【大正時代】236 日本から見た第一次世界大戦【日本史】 — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:01Hello everyone.
2. 0:03This time, I will talk about World War I as seen from Japan.
3. 0:07The last video was about World War I, centered in Europe.
4. 0:12This video is a topic centered on Japan.
5. 0:16So let's get started on that story.
6. 0:20review.
7. 0:21Japan took over Manchuria from Russia after winning the Russo‐Japanese War .
8. 0:27But those interests had a time limit and were to expire after a few years.
9. 0:33Japan wanted to extend that deadline.
10. 0:37In addition, various people in Japan at the time insisted on wanting a budget.
11. 0:43However, Japan was facing financial problems due to the enormous amount of money spent on the Russo‐Japanese War.
12. 0:49End of review.
13. 0:50So Japan will be forced to solve both the Manchuria problem and the financial problem.
14. 0:57An event occurred that solved these problems at once.
15. 1:00That's World War I.
16. 1:03Until now, the powerful western countries had focused on China, but after the outbreak of World War I, they focused their attention on Europe.
17. 1:11Because of that, Japan has become easier to move around.
18. 1:14Japan wanted to use this opportunity to extend the deadline for Manchuria and sell arms and ammunition to Europe.
19. 1:21Japan thought they could solve the problem.
20. 1:25Based on such thoughts, Japan has begun to act.
21. 1:28I will talk about how Japan acted in World War I in four parts.
22. 1:35Combat first, then thought.
23. 1:37Then I will talk about the economy, and finally politics, in that order.
24. 1:41First, let's talk about combat.
25. 1:44World War I was fought between the allied forces of Great Britain, France, and Russia against the allies of Germany, Austria, and Hungary.
26. 1:52At that time, Japan was in the Anglo- Anglo-Japanese Alliance, so it joined the camp of the Allied Forces where Britain was and participated in the First World War.
27. 2:02So Japan's enemies are allies of Germany and Austria.
28. 2:06Japan thus declared war on Germany and attacked the German sphere of influence near Japan.
29. 2:13Let's look at the battle of SHANDONG PENINSULA first, then the battle of THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
30. 2:19First, let's talk about the SHANDONG PENINSULA battle.
31. 2:22SHANDONG PENINSULA was a place Germany leased from China at the time.
32. 2:26Japan attacked here together with Britain.
33. 2:30However, at the time, China was afraid that the war would spread to China, and declared its neutrality.
34. 2:36That is why China has banned military operations on its territory.
35. 2:40However, Japan asked the Chinese government to recognize the area around SHANDONG PENINSULA as a combat zone.
36. 2:47The war started when China approved this.
37. 2:50The Japanese landed at SHANDONG PENINSULA, but the Germans chose siege warfare.
38. 2:56Japan also occupied SHANDONG RAILWAY and after careful preparation launched an all-out attack there.
39. 3:01The German army surrendered in this all-out attack.
40. 3:04After that, SHANDONG PENINSULA remained occupied by the Japanese until the settlement was completed.
41. 3:11German power was thus wiped out of East Asia.
42. 3:14Next is about the Battle of THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
43. 3:17Around the same time, the Japanese navy pursued the German navy and occupied the German territory THE SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.
44. 3:24These occupations were carried out without fighting, and Japan established a headquarters after the occupation, which became a forward base for the Japanese navy.
45. 3:32German power was thus wiped out of Oceania.
46. 3:36Next is thought.
47. 3:38When World War I broke out, the Allies said, "Our country is run by the people."
48. 3:44And they came to argue that "allies whose politics are run by some privileged classes are evil."
49. 3:50In other words, they described the war as a battle between democracy and despotism.
50. 3:54And it signified that democracy is justice and despotism is evil.
51. 3:59Because of this, Japan, which was on the side of the Allies, was also affected.
52. 4:03At that time, Japan replaced democracy with political parties and despotism with Meiji oligarchy.
53. 4:09And there was a growing tendency to criticize the Meiji oligarchy politics, in which some privileged classes were doing politics, as evil.
54. 4:16However, the Constitution of the Empire of Japan stipulates that the Emperor of Japan has sovereignty, so democracy based on popular sovereignty could not be asserted in Japan.
55. 4:24Here comes SAKUZOU YOSHINO, a professor at Tōkyō Imperial University.
56. 4:29SAKUZOU YOSHINO said, "Of course sovereignty belongs to the Emperor of Japan, but politics should be for the people."
57. 4:36He developed the theory that ``it is not good to conduct politics with the intentions of a privileged class.''
58. 4:42In other words, he arranged the concept of democracy in a Japanese way.
59. 4:47This is democracy.
60. 4:48This idea gained a lot of support and increased public opinion against the privileged classes.
61. 4:54As a result, people began to demand universal suffrage, freedom of speech, and a party cabinet system to realize government by the people.
62. 5:04And the democratic trend called Taisho democracy spread.
63. 5:09Next is the economy.
64. 5:11In conclusion, the First World War gave Japan the best economic boom ever.
65. 5:17This is because the European countries were forced to concentrate on the war due to the prolongation of the First World War.
66. 5:24As a result, exports from European countries to East Asian markets have declined.
67. 5:28In order to make up for the shortfall, opportunities for Japanese products to be exported increased, and Japan made a lot of money.
68. 5:33Before World War I, Japan borrowed about 1.1 billion yen.
69. 5:38However, six years after the end of the war, Japan had grown into a country that lends about 2.7 billion yen.
70. 5:44This is the war economy, but it is not the only one.
71. 5:48The surge in demand for arms, ammunition and ships around the world resulted in a flood of orders from the Allies.
72. 5:55In particular, some shipping companies and shipbuilders made a large amount of profit from this boom, and many people called "SHIP NOUVEAU RICHE" appeared one after another.
73. 6:03The Japanese shipbuilding industry has become the third largest in the world after the United States and the United Kingdom, and the shipbuilding technology has also reached the top level in the world.
74. 6:12In this way, Japanese industry achieved great development.
75. 6:16The last is about politics.
76. 6:18Shigenobu Okuma was the prime minister at the beginning of World War I.
77. 6:22Since the war had begun, the government insisted that ``we should expand our armaments.''
78. 6:28However, the political parties objected, saying that ``expansion of armaments costs money.''
79. 6:32As it did not progress, the House of Representatives was dissolved and elections began.
80. 6:37SHIGENOBU OKUMA played a big role in this election.
81. 6:40He put speeches on records and placed big advertisements in newspapers.
82. 6:45And he used a novel election tactic of boarding a train and leaning out of it to make a speech.
83. 6:54Partly because of his skillful electoral techniques and personal popularity, the result was a landslide victory for the Rikken Doshikai under his umbrella.
84. 7:03Until then, the Rikken Seiyūkai, which had maintained its position as the leading party for a long time, finally gave up its position.
85. 7:09In this way, the cabinet of SHIGENOBU OKUMA realized the military expansion that had been longed for in the parliament after the general election.
86. 7:15TAKAAKI KATO is the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the cabinet of SHIGENOBU OKUMA.
87. 7:19He worked on extending the Manchuria deadline.
88. 7:22In the first place, the land of Manchuria was acquired by Japan in exchange for the lives of 100,000 Japanese people and 2 billion yen in gold.
89. 7:30By this time, Manchuria had come to be regarded as a special land for the Japanese.
90. 7:35If such land were to be returned, riots could occur in Japan.
91. 7:41He was in a situation where he had to somehow extend the deadline.
92. 7:45It was SHANDONG PENINSULA that attracted attention.
93. 7:47The idea was born to extend the deadline for Manchuria in exchange for returning SHANDONG PENINSULA to China.
94. 7:55TAKAAKI KATO tried to proceed with this policy.
95. 7:59However, various requests were brought to him from various quarters.
96. 8:04Among them was a request not to return SHANDONG PENINSULA, and the demands grew enormously.
97. 8:12As a result of scrutinizing and organizing these requests, there are 21 requests to China in total.
98. 8:20That is the Twenty-One Demands.
99. 8:22These requirements can be divided into five categories.
100. 8:26Items 1 through 4 were requirements, and item 5 was a request.
101. 8:32The first issue is about the SHANDONG issue.
102. 8:34That is, Japan inherits SHANDONG's interests that Germany had.
103. 8:39The second issue concerns Manchuria.
104. 8:41That is to extend the lease terms of the Liaodong Peninsula and The South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd. by 99 years.
105. 8:47The third issue concerns steel companies.
106. 8:50That is to make China's largest steel company a joint venture between Japan and China.
107. 8:55The fourth issue concerns the territorial issue.
108. 8:57It called for non-yielding of China's coastal areas.
109. 9:00These demands were coercive.
110. 9:03However, even compared to the diplomacy of the powerful western countries at the time, it could not be said that it stood out.
111. 9:09So, if that were all there was to it, resistance from within China could be expected, but it was not a big problem for the powerful western countries.
112. 9:17But the problem was wish number five.
113. 9:21In No. 5, Japan sought a variety of things, including the recruitment of Japanese as political, financial, and military advisers to the Chinese government.
114. 9:29It could not be helped that Japan was perceived as trying to make China a Protectorate of Japan.
115. 9:34From the fact that it was seen as a wish rather than a demand, it can be seen that even in Japan, this No. 5 was perceived as too strong.
116. 9:42So, Japan hid the existence of No. 5 from the West.
117. 9:46China strongly resisted this enormous demand.
118. 9:50First, Yuan Shikai exposed Japan's demands to the Chinese people.
119. 9:55When the Chinese people learned of this, they criticized Japan, and it developed into an anti-Japanese movement.
120. 9:59In addition, Yuan Shikai revealed Japan's demands to Western countries.
121. 10:03Yuan Shikai encouraged Western countries to distrust Japan and intervene in this matter.
122. 10:08Especially when Western countries learned of the existence of No. 5, Japan's position became worse.
123. 10:12So TAKAAKI KATO told China as follows.
124. 10:15"Accept all requests except that number five."
125. 10:18"If China does not accept it, Japan will take military action."
126. 10:20he said yes.
127. 10:22These days.
128. 10:23China did not have the strength left to go to war with Japan.
129. 10:27And the great powers were busy with World War I and were tied up.
130. 10:31So China could not get their help.
131. 10:33As such, China granted most of Japan's demands.
132. 10:37Now, let's go back to Japan's domestic story.
133. 10:39From the point of view of the Meiji oligarchy clique.
134. 10:41Once Japan's armaments are expanded, SHIGENOBU OKUMA will be obsolete for them.
135. 10:44So ARITOMO YAMAGATA pressured him to resign from SHIGENOBU OKUMA.
136. 10:49ARITOMO YAMAGATA tried to make his subordinate MASATAKE TERAUCHI the next prime minister.
137. 10:54On the other hand, SHIGENOBU OKUMA considered TAKAAKI KATO as his successor.
138. 10:59SHIGENOBU OKUMA said, "Make TAKAAKI KATO the prime minister after I resign."
139. 11:04ARITOMO YAMAGATA said to SHIGENOBU OKUMA.
140. 11:06“It is the Council of Genrō that decides on the prime minister.”
141. 11:09"You are not an Genrō."
142. 11:10ARITOMO YAMAGATA said so and got furious.
143. 11:12In this way, the TERAUCHI Cabinet was formed, backed by Meiji oligarchy forces.
144. 11:17SHIGENOBU OKUMA did not remain silent in this situation.
145. 11:20He merged the OKUMA-affiliated political parties.
146. 11:22He then organized the Kenseikai of about 200 members.
147. 11:26The members wanted SHIGENOBU OKUMA to be its leader.
148. 11:30At that time, SHIGENOBU OKUMA was 78 years old, too old to be the leader of the party.
149. 11:35That's why SHIGENOBU OKUMA retired.
150. 11:37Its successor TAKAAKI KATO became the party leader.
151. 11:41Then the Kenseikai started.
152. 11:43Now.
153. 11:44The Kenseikai was born, and the TERAUCHI Cabinet was launched.
154. 11:47At this time.
155. 11:49Another political Rikken Seiyūkai, attracted attention.
156. 11:52what action did they take?
157. 11:54Takashi Hara was the president of Rikken Seiyūkai at that time.
158. 11:56``If we support the TERAUCHI cabinet of Meiji oligarchy, we will get antagonism.''
159. 12:01"But we also want to control the newly established Kenseikai."
160. 12:05He thought so and he took a cautious position.
161. 12:08Officially, the Rikken Seiyūkai did not ally with the TERAUCHI Cabinet.
162. 12:11The Rikken Seiyūkai supported the TERAUCHI Cabinet behind the scenes so as not to provoke antipathy.
163. 12:15That's how they adopted the policy of suppressing the Kenseikai.
164. 12:18in this situation.
165. 12:19What the TERAUCHI Cabinet should have done was to dissolve the House of Representatives.
166. 12:23situation in the House of Representatives at the time.
167. 12:25Due to the overwhelming popularity of SHIGENOBU OKUMA, the Kenseikai had an absolute majority of two-thirds of the total.
168. 12:32For the TERAUCHI Cabinet.
169. 12:33The Rikken Seiyūkai, which helps behind the scenes, is more helpful than the Kenseikai.
170. 12:38So the TERAUCHI Cabinet dissolved the House of Representatives.
171. 12:41As a result of the general election that was held after that, Rikken Seiyūkai returned to the first party.
172. 12:46The Kenseikai fell to the second party.
173. 12:49MASATAKE TERAUCHI has become easier to manage the government than before.
174. 12:53Furthermore, he did the following:
175. 12:56"Now we are at war."
176. 12:57"We must aim for a National unity cabinet."
177. 13:00“We should have more political parties on our side.”
178. 13:03He thought so, and he set up an ad hoc diplomatic commission.
179. 13:07This is, as the name suggests, a commission set up on a temporary basis to investigate diplomacy.
180. 13:14MASATAKE TERAUCHI invited the following three people to the committee.
181. 13:16TAKASHI HARA, president of Rikken Seiyūkai, the 1st party.
182. 13:19TAKAAKI KATO, president of Kenseikai, the second party.
183. 13:23TSUYOSHI INUKAI, president of the 3rd party, the Rikken Kokumintō .
184. 13:27in short.
185. 13:28MASATAKE TERAUCHI tried to create a National unity system in which Meiji oligarchy and political parties cooperated.
186. 13:32After all, TAKASHI HARA and TSUYOSHI INUKAI joined the committee.
187. 13:36TAKAAKI KATO did not participate, saying "there is a suspicion of unconstitutionality".
188. 13:40Although it did not lead to National unity.
189. 13:42When the Rikken Seiyūkai and the Rikken Kokumintō are combined.
190. 13:46The TERAUCHI Cabinet has stabilized as they secure a majority in the House of Representatives.
191. 13:51The TERAUCHI Cabinet criticized the Twenty-One Demands made during the OKUMA Cabinet era.
192. 13:57He made a course change in the confusing Japan-China relationship.
193. 14:01"Japan will not interfere in China's internal affairs."
194. 14:03"Respect China's independence and territorial integrity."
195. 14:07The TERAUCHI Cabinet decided on these policies.
196. 14:09But that was the face of the story.
197. 14:11The back side is a little different.
198. 14:14Japan stopped interfering with China by force.
199. 14:15Instead, the reality is that Japan interfered with China with money.
200. 14:19In other words, Japan lent money to China.
201. 14:22In that way, Japan tried to strengthen its influence in China.
202. 14:25That is the Nishihara Loans.
203. 14:27Before explaining the Nishihara Loans.
204. 14:30I will explain the situation in China at that time.
205. 14:33The leader at that time was Yuan Shikai.
206. 14:35There was a time when he declared, "I will become the emperor of China."
207. 14:38He tried to become emperor of China.
208. 14:40But he failed because of the backlash from home and abroad.
209. 14:42He died in despair.
210. 14:45China has lost power.
211. 14:47China began to divide, with military leaders called warlords ruling independently.
212. 14:54among them.
213. 14:55Japan chose a man named DAN KIZUI as its China policy partner.
214. 15:00Japan lent money to that power.
215. 15:03And Japan tried to strengthen its influence in China.
216. 15:06Only a year and a half after that.
217. 15:10The amount increased to 145 million yen.
218. 15:14DAN KIZUI used most of these funds for military buildup.
219. 15:18Well, at the end of World War I.
220. 15:22Two big things happened.
221. 15:25Number one: The United States entered World War I.
222. 15:27Second: The Russian Revolution happened.
223. 15:29Each made an impact around the world.
224. 15:32Of course, Japan was also affected.
225. 15:34in Japan.
226. 15:35The Lansing–Ishii Agreement was signed.
227. 15:38Japan dispatched troops to Siberia.
228. 15:40Let's see them in order.
229. 15:42Because America entered World War I.
230. 15:43Japan and the United States became allies as allies.
231. 15:47It was an opportunity to improve relations between Japan and the United States, which had been strained at the time.
232. 15:53That is why the Lansing–Ishii Agreement was concluded at this timing.
233. 15:57in this agreement.
234. 15:59Japan's special interest in China.
235. 16:01Integrity of China's Territory.
236. 16:03Open commercial doors and equal opportunities for China.
237. 16:08Japan and America have arranged these.
238. 16:10Temporarily, tensions between Japan and the United States eased.
239. 16:13Then there is the Russian Revolution.
240. 16:16For Japan, the collapse of Russia was a shocking event.
241. 16:19because.
242. 16:21"We will overthrow the emperor and create a nation of workers."
243. 16:25Because the Russian Revolution was such a revolution.
244. 16:27What if that way of thinking spreads to Japan?
245. 16:30"We will bring down the Emperor of Japan and create a nation of workers."
246. 16:34There was a danger that some people would appear to think that way.
247. 16:37"We must stop the spread of revolutionary ideas at all costs."
248. 16:42The Japanese government had such a sense of crisis.
249. 16:45But at the same time.
250. 16:46He also thought that the turmoil in Russia would be a perfect opportunity for Japan to advance into the continent.
251. 16:50within Japan.
252. 16:51"Let's take advantage of Russia's turmoil to advance into the continent and put East Siberia under Japanese influence."
253. 16:58Those in favor of the dispatch of troops who think so.
254. 17:00"If Japan did that, America would not be silent."
255. 17:03“We should prioritize our relationship with the United States.”
256. 17:05Those who opposed the dispatch and those who supported the dispatch conflicted with each other.
257. 17:08But at times like that.
258. 17:10The United States asked, "Why don't Japan send troops to Siberia?"
259. 17:14At that time, the Allied forces were left behind in Russian territory.
260. 17:18America suggested to Japan, "Let's help them."
261. 17:22Unexpectedly, the United States approached me.
262. 17:25It was a happy story for Japan.
263. 17:27That's why Japan sent a large army to Russia.
264. 17:30This is the Siberian Expedition.
265. 17:32A large amount of rice is required for dispatching troops.
266. 17:35The Japanese people also understood that.
267. 17:38The war had already raised the price of rice.
268. 17:41“From now on, the price of rice will rise further.”
269. 17:44The rich thought so.
270. 17:46They stopped selling rice or bought up rice.
271. 17:49Then there will be people who cannot afford to buy rice.
272. 17:51Finally, people's patience has reached its limit.
273. 17:53People flocked to the rice shops and demanded that they sell their rice cheap.
274. 17:56People threatened that if we didn't do what we said, we would burn the store down.
275. 17:59The uproar spread all over the country, and this movement spread throughout the country in a short period of time.
276. 18:04Crowds everywhere began to attack rice-related merchants and companies.
277. 18:09It's a rice riot.
278. 18:10The government imported rice from abroad.
279. 18:13Also, the government sold rice cheaply to the people and finally calmed down the turmoil.
280. 18:18It was enough to dispatch the army to suppress it.
281. 18:22The people's anger became criticism of the TERAUCHI Cabinet, which decided to dispatch troops to Siberia.
282. 18:26MASATAKE TERAUCHI was forced to resign after suppressing the rice riot.
283. 18:32During a difficult time due to the rice riots.
284. 18:34TAKASHI HARA of Rikken Seiyūkai helped TERAUCHI as an opposition party.
285. 18:40MASATAKE TERAUCHI also felt indebted to it.
286. 18:43MASATAKE TERAUCHI wanted to hand over the next prime minister to TAKASHI HARA.
287. 18:47In fact, in the political world of the time.
288. 18:49"The next prime minister will be TAKASHI HARA."
289. 18:51More and more people thought so.
290. 18:53to appease the anger of the people.
291. 18:57ARITOMO YAMAGATA was forced to agree to choose TAKASHI HARA as the next prime minister.
292. 19:02Thus, the TAKASHI HARA Cabinet, Japan's first full-fledged party cabinet, was formed.
293. 19:12How was it?
294. 19:14About a month after the HARA Cabinet was established in Japan.
295. 19:17World War I ended with the surrender of Germany.
296. 19:21By the way, the Japanese invasion of Siberia was a complete failure.
297. 19:25Despite the cost of 1000000000 yen and 3500 casualties.
298. 19:29The Japanese expedition to Siberia was largely unsuccessful.
299. 19:32anyway.
300. 19:33Under the influence of World War I, a full-fledged political party cabinet was established in Japan as well.
301. 19:38In the next video I will talk about TAKASHI HARA.
302. 19:42See you in the next video.
303. 19:47YouTube high school, notice of publication.
304. 19:49The composition is linked with the video.
305. 19:51Photos, maps, illustrations.
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