【大正時代】235 第一次護憲運動と大正政変【日本史】 — Transcript

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1. 0:01Hello everyone.
2. 0:03This time I will talk about the Taisho Coup.
3. 0:06This political change occurred soon after entering the Taishō era.
4. 0:09This is an incident typical of the Taishō era, in which politics is changed by the power of the people.
5. 0:14In this video, let's take a look at the appearance of the people and their atmosphere starting in the Taishō era.
6. 0:211912.
7. 0:22Emperor Meiji died and Emperor Taisho ascended the throne.
8. 0:27Emperor Taisho was prone to illness from birth.
9. 0:30Even after he became Emperor of Japan, he was in poor health.
10. 0:33It interfered with his official duties and personal life.
11. 0:37Genrō ARITOMO YAMAGATA thought he needed someone to support Emperor Taisho.
12. 0:43So he decided to make Tarō Katsura a close aide to Emperor Taisho.
13. 0:48To put it simply, the relationship between ARITOMO YAMAGATA and Tarō Katsura is that of a superior and a subordinate.
14. 0:52However, around this time, Tarō Katsura grew stronger and began to disobey ARITOMO YAMAGATA's orders.
15. 0:59ARITOMO YAMAGATA was wary of Tarō Katsura.
16. 1:03Kick out Tarō Katsura from the world of politics and drive him to the imperial court.
17. 1:08It keeps Tarō Katsura away from the world of politics and gives ARITOMO YAMAGATA some influence in the imperial court.
18. 1:13In other words, it was the idea of ​​killing two birds with one stone for ARITOMO YAMAGATA.
19. 1:17This is how the Taishō era began.
20. 1:20The politics of this time is the Keien period .
21. 1:22Tarō Katsura from Choshu, the representative of the Meiji oligarchy clique.
22. 1:27KINMOCHI SAIONJI, the president of the Rikken Seiyūkai Seiyukai, a political party representative.
23. 1:31It was a time when these two men took turns in charge of the government.
24. 1:34The Taishō era began around the time of the second Saionji Cabinet.
25. 1:38This is after the Russo‐Japanese War.
26. 1:41Both the army and the navy were calling for an increase in armaments.
27. 1:46They were asking for a budget because they needed money to make the army stronger.
28. 1:52But the military isn't the only one who wants money.
29. 1:55Politicians want to spend money on businesses that are related to them.
30. 1:58Banks want to pay back debts from the Russo‐Japanese War.
31. 2:02The business world seeks the rise of business.
32. 2:05People want tax relief.
33. 2:09As you can see, there is no money to spend on military expansion.
34. 2:12The country has just spent money on the Russo‐Japanese War.
35. 2:16Japan couldn't afford that.
36. 2:18But the military isn't asking for money blindly.
37. 2:23A revolution was taking place in China at the time, and the continent was in a state of instability.
38. 2:28The army, seeing this, thought that Chōsen would be in danger if things continued as they were, and that it was necessary to deploy a new army in Chōsen .
39. 2:36It was Tarō Katsura , who had been confined to the imperial court , and moved after seeing this situation.
40. 2:41"I can't end here. I have to find a way out myself."
41. 2:46Thinking so, he didn't give up.
42. 2:49Tarō Katsura urged YUSAKU UEHARA, Minister of War at the time, to say, "Military expansion is absolutely necessary. No matter what the government says, we must not compromise."
43. 3:01Upon hearing this, YUSAKU UEHARA submitted his resignation to the Emperor of Japan on his own in protest that the budget for military expansion would not be passed.
44. 3:09It's a bit confusing so I'll explain the situation.
45. 3:11Japan's military is divided into an army and a navy.
46. 3:16The General Staff for formulating military operations.
47. 3:19The Naval Naval General Staff is in charge of planning naval operations.
48. 3:23The Ministry of War is in charge of military politics.
49. 3:26The Department of the Navy is in charge of naval politics.
50. 3:30``If the Cabinet was discussing each strategy while fighting, we would not be able to respond to the war situation.''
51. 3:37Based on this idea, the General Staff and the Naval General Staff, which were in charge of operations, had the right to inform the Emperor of Japan directly about matters related to military operations without a meeting.
52. 3:47This right is Iaku Joso-ken.
53. 3:50YUSAKU UEHARA is the Minister of War.
54. 3:53He was originally unable to exercise the Iaku Joso-ken.
55. 3:56In other words, his resignation letter was an unofficial IAKU JOSO.
56. 4:00This was more than just a letter of resignation.
57. 4:03The Minister of War, which became vacant after YUSAKU UEHARA, was required to be an active military officer.
58. 4:09So the Cabinet tried to fill the new Minister of War with active duty military personnel.
59. 4:15However, the Army rejected the recommendation of the next Minister of War.
60. 4:20As a result, the vacancies in the Cabinet were not filled, and the SAIONJI Cabinet resigned en masse due to failure to form the Cabinet.
61. 4:27If the military opposes personnel affairs, the cabinet will collapse. Things like that have come to light.
62. 4:32It is certain that the next cabinet will be a convenient cabinet for the military.
63. 4:37However, an unexpected power appears here.
64. 4:41it's the people.
65. 4:42The people, who were watching the political situation, thought, ``The army of the domain Meiji oligarchy force overthrew the Meiji oligarchy Cabinet.
66. 4:51The angry people rebelled against the army.
67. 4:55"We are already overburdened." "And the Army still wants to spend money?"
68. 5:00They vented their frustration like this.
69. 5:03At that time, the third Tarō Katsura Cabinet was established.
70. 5:07Public outrage reached its peak.
71. 5:09Tarō Katsura , who is a symbol of Meiji oligarchy power, has returned to the world of politics.
72. 5:14The people who felt so began to move to overthrow the Katsura Cabinet.
73. 5:18"Why did Tarō Katsura come out of the imperial court?"
74. 5:21"Do not disturb the distinction between Imperial court and government offices ."
75. 5:23"Keep the Constitution."
76. 5:24In this way, a movement to overthrow the Meiji oligarchy forces began with the slogan `` Dispel clique group! protect politics by the constitution !''
77. 5:32This is the first Constitution protection movement.
78. 5:34In this way, those who regarded the KATSURA Cabinet as an enemy gradually united.
79. 5:39The protect politics by the constitution Association was established.
80. 5:41TSUYOSHI INUKAI of RIKKEN KOKUMIN Party and YUKIO OZAKI of Rikken Rikken Seiyūkai also attended the 1st protect politics by the constitution Convention.
81. 5:49They insisted, ``Let's overthrow the Tarō Katsura Cabinet, which was established by the tyranny of the Meiji oligarchy .''
82. 5:54In addition, newspaper reporters and business people joined the movement, and the opposition movement spread throughout the country.
83. 6:01To deal with this, Tarō Katsura organizes a new political party that he has been thinking about for some time.
84. 6:08It is the Rikken Doshikai.
85. 6:10Hirobumi Itō had his foundation by creating the Rikken Seiyūkai.
86. 6:14Similarly, Tarō Katsura must have wanted to have his foundation by creating Rikken Doshikai.
87. 6:18However, the number of supporters did not gather as expected, and Tarō Katsura's speculation failed.
88. 6:23With no choice, he adjourned the House of Representatives to cut down on the opposition.
89. 6:27This also had no effect.
90. 6:29On the day parliament resumes, tens of thousands of pro-Conservatives surround the Houses of Parliament.
91. 6:35The Emperor Meiji passed away not too long ago, and with the new era came expectations for new politics.
92. 6:42And there was a revolution in China.
93. 6:45Influenced by these, there was a growing movement among the people to try to change politics through action.
94. 6:50Against this situation, Tarō Katsura once again uses Emperor Taisho .
95. 6:55He asks Emperor Taisho to issue an imperial edict addressed to KINMOCHI SAIONJI, president of the Rikken Seiyūkai Seiyukai.
96. 7:00The content of the order is to appease the Rikken Seiyu members.
97. 7:05However, the members of the Rikken Seiyūkai were enraged by this.
98. 7:08Moreover, KINMOCHI, who was unable to appease the members of the Rikken Seiyūkai, resigned as president of the Rikken Seiyūkai on the grounds that he could not obey the Emperor of Japan 's order.
99. 7:18After that, the severe attacks on the KATSURA Cabinet continue.
100. 7:21YUKIO OZAKI made a speech saying, " Tarō Katsura is hiding behind the Emperor of Japan's shadow, defending himself, and using the Emperor of Japan's edict as a bullet to shoot."
101. 7:30OZAKI severely criticized Tarō Katsura.
102. 7:33The cornered Tarō Katsura decides to dissolve the House of Representatives as a last resort.
103. 7:37However, the speaker of the House of Representatives who heard it said, "If we disband now, the people's riot will develop into civil war."
104. 7:44He recommended that ``Tarō Katsura should resign instead of dissolving the House of Representatives.''
105. 7:47Therefore, Tarō Katsura decided to resign en masse and suspended the assembly for three days.
106. 7:52However, the public, who do not know the circumstances, are furious at the adjournment.
107. 7:55They clashed with police officers and set fire to police stations and newspapers supporting the KATSURA Cabinet.
108. 8:01It turned into a big ruckus.
109. 8:03Eventually the army was dispatched and suppressed.
110. 8:06Such popular riots in urban areas will continue to occur.
111. 8:10In the end, the KATSURA Cabinet resigned en masse in just 53 days due to such circumstances.
112. 8:16The power of the people combined with the power of the political parties finally brought down the Meiji oligarchy government.
113. 8:22This is the Taisho Coup.
114. 8:24After KATSURA, the next Prime Minister was Admiral GONBEE YAMAMOTO, who was from the Satsuma Domain.
115. 8:30Since it is a cabinet after such a trend, of course, the Yamamoto cabinet will adopt a system of cooperation with political parties.
116. 8:37From the Rikken Seiyūkai, TAKASHI HARA was elected Minister of Home Affairs, and KOREKIYO TAKAHASHI was elected Minister of Finance.
117. 8:43In this way, the cabinet was strongly influenced by the Rikken Seiyūkai.
118. 8:46While respecting public opinion, they will reform the system that caused the political change.
119. 8:52The first thing that was started was to revise the Gunbu Daijin Geneki Bukan sei.
120. 8:57They changed the rule of active duty and made it possible for even reserve and reserve military personnel to become military ministers.
121. 9:03They also made various reforms, such as amending the Civil Servant Appointment Ordinance to open the way for those who belonged to political parties to become high-ranking bureaucrats.
122. 9:11But here comes the problem.
123. 9:13It was discovered that high-ranking naval officers had received large sums of money in bribes when ordering warships and weapons from the German company SIEMENS and the British company VICKERS.
124. 9:25GONBEE YAMAMOTO is from the navy.
125. 9:27This corruption scandal caused him to come under fire from public opinion.
126. 9:31"They use taxpayer money to order warships and cruisers. We cannot allow them to receive slush funds from the contractors." That is the feeling of the people.
127. 9:42In this way, the public's anger expanded at once under the slogan of ``cleaning up the discipline of the navy''.
128. 9:48And once again a crowd of people shouting to overthrow the Cabinet surrounded the Houses of Parliament.
129. 9:52The House of Peers saw this uproar and forced the Yamamoto Cabinet to resign en masse.
130. 9:58After the resignation of the YAMAMOTO Cabinet, the Genrō are in trouble.
131. 10:01The YAMAMOTO Cabinet, in which the Rikken Seiyūkai was the ruling party, collapsed.
132. 10:05Therefore, the next party should be someone who stands in opposition to the Rikken Seiyūkai .
133. 10:09The Rikken Doshikai , a souvenir of Tarō Katsura , was mentioned in this way.
134. 10:14However, Tarō Katsura died of illness in despair after the Taisho Coup.
135. 10:19At this time, Rikken Doshikai was led by TAKAAKI KATO.
136. 10:23But it was too much of a burden for TAKAAKI KATO to deal with this dilemma of successive cabinet overthrows by the people.
137. 10:31SHIGENOBU OOKUMA, who had already retired from the world of politics, was named there.
138. 10:37He was very popular with the people because of his commoner personality and his political career since the Freedom and People's Rights Movement.
139. 10:45Moreover, the Rikken Seiyūkai was originally a Liberal Party.
140. 10:49SHIGENOBU OOKUMA nurtured a political party to oppose the Liberal Party.
141. 10:52It seemed to be an effective means to make him stand against the Rikken Seiyūkai.
142. 10:57In this way, break down the Rikken Seiyūkai.
143. 11:00Resolving the armament problem.
144. 11:01Calming the popular movement.
145. 11:03political stabilization.
146. 11:05The Genrō entrust these four items to SHIGENOBU OOKUMA.
147. 11:11How was that.
148. 11:13Thus, the second OOKUMA Cabinet was established.
149. 11:16However, just because OOKUMA became prime minister does not mean that Japan's financial difficulties will be resolved.
150. 11:21There were still requests for funding from various quarters.
151. 11:25But there is an opportunity to overcome this difficulty.
152. 11:29It's World War I.
153. 11:31If Japan joins this, there is a justification for military expansion on the grounds of war.
154. 11:37Furthermore, tax cuts and tax abolitions can be canceled for the same reason.
155. 11:41Moreover, the main battlefield is Europe, which is far from Japan.
156. 11:44It is a situation that even if Japan participates in the war, it will not bear a huge burden.
157. 11:49World War I seemed like a godsend to Japan.
158. 11:55In the next video I will talk about World War I.
159. 11:59See you in the next video.
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