1:09:06references if you belong to my
1:09:08laboratory classes no you may be able to
1:09:11find no the specific discussion and
1:09:13functions of these cells right
1:09:17here all right next on the thyroid and
1:09:20parathyroid
1:09:22glands
1:09:24thyroid gland in comparison to the
1:09:27parathyroid
1:09:30gland all right here is kind of like um
1:09:33a high power objective view of the
1:09:36thyroid gland in the middle we have what
1:09:38is known as the colloid right here we're
1:09:40seeing the parap folicular cells and the
1:09:43folicular cells so again rewind
1:09:47discussion
1:09:51earlier fular verus paricular
1:09:58cells all right next is the parathyroid
1:10:00gland this is most likely um high power
1:10:04objective most likely a oil immersion
1:10:07objective view parathyroid gland so we
1:10:10have what are known as Chief cells and
1:10:12the oif cells again you may check no
1:10:17references PDF copy click links and then
1:10:21read on the functions of these
1:10:25cells next is the pineal gland so a
1:10:30descriptions pineal sites and
1:10:32interstitial gal cells so again um just
1:10:36study the descriptions that come with
1:10:38the
1:10:39photos next is the next is the thymos
1:10:44all right so again um thos po
1:10:47no cortex and medala so be
1:10:51familiar
1:10:52areas cortex and medala so usually Nam
1:10:55po no medala is in the middle all right
1:10:59or on the inside and the cortex is on
1:11:01the outside all right inside medala
1:11:06outside cortex all right medala
1:11:11midle all right this is just kind of
1:11:14like um either a high power or oil
1:11:17immersion view of the thymus um cortex
1:11:20and medala soita differ n in terms of
1:11:25staining and the cells that we may be
1:11:27able to
1:11:30observe next is the adrenal gland
1:11:32adrenal gland cortex and
1:11:36medala concept cortex outside medala
1:11:40inside or medala
1:11:44middle all right so this is just kind of
1:11:46like um kind of like a a zoomed in view
1:11:50maybe like a low power objective view of
1:11:53the adrenal cortex so as you can see
1:11:55right here um the adrenal cortex
1:11:57actually has three different zones so
1:12:00Zone number one Zona
1:12:03glomerulosa Zone number two Zona ficula
1:12:07Zone number three is
1:12:12Zona adrenal cortex all
1:12:15right zones may also be identified no in
1:12:19the adrenal cortex depending on their
1:12:22location or proxim
1:12:24to the
1:12:26medaa is the
1:12:30Z is Thea
1:12:34GLA
1:12:37is again adrenal
1:12:42cortex and right here we have a kind of
1:12:45like oil immersion objective view of the
1:12:47adrenal medala so um also shown here or
1:12:51pointed here are the different cell or
1:12:53structures that we may be able to find s
1:12:56adrenal
1:12:59medala next is the pancreas so that
1:13:03there are areas that are endocrine in
1:13:06function and exocrine in function all
1:13:09right so
1:13:12cells
1:13:16exes
1:13:19system all right this is just a
1:13:21different view of the pancreas s with
1:13:24ducts as we can see right
1:13:27here all right so that was all of our
1:13:31microscopic Anatomy slides for the
1:13:34endocrine system that's it for the
1:13:36discussion thank you so much for
1:13:38listening

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