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СПИДРАН на КРАСИВУЮ РЕЧЬ за 40 минут — Transcript

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0:03This is Daryl Davis, a Black musician.
0:05He is called a respectable member of
0:08the KKK, because he has single-handedly
0:10convinced over 200 people to leave the
0:12KKK just by talking to them. He never
0:14aggressively campaigned for hostile
0:16members of the organization to leave.
0:18He simply spoke with them calmly and
0:20showed them who he really was. And
0:22through dialogue and friendship, they
0:24eventually concluded on their own that
0:27they held a flawed ideology and left
0:29the group. This is a bright example of
0:31how rhetoric helps change the world for
0:33the better. You too can use the art of
0:35persuasion to improve your own life.
0:37After all, we use speech constantly,
0:39and how well we master it will largely
0:42determine our position in society.
0:44After watching this video, you will
0:46learn how you should look, what
0:47techniques to use, and how to structure
0:49your speech correctly so you are heard.
0:51So that you are believed, and so that
0:54people, whether in debates or public
0:56speaking, are on your side. Let's begin
0:58. What is rhetoric? Rhetoric is the
1:01science and art of persuasive and
1:03effective speech. The subject of
1:05rhetoric, or what it studies, is
1:08purposeful and effective verbal
1:10influence in various communication
1:12situations. What skills will you
1:14improve by studying rhetoric? The tasks
1:16that it faces will answer this question
1:18for us. Firstly, the skill of
1:20persuasion. Rhetoric helps develop
1:22tools and strategies for persuading an
1:24audience. Secondly, the skill of
1:26informing. Rhetoric is aimed at the
1:29effective transmission of information
1:31and ideas to educate and enlighten an
1:33audience. The skill of influence.
1:35Rhetorical techniques help create an
1:37emotional or psychological impact on an
1:40audience to evoke specific reactions or
1:43actions. The skill of communication.
1:46The ability to use rhetorical
1:47techniques allows you to communicate
1:49better with others and express your
1:51thoughts and ideas. Let's move on to
1:53rhetoric itself and start with a small
1:55theoretical foundation. In rhetoric,
1:57the methods of persuasion are built on
1:59Aristotle's three pillars. Logos: an
2:01appeal to reason through facts,
2:02statistics, logical conclusions, and
2:04examples. That is, one must provide
2:06verified facts and logically sound
2:08conclusions. Pathos: emotions,
2:09influence through feelings, creating an
2:12emotional connection, vivid images and
2:14stories, for example, using bright
2:16metaphors, comparisons, and colorful
2:18descriptions. Ethos: authority,
2:20creating an image of a competent,
2:22honest, and reliable speaker,
2:24demonstrating expertise. For example,
2:27if a neurobiologist is speaking on the
2:29topic of neurobiology instead of some
2:31random guy, ideally, all three aspects
2:33should be present in your speech.
2:34Moving on. Structure of argumentation.
2:37Proof consists of three elements: a
2:39thesis, a judgment that is justified in
2:41the process of argumentation, that is,
2:44what we are actually proving. Arguments
2:46. Initial theoretical or factual
2:49premises used to justify the thesis. In
2:51other words, proofs, demonstration, and
2:53the logical connection between the
2:55arguments and the thesis. Let's talk
2:57about it in more detail. The logical
2:58transition from arguments to a thesis
3:00occurs in the form of reasoning:
3:02deductive, or deductive demonstration
3:04from the general to the particular;
3:06inductive, or inductive demonstration
3:08from the particular to the general; and
3:10by analogy, demonstration from the
3:11particular to the particular, which are
3:13used independently or in various
3:15combinations. But argumentation can be
3:17false, incorrect, or manipulative. To
3:19avoid this in your own speech or to be
3:21able to recognize it in an opponent's,
3:23I recommend watching the video on logic
3:25in its entirety. It contains the
3:27fundamentals of rhetoric, which will
3:28greatly assist in a comprehensive
3:29understanding of the material. Let's
3:31move on. We have covered the basics.
3:32Let's move on to the logic itself and
3:34start with the speaker. What non-verbal
3:36tools do they have? A speaker's
3:38non-verbal tools are non-linguistic
3:40verbal means that influence how the
3:42audience perceives the speaker. These
3:45include facial expressions, gestures,
3:46posture, and distance. Let's examine
3:48them in more detail. So, what should be
3:50in the arsenal of any great public
3:52speaker? Voice. All other things being
3:54equal, a loud voice always gives its
3:57owner an advantage, especially in
3:59public speaking. Speaking only quietly
4:01or only loudly creates the same
4:03impression of monotony. Therefore, you
4:05should vary the decibel level of your
4:07voice. A speaker should study their
4:09vocal range and know their upper and
4:11lower limits. You need to establish a
4:13natural, medium-pitched voice that does
4:15not require strain. A speaker should be
4:18warned against rushing and unjustified
4:20acceleration of speech tempo. Above all
4:22, one should cultivate a slow and even
4:24pace. Eye contact requires moving your
4:27gaze sequentially from one listener to
4:30another, pausing briefly on different
4:33listeners. You should avoid mistakes in
4:35eye contact, such as darting eyes or,
4:37conversely, staring fixedly at one
4:39listener. Also avoid a vacant gaze, or
4:42speaking while looking at the floor,
4:44your feet, the window, the ceiling, or
4:46an imaginary horizon line. Stance,
4:48posture, and body position. What poses
4:50can a speaker adopt? The basic
4:52oratorical stance is having one
4:53supporting leg with the other slightly
4:55extended forward. Shifting body weight
4:57from one leg to the other is possible
4:59depending on the meaning of the speech.
5:01Shift forward for inner movement toward
5:03the audience, such as a greeting. Shift
5:05backward for defense, protection, or
5:07inner retreat. Shoulders back, back
5:10straight, body poised. Facial
5:12expressions and gestures. You should
5:14adhere to the following rules of
5:15gesticulation. A gesture should be
5:17involuntary. Do not try to control your
5:19facial expressions. Gesticulation
5:21should be moderate, preferably varied,
5:24and the gesture itself should serve its
5:27purpose. Movement: you should approach
5:29the listeners, walk around the room,
5:31and lean toward the audience. If you
5:33are speaking from a podium, approach
5:35the very edge of it. Your gait should
5:37be steady and measured, without rushing
5:39. When walking, you should keep your
5:41chin up, which creates an impression of
5:43self-confidence. You should not keep a
5:45hand or hands in your pockets while
5:47walking. You should watch out for
5:49mannerisms—obsessive, involuntary,
5:51and monotonous movements. Scratching. A
5:53person touches themselves, for example,
5:55their nose or ears, adjusts their hair
5:57or clothes, throws their head back,
5:59pushes hair off their forehead with
6:01sharp movements, shrugs a shoulder,
6:03crumples something in their hands,
6:05sways back and forth or side to side,
6:07laughs nervously or smiles constantly,
6:09wrinkles their nose, widens their eyes,
6:11puts their hands in their pockets, or
6:13jingles change or keys in their pockets
6:15. Space management. It is better for a
6:18speaker to stand before an audience.
6:19They must be clearly visible. A speaker
6:21standing in front of listeners shows
6:23respect for the audience, maintains a
6:26sense of focus, feels time better, and
6:28speaks more energetically. We can
6:30distinguish the following spatial zones
6:32: the intimate zone, from 15 to 46 cm,
6:35where we only allow people with whom we
6:37have close emotional contact. The
6:40personal zone, up to one and a half
6:41meters. The distance that separates us
6:43in friendly communication. Appearance.
6:45What are the red flags in appearance?
6:47Clothes in bright, saturated colors.
6:49Overly trendy clothing. Excessive
6:52jewelry. Flirtatious elements in
6:54women's clothing, like lace or ruffles.
6:56What about the green flags? Dark,
6:58traditional, classic business attire.
7:00High-quality material, a contrast
7:02between light and dark tones, clean,
7:04neat, and professional clothing,
7:06moderate fashionability, and physical
7:08grooming. Let's move on to some verbal
7:10tools for a speaker. These are
7:12techniques that help express thoughts,
7:13enhance the impact of what is said, and
7:15capture attention. These include tropes
7:17, stylistic devices, speech structure,
7:20and, of course, the content and
7:22argumentation. Let's break everything
7:25down in order. Tropes are figures of
7:27speech in which a word or phrase is
7:29used in a figurative sense to achieve
7:31greater expressiveness. Let's list the
7:34main types of tropes. A metaphor
7:35creates a powerful image by merging
7:37concepts. We literally equate them. For
7:40example, if a CEO needs to unite
7:42employees, we say we are not sailing in
7:44different boats, but on one common ship
7:46. And if a hole appears in the hull, we
7:49will all sink, regardless of which
7:51compartment we were in. Simile. It
7:54makes a thought visual by using words
7:56like "like" or "as." It directly points
7:58to a similarity, helping the audience
8:00clearly imagine an abstract idea. For
8:02example, regarding the importance of
8:03patience in reforms. Implementing rapid
8:05reforms in an established system is
8:07like trying to turn a huge tanker in a
8:10narrow bay. You need caution,
8:12calculation, and time, otherwise you
8:14risk running aground and causing a
8:16wreck. The complexity of governing a
8:18state is linked to maneuvering a tanker
8:20. Tropes, by the way, are used
8:21everywhere, both in public speaking and
8:23in debate. For instance, an epithet is
8:25a descriptive term indicating an
8:27essential feature of an object or
8:28phenomenon. For example, in response to
8:30outdated data, one could say: "So, you
8:33are operating with moldy numbers and
8:35archaic concepts.""We are not living in
8:37the last century." Irony, from the
8:38Greek for "dissimulation." This is a
8:40statement where the true meaning is the
8:42opposite of the literal one, unlike
8:44sarcasm, which can be defined as
8:46caustic. Irony is a subtler form where
8:48you seem to agree with your opponent or
8:50interlocutor, but in such a way that
8:52everyone understands you mean the
8:53opposite.
8:54How do I feel about friendship between
8:55a man and a woman? Positively. And a
8:57woman is the most reliable friend. A
8:59woman, that is a truly strong
9:00relationship. Meaning, if you have some
9:03problems, a woman will solve them. For
9:05example, if you have financial problems
9:06, naturally, a woman will immediately
9:08give you money. If you have problems,
9:10for instance, of a more serious nature,
9:12naturally, a woman will stand up for
9:14you and take everyone on. You can
9:15always discuss male problems with a
9:18woman, share your interests, or talk
9:21about football.
9:22Very often we use irony and take an
9:23idea to the point of absurdity with the
9:25help of other tropes like hyperbole or
9:27litotes. Hyperbole is exaggeration, and
9:29litotes is understatement. Add these
9:30tropes to your speech for
9:32expressiveness. Not just in irony, but
9:33in general. Allegory. Perhaps the most
9:35powerful trope for an argument. It
9:37allows you to shift a dispute or
9:39someone's idea into a parallel, more
9:41understandable or emotional plane,
9:42where your position looks natural and
9:45morally right. Here is an example of
9:46allegory from the speech of Martin
9:48Luther King. I have a dream today that
9:50one day in Alabama, with its vicious
9:51racists and its governor whose lips are
9:53dripping with the words of
9:55interposition and nullification, one
9:56fine day right there in Alabama, little
9:58black boys and black girls will be able
10:00to join hands with little white boys
10:02and white girls as sisters and brothers
10:04. The image of children of different
10:06races and genders holding hands
10:08reflects the ideas of tolerance and
10:09equality. Allegory, or metaphorical
10:11expression, is very effective to use to
10:14illustrate abstract concepts such as
10:15friendship, equality, love, or loyalty
10:17to enhance the audience's or
10:19interlocutors 'perception of these
10:21ideas. Gradation is a gradual change,
10:23increase, or decrease. There is
10:25ascending gradation: "I do not regret,
10:27I do not call, I do not weep." And
10:29descending: a beastly, alien, unsightly
10:32world. In fact, your speech should
10:35consist of a series of tropes; that way
10:36it will become expressive, rich, and
10:38strong. Well then, the speaker is ready
10:40. Let’s move on to his speech.
10:41Let’s structure the speech and voice
10:43the methods for cool content in each of
10:46its parts. Public speaking must have a
10:48well-thought-out structure containing a
10:50specific sequence of parts. This is
10:52necessary for the convenience of both
10:54the speaker and the listeners. It is
10:56convenient for listeners to perceive
10:58information that is broken into parts
10:59and presented in a specific sequence. A
11:02speech is usually built according to a
11:03traditional three-part composition.
11:05Introduction, main body, and conclusion
11:08. This composition is traditional. It
11:10is precisely this structure of a speech
11:12that makes it easier for the audience
11:13to perceive an oral presentation. An
11:15introduction to a public speech is
11:17essential for preparing listeners for
11:20the topic; the main goals of the
11:22introduction are to grab attention,
11:24build interest, outline the topic and
11:26core idea, and establish credibility
11:29with the audience. So, how should any
11:31successful speech begin? The answer is
11:33simple: with a pause. It doesn’t
11:35matter if your speech is long or short,
11:37you must command silence in the room.
11:39Step up to the podium, scan the
11:41audience, and fix your gaze on one of
11:43the listeners. Then, mentally recite
11:45your first sentence to yourself, and
11:47only after an expressive pause should
11:49you begin to speak. The first phrase.
11:51All successful speakers place great
11:52importance on the first phrase of their
11:54speech. It must be powerful and
11:56guaranteed to evoke a positive response
11:58from the audience. The first phrase
12:00will be heard by everyone without
12:02exception, and in most cases, it is
12:04what forms their opinion of you. That
12:06is why it is incredibly important.
12:08Let’s talk about how you can start
12:10your speech in an interesting way.
12:12Citing authoritative sources. This
12:14method involves referring to sources
12:15that are authoritative to the listeners
12:17. The success of this technique depends
12:19on the novelty of the information, the
12:21depth of the thought, and the source's
12:23credibility. An interesting rhetorical
12:25question significantly boosts audience
12:27engagement. At the same time, it is
12:29important to ask the right question
12:30correctly.
12:30How does our brain fall in love? What
12:33happens inside our brain? Is it some
12:35kind of magic or a biological process
12:38that results in us feeling love?
12:40Referencing an event, place, or time.
12:42Exactly 55 years ago, on April 12th, a
12:45human first overcame gravity and saw
12:48our planet from the outside. Today, we
12:50are gathered to discuss the future of
12:52space tourism, an industry making that
12:54dream accessible. Piquing curiosity. A
12:57paradox. What if I told you that to be
12:59more productive, you need to work less?
13:02Sounds crazy, doesn’t it? But recent
13:04research in neurobiology confirms
13:07exactly that. Addressing the listeners'
13:09personal interests. Each of you has
13:11probably wondered at least once this
13:13month: "Where does my paycheck go?"
13:15Today, I will show you a simple
13:17personal finance tracking system that
13:19will help you save up to 20%of your
13:21income without sacrificing your comfort
13:24. Demonstrating an object. You could
13:26pull out a feature phone and a
13:28smartphone to compare them and show the
13:30rapid evolution of technology, if the
13:31topic fits. Sharing a personal
13:33experience or life story. A week ago, I
13:35got lost in an unfamiliar part of the
13:37city. The maps wouldn't load, and there
13:39was no one to ask. And at that moment,
13:41I truly realized. And so on. You can
13:43also grab attention by thoughtfully
13:44checking with the attendees about the
13:46environment—if they can hear well, if
13:48there is enough light, or if the view
13:50is clear. However, you should only ask
13:52about things the speaker can actually
13:54and is willing to change. Involve the
13:56attendees in making those changes
13:58together. Ask for help moving something
14:00, finding a switch, or turning on the
14:02lights. When doing so, it is essential
14:04to frame it as a request for help.
14:06Listeners should be engaged in joint
14:08activity with the speaker, rather than
14:10just following orders. Appeal to the
14:12expert opinions of the audience or make
14:14various requests. For example, raise
14:17your hands, those who...When using the
14:24techniques described above, expect the
14:26audience to perform only simple actions
14:28at first. Do not count on active
14:31involvement from an unprepared audience
14:33. If you have successfully warmed up
14:35the audience, then the content of your
14:37speech must be worthy. The main body.
14:39The purpose of the main body is to
14:41convincingly and vividly develop your
14:43central idea, which we stated in the
14:45introduction, and ensure it is
14:47understood, remembered, and accepted.
14:49What principles should be followed when
14:51constructing the main body? The
14:53principle of one key idea. The entire
14:55main body must serve to unfold one
14:58central thesis. The principle of from
15:00simple to complex. Start with examples
15:02that are clear and relatable to the
15:03audience, gradually going deeper into
15:05the topic. For example, to convince
15:07people that we need to protect nature,
15:09start with something everyone
15:11understands: how poor ecology will
15:13eventually affect them personally. Then
15:15, move on to more complex arguments
15:17that might be less obvious, but no less
15:20important. The listeners will have the
15:22motivation to delve into them precisely
15:24because we started with things familiar
15:26to everyone. The principle of
15:28reinforcement: every thought must be
15:30supported by evidence, an example, a
15:32figure, a story, a quote, or a
15:33comparison. The principle of variety:
15:36alternate the types of information
15:37delivery. First, you tell something,
15:39then give an example, then provide
15:41statistics, then a visual, for instance
15:44, a movie clip, then a question to the
15:46audience. You must ensure that the
15:48listener does not get bored under any
15:49circumstances. Structure and
15:51compositional models, or how to
15:52organize content or prove a thesis; the
15:54following models are available to
15:56choose from. The first ones are better
15:58suited for a lecture or an elegant
16:00presentation of material. Chronological
16:02. First, this happened, then this
16:04occurred, now we see this, and in the
16:06future, we can expect this. Ideal for
16:08stories, reports, and reviews.
16:10Topological, thematic. The topic is
16:13divided into several aspects, or topics
16:15, which are revealed sequentially. To
16:16understand Renaissance art, let's look
16:18at the philosophical foundations,
16:20technical innovations, and key masters.
16:22Suitable for informational speeches.
16:25And the second category of models—
16:26logical models—are for proving a
16:28thesis. Descending model, that is,
16:30descending argumentation. Argumentation
16:32from the strongest arguments at the
16:34beginning to the least strong at the
16:36end. Ascending argumentation builds
16:38strength toward the end of the speech.
16:40Ascending argumentation is effective
16:42for well-prepared and highly interested
16:44audiences. Descending argumentation is
16:46effective for poorly prepared and less
16:48interested audiences. That is, we
16:50immediately stun them with the
16:51strongest argument. And so interest
16:54awakens. Inductive argumentation. First
16:56, arguments are presented, and only
16:58then is the conclusion made. The state
16:59of the Russian language.
17:00Schoolchildren's literacy is declining,
17:02and little attention is paid to
17:04improving the literacy of adults.
17:05Journalists and TV presenters have a
17:07poor command of the Russian language.
17:08Therefore, we need to improve Russian
17:10language education. Deductive reasoning
17:13. First, a thesis is stated, and then
17:15the speaker proves why this thesis is
17:17correct. We need to improve Russian
17:19language education. Firstly, student
17:21literacy is declining. Secondly, little
17:23attention is paid to improving adult
17:25literacy, and so on. One-sided
17:27argumentation of one's position
17:29involves presenting either only
17:31arguments for or only arguments against
17:33. And two-sided argumentation, or
17:35refutation by contradiction, is when
17:37the speaker presents their arguments as
17:40a rebuttal to an opponent's. With such
17:42refutational argumentation, the speaker
17:44dismantles the counterarguments of a
17:46real or imagined opponent. One-sided
17:48argumentation is effective when you
17:50need to reinforce existing views and
17:53attitudes toward the proposed material.
17:55Yes, we do not present material
17:57objectively because the goal here is
17:59simply to reinforce a person's already
18:01formed position. Two-sided
18:02argumentation is effective when
18:04influencing people who are negative
18:05toward the reported information. It
18:07works better on an educated audience
18:09that is skeptical of the material being
18:12presented. They must be specifically
18:14convinced of your position. To do this,
18:16you must accordingly answer
18:17counterarguments so they understand
18:19that you are presenting information
18:21objectively and that it is objectively
18:23true. What rhetorical tools exist to
18:25strengthen the main part of the
18:27argumentation and provide embellishment
18:29? First, we must always remember that
18:31arguments should include logos, pathos,
18:33and ethos. Next, one can apply the
18:35following techniques for maintaining
18:37attention and clarity. The rule of
18:38three: present key ideas in threes.
18:40Three reasons, three steps, three
18:42examples. This is optimal for
18:44memorization. For example, there are
18:46three main aspects of efficiency:
18:48planning, focus, and rest. Rhetorical
18:50questions. Actually, they are
18:51appropriate in many places. The main
18:53part is no exception. They set an
18:54internal rhythm and engage the audience
18:56. For example, the question: "And what
18:58do we see as a result?" Vivid
18:59comparisons and metaphors. Abstract
19:01ideas should be presented visually
19:03using comparisons, examples, images,
19:05metaphors, or even short stories and
19:08illustrations. For example, taxes are
19:10like a subscription to the state.
19:12Repetition for emphasis. Repeating key
19:14words or ideas helps to reinforce them
19:17in the audience's mind. For example, we
19:19want justice. We demand justice, and we
19:22will achieve justice. Repeating the
19:25word "justice" intensifies the
19:26emotional impact. Unexpected statistics
19:29. Numbers and facts grab attention,
19:31especially if they surprise or
19:33contradict conventional wisdom. It
19:35turns out that according to WHO data,
19:37and so on, and so on. Conclusion. The
19:39main goals of the conclusion are to
19:41summarize and remind of the most
19:42important points. Distill the content
19:44into one powerful message, amplify the
19:47emotional effect, and establish the
19:49desired mood, hope, enthusiasm, or
19:51resolve. Call to action is one of the
19:53most frequent goals: to clearly tell
19:55the audience what you want from them
19:57here and now or in the near future.
19:59Create a sense of completion, leave a
20:01feeling of satisfaction from the
20:03journey taken, and put an end to it.
20:05This is how you can end a speech. So,
20:07let's list the main rhetorical devices
20:09for a conclusion. You can go with a
20:11classic approach. Farewell remarks, a
20:12brief and polite closing. Thank you for
20:14your attention. I would be happy to
20:16answer your questions. Returning to the
20:18introduction or the key problem.
20:20Remember the question we started with?
20:22Reinforcement through a vivid image,
20:24story, or call to action, an emotional
20:26climax to the speech? For example, if
20:29the speech is at a charity event, you
20:31could end it like this. To conclude
20:33this speech, let me tell you about a
20:35mother. Every night she sleeps holding
20:38her son’s hand. Not because he is
20:40small, but because she needs to check
20:42every two hours if he is breathing. Her
20:45biggest fear is not hearing that quiet
20:48sound. But her greatest hope is all of
20:50us, because our donations are not just
20:52money; they are a peaceful night for
20:54this mother. It is the opportunity to
20:57hear not his breathing, but his
20:59laughter. Broadening the perspective,
21:00synthesis. It sounds something like
21:01this. So, what is the bottom line? If
21:04you strip away all the details, the
21:05main takeaway is this, and so on. Call
21:07to action. It must be as specific as
21:10possible. Not "let's protect nature,"
21:12but rather "replace at least one
21:14lightbulb in your house with an LED one
21:17this very evening." This will be the
21:19start of your contribution to the
21:21planet's ecological future. A
21:22rhetorical question for reflection. And
21:24now that you know all this, ask
21:26yourself one question: what will you do
21:29differently tomorrow? A slogan phrase:
21:31"Listen more, analyze deeper, and act
21:34bolder. Thank you." You can phrase it
21:36as an anaphora or repetition. This will
21:38enhance the effect. Believe in your
21:40idea when they laugh at you. Believe in
21:42your idea when they tell you it’s
21:44impossible. Believe in your idea when
21:46you are left alone with it. Gradation
21:48and antithesis, a sharp contrast of
21:50concepts, images, or states before and
21:52after, creates drama and clarity of
21:55choice. We can stay where it is cramped
21:57and familiar, or step out where it is
22:00scary, but where growth awaits us. The
22:03choice between the comfort of the past
22:04and the power of the future is yours.
22:06We can accept this, and let everyone
22:09walk all over us. Or we can put up a
22:12fight and break free, resisting and
22:14struggling.
22:15Quoting only when appropriate.
22:17Including an authoritative or poignant
22:19quote that summarizes your point will
22:21make the conclusion more convincing and
22:24authoritative, giving a sense of
22:26belonging to a big idea. As Nelson
22:28Mandela said, it always seems
22:30impossible until it is done. Today we
22:33proved that the impossible is just a
22:35task we haven't solved yet, and we have
22:37only just begun. It is important to
22:39know what not to do in a conclusion. Do
22:42not drag it out, do not introduce new
22:44ideas, arguments, or data. Do not cut
22:46it off abruptly. The voice in the
22:48conclusion should be even more
22:49energetic than in the main body. Under
22:51no circumstances should it be quieter
22:52or muffled. But you might rightfully
22:54feel indignant right now. So what?
22:56You've learned these three parts, yet
22:57everything is still not quite clear. Is
22:59there a template for how to structure a
23:01speech from start to finish? I’ll
23:03tell you that there is the famous
23:04chreia. A chreia is a strict template
23:07scheme for constructing a persuasive
23:08speech, originating from ancient
23:10rhetoric. A chreia consists of an
23:12introduction, definition, cause,
23:14contrary, comparison, example,
23:17testimony, and conclusion. Many of the
23:19words may already be slightly familiar.
23:21The introduction serves as a hook for
23:22the listeners. You can praise the
23:24audience, the topic, or the author of a
23:26quote. Give a definition, explain the
23:28thesis in your own words so everyone
23:30understands it the same way. Next is
23:32the cause. Explain why this statement
23:34is true from the perspective of logic
23:36and utility. Present the arguments
23:38directly. The contrary: show what
23:40happens if you do the opposite.
23:42Strengthen your thesis through a
23:43negative example. Comparison, analogy.
23:46What is that? Clarify the thought
23:47through a vivid image that everyone
23:49understands. Provide an example.
23:51Support the theory with a fact from
23:53history, science, or life. Testimony.
23:56Quote other respected people who agree
23:58with us and thought the same. And the
24:00conclusion. Briefly summarize
24:02everything said and draw a conclusion
24:04addressed to the listener. Now let’s
24:06talk about rhetoric in a dispute with a
24:07specific opponent. What skills are
24:09needed? Let’s start with the most
24:11important and basic things. Firstly, of
24:12course, the ability to listen to an
24:14opponent and give sincere compliments
24:16is the foundation of effective
24:17communication. But although it seems
24:19simple, it is actually not quite that
24:21way. There are some nuances to this
24:23technique. You must listen actively,
24:25focusing on the interlocutor, letting
24:27them know you are truly trying to grasp
24:29their speech. For example, you can nod
24:31while they speak, maintain eye contact,
24:33notice details, and ask clarifying
24:35questions without interrupting. And a
24:38compliment must be specific. Well, for
24:40example, instead of just "you're great,
24:42" say, "I really liked your idea." And
24:44then mention what exactly you liked. Be
24:46sincere, touching on the person's
24:48character traits or hidden virtues, not
24:51just obvious things. Otherwise, it will
24:53look fake. At the same time, if you are
24:55given compliments, you must accept them
24:57properly as well. Accept them with
24:59gratitude. A simple "thank you, I'm
25:01very pleased" is sincere and
25:03universally highlights your respect for
25:05the interlocutor. All of this is
25:07necessary to win trust and build
25:08positive relations with the person
25:09you're speaking to. Moving on to the
25:11speech itself. Now let’s talk about
25:13persuasive influence. That, for which
25:15many of you gathered. When persuading
25:17someone of something, it is necessary
25:18to follow certain rules. The logic of
25:20persuasion must be accessible to the
25:22intellect of the person you are trying
25:24to convince. You must persuade
25:25demonstrably, relying on facts,
25:27preferably known to the subject. Beyond
25:29specific facts and individual examples
25:31—for instance, look at this example,
25:33it supports what I'm saying.
25:34Information should include generalized
25:36positions, ideas, or principles. This
25:38is necessary for those with a broad
25:40perspective who think on a larger scale
25:41. And for them, individual examples are
25:43not enough. Therefore, you need to
25:44connect them into some kind of system.
25:46Not just these three cases, but in all
25:48three cases, the same principle I'm
25:50talking about applies. Try to show the
25:52real benefit for listeners from your
25:54suggestions or information. Emotion is
25:56the most important quality of a public
25:58speech. Show the audience that you care
26:01about what you're talking about and
26:03truly want to convey your concern to
26:06them. Emotion in public speaking is a
26:08very strong rhetorical tool that
26:10listeners easily respond to. Therefore,
26:12the speaker’s attention will be
26:13guaranteed. Keep in mind that emotional
26:16speech, emotional pressure on the
26:18audience or an individual listener, is
26:20often more effective than logical,
26:22rational argumentation. Use humor. Any
26:25audience loves humor. Jokes are
26:27remembered well, they endear the
26:29speaker to the audience and relieve
26:30fatigue and tension. The best humor in
26:32public speaking is your own humor. Of
26:34course, you can use someone else's, but
26:37then don't forget to cite the author.
26:40This rule, by the way, applies not only
26:41to conversation but also to public
26:43speaking. It states that the order of
26:45the arguments presented affects their
26:47persuasiveness. The most convincing
26:49order of arguments is: strong, medium,
26:52and one very strong. Remember, this is
26:54very important. The Socratic rule. To
26:57get a positive decision on a very
26:59important issue, place it third,
27:01preceded by two short, simple questions
27:04that the person will easily answer with
27:07a "yes." Yes. Pascal's rule: do not
27:09corner your interlocutor. Allow them to
27:12save face. Do not corner yourself. Do
27:15not belittle your own status. But also
27:17do not belittle the status and image of
27:19your interlocutor. We treat the
27:20arguments of a pleasant interlocutor
27:22leniently, but those of an unpleasant
27:25one critically. When wanting to
27:27persuade someone, start not with what
27:29divides you, but with what you agree on
27:31. Show empathy and sympathize. If you
27:34are participating in a debate, after
27:37your opponent’s speech, start with a
27:39little criticism, comment on their
27:41viewpoint, and save your own arguments
27:44for the end. It is advisable to enter
27:46into a persuasive argument only in the
27:48following cases: when the interlocutor
27:50is capable of receiving the information
27:52, that is, conscious and sound of mind.
27:54If the interlocutor is psychologically
27:56capable of agreeing with the opinion
27:57being imposed, rather than just
27:59brushing it off,
28:00you are complaining quite actively and
28:01emotionally that you were misunderstood
28:03. I am not complaining, Maxim. I am not
28:05complaining about anything. Forget it,
28:07fine. You are not complaining. You are
28:09unhappy that you weren't understood
28:10correctly, first by Anna, then by me.
28:12I am emphasizing. I emphasize that
28:15people who say things about me are
28:17wrong. I am not complaining, I am not
28:19dissatisfied, I am emphasizing.
28:21Okay. Just don't worry. You are
28:22emphasizing. Fine. You are emphasiz.
28:24I am not worrying, Maxim. Do not give
28:26me emotional assessments. If the
28:29listener is able to understand and
28:30appreciate what you are presenting, for
28:32example, it is not worth arguing about
28:34advanced mathematics with a humanist,
28:36if there is time to convince. In order
28:38to convince people of something,
28:39especially something beneficial to the
28:41other side, time is required as a rule.
28:43If you hurry, a person immediately
28:45becomes cautious. Why is he being so
28:47active? Something is fishy here.
28:49Experts identify three main categories
28:51of arguments for persuasion. True facts
28:53. They contain irrefutable information.
28:56For example, over the last 5 years, the
28:58concentration of heavy metals in our
28:59river's waters has tripled. This is
29:01recorded in the reports of the state
29:03hydrochemical laboratory, and
29:04biodiversity has decreased by 40%.
29:07These data are confirmed by the
29:08institute of ecology and so on.
29:10Arguments that provide a kind of
29:11psychological satisfaction, as they
29:13appeal to positive expectations.
29:15Introducing this tax break is your
29:17opportunity to finally breathe freely,
29:19without thinking about every penny in
29:21payments to the treasury. They produce
29:23an emotional effect, and conversely,
29:25arguments providing negative
29:26expectations. Again, this is the method
29:27of contraries. The formula is: if what
29:29I suggest doesn't happen, then
29:31everything will be terrible. Basic
29:32principles of conducting an argument.
29:34To start, you need to define the goal:
29:36what you want to find—truth, convince
29:38an opponent, influence an audience, or
29:40just sort out personal issues. The
29:42tactics of the argument depend on this.
29:43Respect your opponent. An argument, in
29:45any case, is not a war. Personal
29:46insults destroy the discussion and
29:48discredit you. Clarify the subject.
29:50Before arguing, agree on exactly what
29:52you are arguing about. Agree on the
29:54definitions. Often a dispute arises
29:56because people put different meanings
29:58into key concepts: freedom, justice,
30:00success. Clearly define the terms.
30:02Let's talk about the thesis. What are
30:03the requirements for it? The thesis
30:05must be true. Absolute truth is not
30:07given to man in observation and
30:09knowledge. The entire process of
30:10cognition is aimed at approaching it.
30:12But our thesis must be true. This
30:14contradiction is resolved with the help
30:16of the category of faith. We must
30:17simply believe in the truth of our
30:19thesis. The thesis must be clearly and
30:21precisely formulated. Here it is
30:22important to formulate it grammatically
30:24and lexically correctly. Maintain a
30:27direct word order, use unambiguous
30:28words, and ensure that a word cannot be
30:30interpreted in any other way. It is
30:32necessary to maintain the thesis
30:34throughout the speech, that is, relying
30:35on the law of identity, do not change
30:37the scope or content of the concepts
30:39included in the thesis, so that the
30:40loss or substitution of the thesis does
30:42not occur, and opponents will certainly
30:44try to do so. For example, Maria says
30:45to her husband: "You should wash the
30:47dishes after meals more often instead
30:48of letting them pile up in the sink."
30:50Thesis: actions—wash the dishes and
30:52do it right away. Alexey replies: "So,
30:54in your opinion, I don't help around
30:56the house at all?""I vacuumed for an
30:57entire hour yesterday." He switched the
30:59thesis. Maria did not say he doesn't
31:01help. She was talking about a specific
31:03action at a specific time. Now he is
31:05forcing her to prove that he doesn't
31:06help at all, which is not the original
31:08thesis or Maria's position. Maria says:
31:10"What does the vacuum have to do with
31:11this?""I'm talking about the dishes."
31:13She is trying to return to the original
31:14thesis, but Alexey is adamant. "But I
31:16do help, so everything is fine." He won
31:18the argument by refuting a thesis that
31:20Maria never put forward. The original
31:22thesis remains unanswered. Requirements
31:24for an argument. An argument, just like
31:25a thesis, must be true. However, it
31:27must be something that not only the
31:28speaker but also the listener believes
31:30is true. During the demonstration, you
31:31must constantly ask for the listener's
31:33agreement regarding the truth of the
31:35argument and their belief in it by
31:36using a question. Do you agree with
31:38this? It is best to use facts as
31:40arguments, but only those you have
31:41witnessed yourself or that are
31:43documented in scientific or reference
31:45literature. It is better not to use
31:47facts appearing in the media, as media
31:49outlets focus on shaping opinions about
31:52facts rather than accurately reflecting
31:54them. An argument must be sufficient.
31:56This requirement is supported by the
31:58law of sufficient reason. Again, logic.
32:00In other words, the arguments must be
32:02sufficient for the thesis to be
32:03considered correct. An argument must be
32:05independent; specifically, it must be
32:07an obvious, accepted, and already
32:09proven fact. If justifying the argument
32:11itself requires as much effort as
32:13proving the thesis, you will not move
32:15forward at all. Otherwise, you will
32:17have to prove the argument rather than
32:19the thesis, which can lead to an
32:20infinite regress. For example, a thesis
32:22that needs to be proven: Smoking is
32:23harmful to your health. Incorrect
32:24argumentation with a dependent argument
32:27: Smoking is harmful to health because
32:29it causes lung cancer. But how do you
32:31know it causes lung cancer? Because
32:32cigarette smoke contains carcinogens.
32:34And why does the presence of
32:36carcinogens prove that they are the
32:37ones causing cancer? Now, here is a
32:39correct and independent argument:
32:40Smoking is harmful to your health.
32:42According to the World Health
32:43Organization, 80%of lung cancer cases
32:46are directly linked to smoking. And the
32:48last requirement for an argument is an
32:50individual approach. As we have already
32:52said, this requirement is of a
32:53psychological nature. An audience is
32:55usually diverse in terms of
32:56intellectual preparation. Therefore,
32:58each individual case requires a
32:59different number of arguments. One or
33:01two are enough for some, while for
33:03others, ten won't be enough. The most
33:04powerful rhetorical techniques in an
33:06argument. Comparing the boomerang
33:07method, contradiction, and inquiry.
33:09These are four powerful rhetorical
33:10techniques. Let's break each one down
33:12in detail and add context on how and
33:14why they are used. Let's start from the
33:16more common to the most powerful.
33:18Comparison, we have already analyzed it
33:19. To illustrate your idea or the flaw
33:21in an opponent's position, you compare
33:23it to something equally contradictory
33:25but similar. The contradiction
33:27technique. The point is to catch your
33:28opponent in contradictions, which ruins
33:30their position on a fundamental level.
33:32You thereby show that the opponent's
33:34position doesn't work, regardless of
33:36your own beliefs. It is objectively
33:38contradictory, for example, when
33:39discussing economics, or it exposes the
33:41speaker's own incompetence. For example
33:44: "Previously you said no employee
33:45would lose their job, but now you say
33:48you plan to optimize the staff by
33:49cutting it by 20%." The inquiry method.
33:53Inquiry is a strategy where one side
33:55does not state their theses directly.
33:57Instead, through a series of
33:58pre-planned, logically connected
34:00questions, they lead the opponent or
34:02the audience to the necessary
34:03conclusions. These conclusions often
34:05turn out to be either an obvious truth
34:07or demonstrate internal contradictions
34:08in the opponent's position. The main
34:11goal is not to state your own thought,
34:12but to force the opponent to come to it
34:14independently or to show the flaws in
34:15their position from within. For example
34:18, a friend says: "I'm taking out a loan
34:19for a cool car; I want to live for
34:21today." And you ask him: "Is the
34:23monthly payment high?""Yes, half my
34:25salary.""Will there be enough for gas
34:26and insurance, or will you have to take
34:28on extra work?""What if you get sick or
34:30suddenly need money?""I haven't thought
34:31about that.""Will the car be worth the
34:33same amount in 5 years?""No, it will
34:34probably drop in value.""So you'll be
34:36working hard for 5 years for something
34:38that will lose value?""I didn't take
34:40that into account." The boomerang
34:41method is perhaps the most powerful
34:43technique, where the opponent's
34:44statement or argument is turned against
34:46them. This is the highest form of
34:47polemical mastery. How does it work?
34:49You accept the opponent's argument but
34:51reframe it so that it proves you are
34:53right or exposes the weakness of their
34:55position. The goal is to demonstrate
34:57the logical flaws in the opponent's
34:59argumentation, parry the attack, and
35:00win the dialogue. For example, an
35:02opponent says: "You are too young to
35:04lead this project." And you reply: "
35:06Precisely because I am young, I have
35:08the fresh ideas and energy that this
35:10project needs so much." Or, for example
35:12, on a political topic. A critic says:
35:13"Your program is too expensive." And
35:15you reply: "It's strange to hear that
35:17from someone who voted for a
35:18mega-expensive military budget.""
35:20Apparently, we only have money for
35:21weapons, not for education." It is
35:23important that these techniques are
35:25effective only when they serve a clear
35:26goal, are appropriate in context, and
35:28are supported by logic or emotional
35:29truth. Used without restraint, they
35:32become manipulation or empty rhetoric.
35:34Communicative qualities of speech.
35:36These qualities help speech meet the
35:37requirements of communication
35:39conditions. What are the main qualities
35:41? Speech accuracy: compliance with the
35:43standards of the modern literary
35:45language, including orthoepic,
35:46grammatical, and lexical norms.
35:48Precision: the correspondence of speech
35:51to reality and thought, conveying exact
35:53meaning through word choice; logic,
35:56consistency, coherence, and causal
35:58connection of thought reflected in
36:00speech. Purity: the absence of elements
36:03alien to the literary language, such as
36:05jargon, colloquialisms, and cluttering
36:07filler words or expressions.
36:08Expressiveness. Expressiveness impacts
36:10the emotions and feelings of the
36:12audience. Speech is considered
36:13expressive if it is vivid, figurative,
36:15and stands out against the general
36:17background. It is made so by linguistic
36:19and non-linguistic features, the
36:21speaker's passion and concern, and the
36:24ability to evoke a reaction and hold
36:26the listeners 'attention. This also
36:29includes using expressive language
36:31tools: aphorisms, proverbs, sayings,
36:33metaphors, comparisons, catchphrases,
36:35and appropriateness. Appropriateness in
36:37speech should be understood as the
36:38alignment of words and expressions with
36:39the goals and conditions of
36:40communication. You cannot speak the
36:42same way to colleagues, clients, and
36:45participants of a scientific conference
36:47. Moreover, even with the same audience
36:50, you use different language tools in
36:52formal versus informal settings. Tricks
36:55in an argument. Let’s talk about
36:57argumentative tricks that you need to
36:59spot in an opponent's speech, so as not
37:02to be cornered for nothing, and to
37:04raise your status by exposing them. The
37:06first tricks are logical sophisms. They
37:09violate the laws of logic. For example,
37:10substituting the thesis or ignoring the
37:12thesis—for instance, regarding
37:14vaccine efficacy. Thesis A: Vaccination
37:16reduces the risk of severe illness.
37:19Trick B: Did you know that major
37:21pharmaceutical companies make billions
37:23from this? The argument is shifted from
37:25efficacy to the morality of the
37:27manufacturers. An argumentum ad hominem
37:28: an attack on the person. How can you
37:30be an environmentalist if you drive a
37:32gasoline-powered SUV? Instead of
37:34discussing ideas, the person is
37:36criticized; an attack on circumstances.
37:38Of course, you defend this business
37:40plan; after all, the author is your
37:42college friend; a black-and-white
37:43dichotomy. A false dilemma. For example
37:46, either we tighten the laws, or
37:48complete anarchy will reign in the city
37:50. Or, for example, in everyday life. If
37:51you aren't coming with me right now, it
37:53means you don't love me. Post hoc, ergo
37:55propter hoc (after this, therefore
37:57because of this). An example. After new
37:59cameras were installed in the city, the
38:01number of accidents increased.
38:03Therefore, the cameras are the cause of
38:04the accidents. Perhaps the cause was
38:06increased traffic or icy roads, and the
38:08rise after the cameras were installed
38:11is just a coincidence; an exaggeration
38:13of an idea or act. Here is a vivid
38:15example of this sophism. Someone threw
38:17a plastic cup at a representative of
38:21the authorities. Threw one, nothing
38:25happened. Then a plastic bottle, still
38:28nothing. Then they will throw a glass
38:32bottle, then a stone, and soon
38:34they’ll start shooting and smashing
38:36shops.
38:37The appeal to authority is fallacious.
38:40For example, a Nobel Prize-winning
38:41physicist speaks about the benefits of
38:43this diet. Therefore, this diet is
38:44effective. Well, a clear example of
38:46this sophistry is the experts on REN-TV
38:48. Expertise in one area does not make a
38:50person an expert in another.
38:51Psychological and rhetorical tricks,
38:53playing on emotions, language, and
38:55perception. Leading to a false
38:57conclusion, equivocation, wordiness,
38:59and muddying the waters. For example,
39:01our innovative paradigm offers a
39:03synergetic approach to optimizing
39:05cross-functional processes, which will
39:07ultimately lead to a disruptive change
39:09in the market. It sounds smart, but
39:11it's just empty words. The "ladies'
39:12argument," or rather, pressure. You, as
39:15a smart and educated person, surely
39:16agree that our historical traditions
39:18are indisputable. It puts the opponent
39:20in a position where disagreeing means
39:22they aren't smart. Using emotionally
39:24charged labels, for example, in a
39:26political debate: it's not a reform,
39:28it's a robbery of the middle class. His
39:30proposal is pure betrayal of national
39:32interests in everyday life. Your
39:34behavior is selfishness. Although you
39:36could have said that it hurts me that
39:38you don't call. Instead, an accusation
39:41is used. Playing on the audience's
39:43pride, for example. All normal people
39:45understand that Stalin won the war.
39:47Only intellectuals detached from
39:50reality could think otherwise. The
39:52majority of the audience is
39:53automatically labeled as "normal people
39:55," and those who disagree as marginals.
39:57Argument from ignorance. An example.
39:59If I claim something, I am not
40:02obligated to provide evidence. If you
40:06claim the opposite, refuting me, it is
40:10you who must provide the evidence.
40:13Isn't that right?
40:14Not quite. The burden of proof falls on
40:17the skeptic, not on the absence of
40:19refutation. And the absence of
40:21refutation is presented as proof.
40:23Tactical and procedural tricks related
40:25to manipulating the course of the
40:26dispute. For example, a question with a
40:28premise, usually a grievance. When will
40:30you stop lying to the public? The
40:32question contains an accusation of
40:33lying. Any answer, "never" or "soon,"
40:36will imply an admission. "Soon" is
40:39softer. Why is your product so
40:42expensive? The premise is that the
40:43product is expensive, but perhaps it is
40:45at the market average. Reference to a
40:46non-existent source. A fact without
40:49proof. "Scientists have proven it,""
40:50everyone knows.""Statistics say..." If
40:52you ask which scientists exactly, an
40:54evasion follows, the conversation
40:56shifts aside, or a dispute about
40:58departmental corruption begins. "But
41:00look at what kind of problems there are
41:01in education.""That's what we need to
41:03talk about." On that note, the video
41:05comes to an end. We have covered the
41:06entire general course of rhetoric, and
41:08I truly hope that you learned something
41:10new or even prepared for an exam. Thank
41:12you for watching until this point. I
41:15would be very happy with your
41:16subscription or a like. It is very
41:17motivating. Well, on that note, I bid
41:19you farewell. But there are many
41:20interesting topics ahead, so see you
41:22next time.

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This page contains the full transcript of СПИДРАН на КРАСИВУЮ РЕЧЬ за 40 минут by ZINOVEV, generated from the public captions YouTube serves with the video. The transcript has 7,521 words across 1,254 segments, with the original timestamps preserved so you can click any line to jump to that moment in the embedded player.

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