اتم چیست؟ شکافتن ساختار اتم — Transcript

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1. 0:00Let’s start with the first concept of industrial electricity, which is "matter".
2. 0:06Matter structure
3. 0:07Well, I am going to work with electricity.
4. 0:10And for that reason
5. 0:11I am going to talk about how electricity is generated, starting from its very basic level.
6. 0:16Before that, I am going to take a step back and to talk about matter structure.
7. 0:22As we go further, you will better understand why I started from this level.
8. 0:29Just pay attention, I want you to memorize each and every one of these concepts and subjects very well.
9. 0:36Because, the further we go through lessons, the more we are going to deal with them.
10. 0:39For instance, I will talk about magnetism (in future lessons)
11. 0:41If you get familiar with the basis and concepts of magnetism you will not face any problems when we want to run contactors or talk about electro-motors.
12. 0:50Because you understand the concept and you have got the gist.
13. 0:53Did you get it?
14. 0:54The first concept that I am going to build from its very base is matter structure.
15. 1:00Ok! Look at the PowerPoint.
16. 1:02Everything that weighs and occupies space is called matter.
17. 1:12It's very important.
18. 1:13When we were at school, they used to say that basically there were only three forms or states for matter, consisting of liquid, solid or gas.
19. 1:20I’m going to add another state.
20. 1:22Of course, it is completely true. There is a scientific basis for that.
21. 1:24The fourth state of matter, which there is plenty of that, is plasma.
22. 1:28You probably deal a lot with plasma in the industry.
23. 1:32So, are you following? There are four states including liquid, gas, solid, or plasma.
24. 1:37Look at the PowerPoint.
25. 1:42Matter may only (directly) be made up of one element, such as gold.
26. 1:53Or they may be a combination of two or more elements,
27. 1:55What does it mean? Pay attention well!
28. 2:00I am going to take a lump of gold. Honestly speaking, it is too much, since gold is quite expensive nowadays.
29. 2:03I will choose to take a smaller piece.
30. 2:06Using a hammer, I will break it into two pieces.
31. 2:10It breaks into two smaller pieces of gold.
32. 2:14Let’s take one of the very pieces and break it in half. It can break into two or more pieces.
33. 2:21In short, I will break that gold far enough to reach the smallest piece of gold.
34. 2:30That is, to reach the atom of gold.
35. 2:36My friend, gold atoms, even the smallest particles of gold are made up of one element.
36. 2:44Basically, it is said that the element of gold is made up of gold atoms.
37. 2:52Have you got it? It is the key point.
38. 2:53What does it mean?
39. 2:54That is, the matter of gold becomes larger. The matter of gold is made up of gold atoms.
40. 3:00That is, it is not composed of any other elements.
41. 3:03However, water
42. 3:05The matter of water It you take a little amount of water
43. 3:07If you break water continuously
44. 3:09You will reach to two elements, not one.
45. 3:14Did you notice?
46. 3:15So, some matter, such as salt, for example, is made up of two elements - chlorine and sodium.
47. 3:23I am not going to talk about chemistry. We are not going to teach chemistry.
48. 3:26What I am trying to say is that some matter is made up of more than two or more elements, while some others are composed of just one element like gold.
49. 3:34Look at the PowerPoint
50. 3:40I talked about atoms. When I talked about gold, I said that if we crush gold, we will reach gold atoms. Right?
51. 3:48What is an atom? Can you talk about it? I don’t even know atoms.
52. 3:54No problem! There is nothing wrong with that.
53. 3:56Pay attention! Look at the board!
54. 4:02I already said that gold matter consists of gold elements.
55. 4:10Quite right!
56. 4:11Well, the smallest unit of an element is called an atom, that is, there is no unit smaller than that (which still keeps the matter properties).
57. 4:22If a group of atoms bond together, they build a molecule.
58. 4:28(Should I describe) easier than this? It has become simplified.
59. 4:31So, atoms are the smallest unit of elements.
60. 4:34An atom itself is made up of some components.
61. 4:38Pay attention very well, it is the very basis of our work.
62. 4:41The whole story is about this point. If you understand it, it is all good; if not, you will face some difficulties.
63. 4:47Listen up, carefully!
64. 4:48This very atom is made up of some other parts.
65. 4:521. Protons
66. 4:572. Neutrons I will clarify everything. I will explain as much as needed).
67. 5:053. Electrons
68. 5:09We are entering an atom. Enter an atom with the power of your mind (imaginary). See what I'm talking about.
69. 5:18What is the structure of an atom? What is the story of an atom? Can you open it.
70. 5:22Sure! Pay attention!
71. 5:24Each atom has a nucleus.
72. 5:28What do I see inside this nucleus? I see two things, neutrons and protons.
73. 5:33For instance, there are three neutrons and protons in this atom.
74. 5:42Where are its electrons? Are they in the nucleus? No!
75. 5:46Electrons are rotating (orbiting) around the nucleus very fast.
76. 5:55Now, I show you its animation in order for you to understand it better.
77. 5:59Pay attention!
78. 6:01I am going to tell you about electrons. Look!
79. 6:03This electron is rotating around nucleus very fast.
80. 6:13Let me tell you a tiny point.
81. 6:15Electrons not only rotate around a nucleus rapidly, but also they spin around themselves.
82. 6:22I am going to speak about it.
83. 6:23Electrons spin around themselves, too.
84. 6:25Like Earth, which rotates around the sun and spins on its axis, simultaneously.
85. 6:28Electrons act the same as Earth. This electron both rotates around the nucleus, and spins around itself.
86. 6:33I am going to deal with this subject in the magnetic topic.
87. 6:38Some electrons rotate in a specific path. Pay attention they rotate in a specific path.
88. 6:44Imagine, it has three electrons.
89. 6:58Be careful, now! We are getting to the points.
90. 7:02The first point: electron rotates around the nucleus in a specific path.
91. 7:11Do you agree?
92. 7:13So, the first point: This path is called a valence shell or an orbit.
93. 7:20This is the first point.
94. 7:22The second point: protons have positive charge. Electrons have negative charge. And neutrons have no charge.
95. 7:31Try to fully understand it!
96. 7:32So, 1. protons have positive charge. 2. Neutrons have no charge. And 3. Electrons have negative charge.
97. 7:42The third point:
98. 7:44Please, make notes from these points in your notebooks. Write in your notebooks which I previously mentioned what notebooks to use and how to study.
99. 7:53Be sure to write them. If we did not need them, I would not consider these principles at all, I would not talk about them at all.
100. 8:00So, they are very important. Pay attention. So, we are done here.
101. 8:05The third point: pay attention!
102. 8:10The diameter of protons; The essence of the work starts from here.
103. 8:13The diameter of a proton is equal to one third of an electron’s diameter.
104. 8:17So, I will write it here.
105. 8:18A proton’s diameter = one third of an electron’s diameter,
106. 8:25it means that a proton’s diameter is very smaller than an electron’s diameter.
107. 8:28However, the mass of a proton is equal to 1840 times larger than an electron’s mass.
108. 8:34Wow!
109. 8:36A proton’s mass is enormous.
110. 8:38Basically, the principle of electricity starts from here.
111. 8:41So, the mass of a proton is equal to 1840 times larger than that of an electron.
112. 8:49Wow!
113. 8:50Listen up, carefully!
114. 8:52For the same reason, dear
115. 8:56It is too hard to move or separate a proton from an atom.
116. 9:02It is nearly impossible to move a proton form an atom’s nucleus.
117. 9:06Do not even think about moving these positive protons.
118. 9:15Pay attention to the next point.
119. 9:18Electrons, I emphasize, electrons rotate around nucleus and spin around themselves rapidly.
120. 9:27Do you agree? Yes!
121. 9:28Do you agree that electrons do not rotate in the center?
122. 9:32Yes!
123. 9:33This is the center.
124. 9:34Electrons are rotating in orbits.
125. 9:34If we spin a load or weight rapidly, even at the epsilon level,
126. 9:45we’re producing a sort of lagging, somewhere (because of eccentricity).
127. 9:47Why? Becuase technically speaking, since it’s not rotating in the center,
128. 9:50we are producing a sort of lagging.
129. 9:52Technically, it produces a centrifugal force (eccentricity).
130. 9:55Electrons tend to separate from atoms due to the very centrifugal force.
131. 9:59Electrons tend to separate from atoms.
132. 10:02However, there is a point here. Pay attention very well. There is an interesting point here.
133. 10:08But if you remember, when we were at primary school or secondary school, or later…
134. 10:14If you remember, positive and negative charges tend to attract each other.
135. 10:19Husbands and wives, females and males, girls and boys tend to attract each other.
136. 10:24It goes the same here. Positive charge tends to attract negative charge.
137. 10:30Boys always fight. Two boys are going to kill each other in fighting.
138. 10:37The same charges tend to repel each other.
139. 10:39Since they are of the same charge, they tend to repulse each other.
140. 10:42Listen up, carefully!
141. 10:44Practically, electrons spin rapidly which lead to producing a centrifugal force.
142. 10:50So, electrons tend to separate from atom.
143. 10:52However, the same as a boy who tends to keep his fiancée, this positive charge – this proton- attracts it (the electron) and does not let it go.
144. 10:58Protons charm electrons! And practically, protons keep electrons near the nucleus.
145. 11:00Keep electrons and do not allow them to separate.
146. 11:04Electrons tend to separate, nevertheless, protons say, “for God’s sake stay!”
147. 11:11If I were naughty, I would play tricks on them. I would provide electrons with an extra (external) energy to get rid of protons.
148. 11:25To motivate electrons.
149. 11:29This external energy, motivation, or whatever we call it together with the very centrifugal force defeat protons and let electrons go free (release).
150. 11:43So, what happened?
151. 11:44In a normal situation, electrons tend to separate from atoms, however, protons (positive charge) attract them.
152. 11:50If I give an external energy to these electrons,
153. 11:53the external energy and centrifugal force overcome the protons’ positive charge and their attraction (gravity) force.
154. 12:04When the external energy and centrifugal force overcome the attraction (gravity) force, the electrons are released.