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БЕСЫ Достоевский | Полный пересказ и анализ | Роман-пророчество — Transcript

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0:00Blame no one, just myself. These five
0:04words will remain scrawled on a scrap
0:06of paper in the room where the most
0:09handsome, intelligent, and most empty
0:11man in the entire novel hangs himself.
0:15But to understand why he did it, we
0:17have to go back to where it all began
0:21quietly, almost comically. With one
0:24aging idealist who lived in someone
0:27else's house for 20 years, unaware that
0:29it was his generation that had
0:32unleashed the demons. It all begins in
0:35a small provincial town. Here lives
0:38Stepan Trafimovich Verkhovensky. A man
0:40who once lectured, wrote, dreamed of
0:43fame, and now has turned into a
0:46brilliant but empty chatterbox. He is a
0:50liberal of the 1940s, a devotee of
0:52lofty ideas, beautiful phrases, and
0:54European culture. He talks about
0:56freedom, about progress, about the fate
0:59of Russia, but at the same time is
1:01incapable of any real action himself.
1:04For over 20 years, he has lived as a
1:06sponger in the home of the wealthy and
1:09powerful General's wife, Varvara
1:11Petrovna Stavrogina. Their relationship
1:15is a strange mixture of friendship,
1:17dependence, and almost conjugal
1:20affection, devoid of any love, but
1:22dominated by 20 years of habit. She
1:26commands him, he obeys her, yet
1:29constantly rebels verbally. He is her
1:33only companion. She is his sole raison
1:37d'être. Varvara Petrovna has a son,
1:41Nikolai Vsevoladovich Stavrogin. And he
1:44is the novel's central mystery. A
1:47handsome aristocrat, a man of
1:50incredible charm and inner strength.
1:54Stepan Trofimovich was once his tutor
1:57and, it seems, infected the boy with
2:00his lofty dreams. But this boy grew up
2:03not a dreamer, but something entirely
2:06different. A man for whom the
2:09distinction between good and evil no
2:11longer exists. Strange rumors circulate
2:14about young Stavrogin in town. For a
2:17time, he behaved wildly and defiantly.
2:20One day, he approached a respected
2:22elderly man, grabbed him by the nose,
2:25and walked him a few steps around the
2:27room, just like that, for no apparent
2:29reason. Another time, when a townsman
2:33said he'd never be fooled, Stavrogin
2:36suddenly leaned over and bit him on the
2:39ear. The townspeople didn't know what
2:41to think. Was it madness or unheard-of
2:44audacity? In fact, it was the first
2:47sign of what was eating away at
2:49Stavrogin from the inside—a complete
2:52indifference to everything in the world
2:54. Meanwhile, Varvara Petrovna's ward,
2:59the quiet, meek Darya Pavlovna, whom
3:01everyone calls simply Dasha, lives in
3:04her house. And so Varvara Petrovna
3:07hatches a strange scheme. She wants to
3:10marry Dasha off to the aging Stepan
3:13Trofimovich. This would be humiliating
3:16for him, but, as always, he dares not
3:18refuse. He senses a secret lurking
3:21behind this marriage, that Dasha is
3:23being married to him to cover up
3:26someone else's guilt. And so two people
3:30return to this stagnant and sleepy town
3:33. First, Nikolai Stavrogin himself, and
3:37then a man who will turn everything
3:39upside down. This is Stepan
3:42Trafimovich's son, Pyotr Stepanovich
3:45Verkhovensky. Pyotr is the complete
3:49opposite of his father. The father is a
3:51dreamer and a chatterbox, living in the
3:54clouds of beautiful ideas. The son is a
3:56cold, energetic, cynical businessman.
3:59He didn't come to dream; he came to act
4:03. He has a goal: to stir up trouble,
4:06upend everything, destroy the old order
4:09. And he knows how to talk to people in
4:11such a way that they, without even
4:13noticing, begin to dance to his tune.
4:15Pyotr Verkhovensky quickly ingratiates
4:18himself with the city's leading figures
4:21, especially the governor's wife, Yulia
4:24Mikhailovna. She is an ambitious woman
4:27who dreams of playing the role of
4:29patroness of youth and progressive
4:31ideas. She imagined she could control
4:35the young nihilists, channeling their
4:38energy into peaceful pursuits. In
4:41reality, it's the opposite. It's Peter
4:44who controls her, using her vanity as a
4:47weapon. Her husband, Governor von
4:51Lempke, is weak, nervous, and insecure.
4:55He senses that something is amiss, that
4:58disaster is brewing in the city, but
5:00he's powerless to stop it. Gradually,
5:03Peter's intrigues will drive him to
5:06true madness. But let's return to the
5:09main point. Stavrogin, returning to the
5:12city, behaves strangely and distantly,
5:14and several people begin to revolve
5:16around him, each obsessed with their
5:19own idea. And here's what's astonishing
5:22. Each of them once received their idea
5:25from Stavrogin. It's as if he sowed a
5:28seed in each of them and now watches as
5:31their destruction grows from these
5:33seeds. The first of them is Ivan Shatov
5:36, a former student, a former nihilist,
5:39the son of the Stavrogins 'serf servant
5:41. He once believed in revolution and
5:44the denial of everything, but then he
5:46was reborn and came to the idea that
5:48the Russian people are God-bearing,
5:51that only they preserve true faith and
5:53will save the world. Shatov is
5:56tormented. He yearns for faith with all
5:58his soul, but he himself admits that
6:00for now he will only believe. It was
6:03Stavrogin who once ignited this idea in
6:06him, and then coldly turned away from
6:09it. And Shatov cannot forgive him for
6:12this. The second engineer, Kirillov, is
6:16quiet, strange, deeply absorbed by a
6:19single thought. He is obsessed with the
6:23idea of suicide, not out of despair,
6:26but philosophically. He believes that
6:29if God does not exist, then the highest
6:32human freedom is the ability to control
6:36one's own life and death. He who kills
6:39himself simply of his own free will,
6:42without fear, will become, like God, a
6:46human god. This terrible idea has
6:48completely taken hold of him, and he
6:50calmly, as if talking about the weather
6:52, speaks of how he will soon shoot
6:55himself. But the most dangerous of them
6:58all wasn't Kirillov or Nishatov. It was
7:02Pyotr Verkhovensky. He got to work
7:05immediately. He gathered a circle of
7:08discontented people, dreamers, and
7:10simply embittered individuals around
7:12him in the city and formed them into a
7:15secret revolutionary group, the Five.
7:18It included the minor official Liputin,
7:20the spiteful and envious theoretician
7:23Shigalev, the long-suffering Verginsky,
7:25the mocking Lyamshin, and several
7:28others. Pyotr deceived them all. He
7:31claimed that their Five was just one of
7:34many, that a vast network of similar
7:37cells was spread across Russia, that a
7:40powerful central committee controlled
7:42everything. In reality, there was no
7:45network; there was only himself and his
7:48lies. He was determined to keep the
7:51people in fear and obedience. At one of
7:53the secret meetings of "our people," as
7:55they called themselves, Shigalev spoke.
7:58He outlined his system for organizing
8:00the future society. And this is what he
8:03said: a phrase that became prophetic
8:05for the next century. "Starting from
8:08boundless freedom, I conclude with
8:11boundless despotism." His idea was
8:13simple and monstrous. To achieve
8:16universal equality, ninety percent of
8:18humanity must be turned into an
8:21obedient herd, and power handed over to
8:23one tenth. Equality in slavery.
8:28Dostoevsky foresaw, half a century in
8:30advance, what would later happen in
8:32real history. Meanwhile, Peter was
8:35hatching his master plan. He needed
8:38more than just a coup; he needed a
8:41leader, an idol, a banner for the
8:43people to follow. And for this role, he
8:47chose Stavrogin. Peter was literally
8:50obsessed with him. He saw in Stavron
8:52the future leader of the Time of
8:55Troubles, a secret ruler he called Ivan
8:58Tsarevich. He wanted to hide him from
9:00the people, surround him with legend,
9:02and then reveal him to the people as a
9:05savior. He told him bluntly: "You are
9:08the leader, you are the sun, and I am
9:10your worm." But Stavrogin didn't care.
9:14His complete indifference was precisely
9:17what made him so attractive to Peter,
9:20because such a man could be sent
9:22anywhere. But Stavrogin had a secret, a
9:27terrible secret, which explained his
9:30entire indifference. Several years
9:33earlier, in St. Petersburg, living in
9:35poverty and debauchery, he had secretly
9:38married. And to whom? A half-mad,
9:42wretched, lame woman, Marya Timofeyevna
9:46Lebyatkina. A lame one. He had done it
9:51on a dare, as a challenge to himself,
9:54to test the limits of his degradation.
9:57Now she lived in the city with her
10:00brother, a boorish, drunken
10:02extortionist, Captain Lebyatkin. Marya
10:06Timofeyevna is one of the most poignant
10:09images in the novel. A fool, half-mad,
10:13but in her madness there is some higher
10:17, folk truth. She lives in her own
10:20world, prays, waits for her prince. But
10:23when Stavrogin comes to her, she
10:25suddenly sees the truth. She looks at
10:28him and says he's not her prince, that
10:30he's an impostor, that the real prince
10:33has been replaced. Grishka Otrepiev—
10:36she abandons him. Anafima—that
10:39wretched, mad woman—saw in him what
10:42no one else had: an inner emptiness, a
10:46lie, an imposture. She realized there
10:49was no soul behind the beautiful mask.
10:53Meanwhile, an event unfolds in the city
10:55that has everyone in a tizzy. At a gala
10:58reception at Varvara Petrovna's house,
11:00in front of all high society, a scandal
11:03erupts. A lame man is unexpectedly
11:06brought in. Everyone is confused as to
11:08what this wretched woman is doing among
11:10the nobility. And at that moment,
11:14Shatov enters the room, approaches
11:17Stavrogin, and, in full view of
11:20everyone, slaps him. The hall fell
11:23silent. Everyone expected an explosion,
11:25a fury, a duel. After all, Stavrogin is
11:28a man of enormous physical strength. He
11:31could have killed Shatov with one blow,
11:34but something incredible happened.
11:37Stavrogin only grabbed Shatov by the
11:39shoulders, but then dropped his hands
11:41and restrained himself. He endured the
11:45slap, and this made him even more
11:48enigmatic. What was it? Cowardice? No,
11:52it was the secret, terrible strength of
11:55a man for whom nothing matters anymore,
11:58who has crossed the line of ordinary
12:01human feelings. After this, Stavrogin
12:04begins his nightly wanderings. He goes
12:07to Kirillov and has a long conversation
12:10with him about God, about suicide,
12:12about whether a person can become a god
12:14. Then he goes to Shatov, and Shatov,
12:17the very one who struck him, suddenly
12:20asks passionately: "And in God? Do you
12:22believe in God now?" He begs Stavrogin
12:26to return to faith, reminding him of
12:28his own words about the God-bearing
12:31people. But Stavrogin listens silently.
12:35He is no longer capable of faith. He
12:38has given away everything, squandered
12:40everything, and nothing remains in him
12:43but coldness. Meanwhile, another man
12:47arrived in town and challenged Tavrogin
12:49to a duel. It was the nobleman Gaganov,
12:52whom he had previously offended. The
12:54duel took place. And here Stavrogin
12:57again behaved incomprehensibly. He
12:59fired three times into the air,
13:01deliberately missing. He wanted neither
13:04to kill nor to be killed. He simply
13:07didn't care. And this indifference to
13:11life and death, his own and that of
13:14others, was the most terrible sign of
13:16his inner demise. And here we must
13:20speak of Stavrogin's darkest secret. In
13:23a separate chapter, which was not even
13:26permitted to be published during
13:28Dostoevsky's lifetime, Stavrogin comes
13:31to Bishop Tikhon and offers him his
13:33confession. In it, he confesses to his
13:36most heinous crime. He once molested a
13:40little matryoshka girl, and then,
13:42knowing she was going to hang herself
13:45out of shame and horror, he didn't stop
13:47her. He simply sat and waited. This
13:51crime is not simply a sin. It is the
13:55point of complete moral decline, after
13:58which nothing could live in his soul
14:01anymore. Tikhon, having listened to him
14:04, sees with horror that Stavrogin is
14:06incapable of even true repentance. He
14:09wants not forgiveness, but a new
14:12challenge, new suffering out of pride.
14:16And now everything is rapidly spiraling
14:19toward disaster. The city is preparing
14:22a grand celebration, a charity ball and
14:24literary reading for the benefit of
14:27poor governesses, organized by Governor
14:30Yulia Mikhailovna. She dreams that this
14:33day will be the pinnacle of her glory.
14:36But Pyotr Verkhovensky has turned this
14:38celebration into farce and chaos. First
14:41, the famous writer Karmazinov appears
14:44on stage, a vain, self-important writer
14:47, in whom Dostoevsky viciously mocked
14:50the writer Turgenev. He reads his
14:53pompous, boring work, and the audience
14:57begins to laugh and jeer. Then poor
15:01Stepan Trafimovich appears. The old man
15:05, forgotten and insulted, tries to
15:08speak of sublime things, of beauty that
15:11will save the world, but he, too, is
15:13booed. The older generation of
15:16idealists proved useless and ridiculous
15:19. And that evening, at the ball,
15:22everything devolved into open scandal.
15:24A vulgar, ugly quadrille, offensive
15:27caricatures, general drunkenness and
15:30madness. And in the midst of this chaos
15:33, terrible news arrives. Across the
15:36river, in a poor neighborhood, a fire
15:38has broken out. The city is ablaze. And
15:42that same night, a murder is committed.
15:45The bodies of Captain Lebeitkin and his
15:48lame sister are found in the burned-out
15:50house. They were stabbed to death. The
15:53killer was an escaped convict named
15:56Fetka, directed by Pyotr Verkhovensky.
15:58Pyotr arranged the murder for Stavrogin
16:01, to rid him of his unwanted wife and
16:04bind him to himself through a shared
16:07crime. Although Stavrogin hadn't
16:09directly asked for it, he didn't stop
16:11it, and thus found himself guilty once
16:14again. And yet another tragedy unfolds
16:17nearby. Liza, Lizaveta Nikolaevna
16:20Tushina, is a proud, restless beauty,
16:23long and painfully in love with
16:26Stavrogin. She takes a desperate step
16:29and spends one night with him, but in
16:32the morning she realizes there is no
16:35love between them. There is only his
16:39icy emptiness. She leaves, and when she
16:42learns of the Lebyatkins' murder, when
16:45she realizes she has become somehow
16:47implicated in it, she runs in despair
16:49to the scene of the fire. There, a
16:52distraught mob, believing her
16:54complicity in the crime, pounces on her
16:57and kills her. Liza perishes, crushed
17:01by the chaos unleashed by the demons.
17:06But the main crime was yet to come.
17:09Pyotr Verkhovensky feared that one of
17:13the five, Shatov, would defect and
17:16betray them all. So he decided to bind
17:19his men with blood, to force them to
17:22commit murder together, so that
17:24afterward they would be unable to
17:27retreat. He chose Shatov as his victim.
17:30And it was precisely during these days
17:32that a miracle occurred in Shatov's
17:35life. His wife, Marie, who had once
17:38abandoned him, unexpectedly returns to
17:40him. She arrives ill and pregnant, and
17:44the child is not his, but Stavrogin's.
17:48But Shatov, a kind man, tormented by a
17:51thirst for love, receives her with
17:54delight. And when she gives birth that
17:57night, he feels incredible happiness.
18:00He runs, fusses, ready to love someone
18:03else's child as his own. For the first
18:06time in his life, he feels the darkness
18:09receding, that life is beginning anew.
18:12And it is at this moment, at the moment
18:15of his rebirth, that he is lured from
18:17his home under the pretext of handing
18:20over the secret printing press. In a
18:23remote corner of the park, by a pond,
18:25the Five are waiting for him. They
18:27seize him, and Pyotr Verkhovensky
18:29shoots him in the forehead. His body is
18:32tied to a stone and drowned in the pond
18:34. Thus perished Shatov. At the very
18:37moment he found his happiness,
18:39Dostoevsky deliberately juxtaposed the
18:42birth of a new life and cold-blooded
18:45murder to demonstrate the depths of
18:48evil wreaked by demons. But after the
18:51murder, everything begins to fall apart
18:54. One of the participants, the
18:56weak-willed Lyamshin, can't bear the
18:58horror of what he's done. He rushes
19:00forward and confesses everything to the
19:02authorities. The entire organization is
19:05exposed. And that same night, Pyotr
19:09Verkhovensky goes to Kirillov. Remember
19:12, Kirillov had long since decided to
19:14kill himself. Pyotr decided to exploit
19:17this. He persuaded Kirillov to write a
19:20note before his death, admitting all
19:23the crimes, including Shatov's murder.
19:28This was intended to divert suspicion
19:29from the real killers. And in a
19:32terrifying, tense scene, Kirillov,
19:35arguing with Pyotr about God and
19:37self-will until the last second, takes
19:40a pistol, goes into the next room, and
19:43shoots himself. So his philosophy of a
19:47man-god led him into a trap set by a
19:51petty schemer. And Pyotr Verkhovensky
19:55himself, the main culprit, simply fled.
19:58Cold-bloodedly, without a trace of
20:00remorse, he boarded a train and left
20:03for abroad, abandoning all his comrades
20:05to their deaths. A true devil, he
20:09simply slipped away to sow discord
20:12elsewhere. Now let's return to the one
20:17with whom it all began: old Stepan
20:20Trofimovich. After the disgrace of the
20:24holidays, after he realized that his
20:26own son was a monster, that it was from
20:28his beautiful ideas that these terrible
20:31people grew, the old idealist could
20:33bear it no longer. He decided to break
20:36with his old life. And one morning,
20:38absurdly, touchingly, madly, he left
20:42the city on foot. Where to, he himself
20:45did not know. The old helpless man set
20:48out to wander for the first time in his
20:51life, to find Russia, which all his
20:54life he had loved only in words. Along
20:57the way, he fell ill and took to his
21:00bed in a peasant's hut with a simple
21:02woman. There, dying, he met a traveling
21:06bookseller, Sofya Matveyevna. She
21:09carried and sold the Gospel with her.
21:12And this simple woman began to read the
21:15Gospel to the dying man. It was the
21:18very place where Jesus heals the
21:20possessed man, casts the demons out of
21:22him and into a herd of pigs, and they
21:25rush off a cliff into the lake and
21:27drown. And then the dying old man
21:30suddenly understood everything. These
21:32demons, he says, are all the ulcers,
21:35all the miasmas, all the impurity
21:38accumulated in the great and dear sick
21:41man of our Russia. It is us and they,
21:45and Petrusha, and everyone. Everyone.
21:48We will throw ourselves off the cliff
21:51into the sea and all drown, but the
21:53sick man will be healed. This is the
21:56main explanation of the entire book.
21:58Demons are false, destructive ideas
22:01that have entered people like demons
22:04into pigs. And these people are doomed
22:07to perish. But Russia itself, the
22:09people itself, will heal and survive.
22:12Stepan Trafimovich dies with this last
22:15faith, having touched the true God for
22:17the first time in his life. And what of
22:21the protagonist? What of Stavrogin? He
22:24quietly, secretly returned to his
22:27mother's house and left a letter for
22:29that same Dasha who had been ready to
22:32follow him anywhere her whole life.
22:35This letter contains his entire
22:37self-indictment. He writes that he
22:41tried his hand everywhere, that he
22:44could have accomplished both great good
22:47and great evil, but felt neither. His
22:51desires are too weak. All that poured
22:54out of me was denial, without any
22:57magnanimity or strength. He admits that
23:01he is incapable of believing, loving,
23:04or even truly hating. His soul is dead.
23:10And in the last scene, Varvara Petrovna
23:12runs into the house. She is looking for
23:14her son. She goes upstairs to a small
23:17room under the very roof. The door is
23:20locked. It has been broken down. And
23:24there, behind the door, they saw
23:27Nikolai Vsevolodovich Stavrogin. He
23:30hanged himself. He had calculated
23:33everything on a strong silk cord,
23:36generously coated with soap, prepared
23:38everything cold-bloodedly, just to be
23:41sure. And next to him lay a scrap of
23:43paper with words on it, the very words
23:46with which we began. Blame no one, I
23:49blame myself. The autopsy showed that
23:56he was completely sane. This isn't
23:59madness, it's the logic of complete
24:03inner death. A man given everything:
24:07beauty, intelligence, strength, wealth,
24:10but who squandered his soul on a game
24:13of evil, was left completely empty. And
24:16this emptiness killed him. Dostoevsky
24:20wrote about demons after a real event.
24:24In 1870, the revolutionary Nichaev and
24:27his comrades killed the student Ivanov
24:30simply because Ivanov wanted to leave a
24:33secret organization. It was this murder
24:36that became the basis of the plot, but
24:39Dostoevsky went much further than a
24:41simple chronicle of the crime. He wrote
24:44a prophetic novel, "Warnings." And his
24:47main idea is this. When a person
24:51rejects God, conscience, and the
24:54highest moral law, demons immediately
24:57take their place. False ideas. And the
25:01most terrible of them all is the idea
25:03that for the sake of a noble goal, for
25:06the sake of universal happiness, one
25:09can allow oneself any crime. That the
25:12end justifies the means, that one can
25:14shed blood for the sake of a bright
25:17future. Dostoevsky showed how this evil
25:20is born. First, the beautiful, harmless
25:22words of the fathers of Stepan
25:24Trafimovich's generation. Empty liberal
25:27dreams, separation from their native
25:29soil, from their faith, from the people
25:31. And then from these beautiful words
25:34grow children, the practitioners of
25:37Petrusha Verkhovensky, who are ready to
25:39kill. The fathers only played with
25:42ideas. The children turned these ideas
25:44into blood. Who are the demons in this
25:48novel? They are not just people. Pyotr
25:51Verkhovensky without destruction, lies,
25:54or organized evil. Kirillov without the
25:58proud mind that reached the idea of a
26:01man of God. Shigalov without a social
26:05utopia that always ends in slavery.
26:09Ostavrogin is the most terrible of them
26:11all. He is without complete spiritual
26:13indifference. He is the empty middle
26:16ground from which false ideas radiate
26:18in all directions. He doesn't kill
26:21anyone with his own hands, yet he has
26:24infected everyone: Shatov with faith in
26:27the people, Kirillov with the idea of a
26:30man of God, Verkhovensky with the idea
26:32of destruction. He is the source, and
26:35they are merely carriers of his disease
26:38. And this is where Dostoevsky's great
26:41prophecy lies. He wrote this book more
26:44than 40 years before the revolution,
26:47and he predicted everything with
26:49incredible accuracy: the fine words
26:52that would turn to blood, the leaders
26:55willing to sacrifice millions for an
26:57idea, and the idea of equality that led
27:00to universal slavery. He saw how
27:04boundless freedom gives birth to
27:06boundless despotism. Shegalevshchina
27:09became the reality of the 20th century.
27:12But "Demons" is not only a book about
27:15history and politics. It is a book
27:18about each of us, about what happens to
27:20the human soul when its highest meaning
27:23departs. Stavro is a warning about what
27:27happens to those who can do everything
27:30but love nothing. To those who are
27:32given all the talents, but lack the
27:34most important thing—a living soul
27:36capable of faith and love. Such a
27:38person, no matter how brilliant they
27:41may seem, is already dead inside. And
27:44their path leads only to emptiness,
27:47only to that very noose under the roof.
27:51And where is the hope? Hope lies in
27:55that very epigraph, in that very Gospel
27:59parable. The demons will come out. The
28:03false ideas that have taken hold of
28:05people will throw themselves off the
28:07cliff and drown. But the sick, the
28:10great and dear sick, Russia will heal
28:14and sit at the feet of the Savior.
28:18Dostoevsky believed that no matter how
28:20deeply a person and a nation have
28:22fallen, there is a path to resurrection
28:25—through suffering, through
28:27repentance, through a return to love
28:29and faith. So what are the demons
28:33really about? About the fact that the
28:37most terrible revolutions begin not in
28:39the streets, but in people's minds.
28:42That an idea, divorced from conscience,
28:45becomes a demon. And that the calm
28:48indifference of a man like Stavrogin is
28:50sometimes more dangerous than open
28:53villainy, because it is from this
28:55emptiness that all the world's demons
28:58are born. Thank you for listening to
29:02this story to the end. If this
29:04Dostoevsky novel made you think, give
29:07it a like. It truly helps the channel.
29:11Let me know in the comments which
29:14character you found most terrifying:
29:16the cold Stavrogin or the energetic
29:19Verkhovensky. And be sure to subscribe
29:22so you don't miss future analyses of
29:24great books. See you in the next video.

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