【幕末】204 武士の世の終焉 徳川慶喜と大政奉還【日本史】 — Transcript

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1. 0:25"NIJO Castle".
2. 0:26hello everyone.
3. 0:27This time I will talk about Taisei Hokan.
4. 0:31This event marked a historical turning point in which the Tokugawa shogunate returned power to The Imperial Court.
5. 0:37There were many ups and downs before this was realized.
6. 0:41Check out this video to see the process leading up to the restoration of Taisei Hokan.
7. 0:48review.
8. 0:49The death of shogun IEMOCHI TOKUGAWA drastically changed the political situation at the end of the end of Edo period.
9. 0:55His successor as shogun was YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA.
10. 0:58He ended the Choshu Conquest that was being carried out at that time to mourn the death of shogun IEMOCHI.
11. 1:06This was a de facto defeat for the Shogunate.
12. 1:08In other words, the weakening of the Shogunate was made known to the world, and people's hearts turned away from the Shogunate.
13. 1:15Review, done.
14. 1:16In this way, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA becomes isolated.
15. 1:19However, it was Emperor Kōmei who supported YOSHINOBU.
16. 1:23Emperor Kōmei trusted YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA and adopted a policy of running the country together with the Shogunate.
17. 1:31In other words, the top of the Shogunate, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA, and the top of The Imperial Court, Emperor Kōmei, were working hand in hand.
18. 1:39However, the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain opposed this.
19. 1:43At this time, the Chōshū Domain was thinking of overthrowing the Shogunate .
20. 1:47The Satsuma Satsuma-Choshu Alliance was formed between the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain .
21. 1:52In the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, the Satsuma Domain promised to make efforts to remove the stigma that Choshu had received as an Emperor's enemy of the Imperial Court.
22. 2:00The main racer on the Satsuma-Choshu side at this time was TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO of the Satsuma Domain.
23. 2:05TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO's role at this time was to make allies within The Imperial Court.
24. 2:10In other words, it's The Imperial Court operation.
25. 2:12The person he had his eye on was TOMOMI IWAKURA, a nobleman who lived quietly in the suburbs of Kyoto.
26. 2:18TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO tried to increase his number of friends within The Imperial Court by connecting with him.
27. 2:23This strategy was actually successful, and TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO and TOMOMI IWAKURA appealed to Emperor Kōmei for political reform.
28. 2:30However, as I said earlier, Emperor Kōmei trusted YOSHINOBU, so he did not listen to what OHKUBO and IWAKURA had to say.
29. 2:38In other words, at this stage, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA, who was holding back Emperor Kōmei, had the upper hand.
30. 2:45After YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA became the shogun, he began reforming the Shogunate .
31. 2:50That is KEIO's reform.
32. 2:52In order to regain the authority of the Shogunate , which had fallen due to the Second Choshu Conquest , he replaced the outdated system of the Shogunate with a modern system.
33. 3:01This reform was supported from outside by the French Minister ROCHES.
34. 3:04YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA, who gained knowledge of France, reformed the system of the Shogunate.
35. 3:10However, at this moment, a major incident occurs.
36. 3:13Emperor Kōmei passed away.
37. 3:15The sudden death of Emperor Kōmei had a great impact on the political situation at the end of Edo period .
38. 3:20This event was a major event that completely changed the political situation.
39. 3:25Naturally, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA's position is in jeopardy due to this incident.
40. 3:29YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA lost a strong supporter and became increasingly isolated.
41. 3:34The new Emperor of Japan was 16-year-old SACHINOMIYA, the son of Emperor Kōmei.
42. 3:40This person was the future Emperor Meiji.
43. 3:42With the death of Emperor Kōmei, it became a battle between the Shogunate and Satsuma-Choshu to decide whether to take Emperor Meiji on their side.
44. 3:51YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA finds himself in a difficult situation, but he turns it into an opportunity.
45. 3:57The death of Emperor Kōmei meant, conversely, that it became easier to opening of the country.
46. 4:03YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA's focus was on foreign powers such as England, France, the Netherlands, and the United States.
47. 4:11YOSHINOBU wanted to win over foreign countries to his side by resolving a long-standing diplomatic issue, namely the opening of the Hyogo port.
48. 4:20For this reason, YOSHINOBU met the ministers of various countries at Osaka Castle.
49. 4:24At this time, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA's etiquette and manners were perfect in every way, and foreign countries were fascinated by YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA.
50. 4:33"The previous TOKUGAWA was no good, but the new TOKUGAWA is a little different."
51. 4:37``YOSHINOBU is the most outstanding person among Japanese people.''
52. 4:42"We want to support him in any way possible."
53. 4:44YOSHINOBU forced them to do so.
54. 4:45However, at this stage, YOSHINOBU is only saying that he will open Hyogo to the four great powers, but the Emperor of Japan has not given his permission.
55. 4:54Taking advantage of this, the Satsuma Domain began a counterattack.
56. 4:58TAKAMORI SAIGO and TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO of the Satsuma Domain try to prevent the opening of Hyogo port.
57. 5:06They thought that if they did so, YOSHINOBU would not be able to keep his promises and would lose the trust of foreign countries.
58. 5:13Therefore, the Satsuma Domain went around calling out to powerful domain.
59. 5:16They gather four powerful daimyo in Kyoto and attempt to oppose the Shogunate led by YOSHINOBU.
60. 5:22The SHIKOU conference was thus held.
61. 5:25There were two main topics discussed at this meeting.
62. 5:29The first is, as I said earlier, the issue of opening the Hyogo port.
63. 5:34The second issue was the issue of the disposition of the Chōshū Domain.
64. 5:38The Satsuma Domain's intention was to blame YOSHINOBU, who had promised to open the port of Hyogo without permission, and to have the Chōshū Domain rescind its punishment, thereby further weakening the authority of the Shogunate.
65. 5:49However, of course, the Satsuma Domain and the Shogunate were in conflict.
66. 5:53YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA insisted that the issue of opening Hyogo port should be prioritized first.
67. 5:58HISAMITSU SHIMAZU insisted that the issue of disposition of the Chōshū Domain was a priority.
68. 6:04Concerning the contents of the Chōshū Domain disposition.
69. 6:06YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA insisted that the Chōshū Domain should be suppressed.
70. 6:10HISAMITSU SHIMAZU insisted that the honor of the Chōshū Domain should be restored.
71. 6:15The opinions of the two sides conflicted, and the discussion followed parallel lines.
72. 6:19In this case, the one who gets the Emperor of Japan on their side wins.
73. 6:24In other words, it is a struggle for Emperor Meiji.
74. 6:27From the Satsuma Domain , talented figures such as TAKAMORI SAIGO and TOSHIMICHI OHKUBO conducted a campaign to get Emperor Meiji on their side by working with the imperial The Imperial Court .
75. 6:35However, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA surpassed that.
76. 6:38YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA succeeded in gaining support from senior Nobility and obtaining royal permission to open the port of Hyogo.
77. 6:44In other words, it was YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA who won the battle for Emperor Meiji.
78. 6:49This is where the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance comes into play.
79. 6:52Article 5 of the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance states the following:
80. 6:56When YOSHINOBU-AIZU-KUWANA takes over The Imperial Court and prevents the Satsuma Domain from lobbying The Imperial Court to forgive the Chōshū Domain , the Satsuma Domain brings soldiers to Kansai and fights.
81. 7:11This current situation is in line with Article 5.
82. 7:15Thus, the Satsuma Domain decided to go to war.
83. 7:18The Satsuma Domain also switched to the policy of overthrowing the Shogunate, and together with the Chōshū Domain they planned a decisive battle to overthrow the Shogunate by force.
84. 7:26Here's the plan:
85. 7:28First, the Satsuma Domain arrives in Choshu by warship.
86. 7:31They loaded the Chōshū Domain on a warship and headed for Kyoto, where they took control of the Kyoto Imperial Palace.
87. 7:36If they get Kyoto, that is, the Emperor of Japan, it's as good as a victory.
88. 7:40They move the Emperor of Japan to a safe location and have him issue the order to overthrowing the Shogunate the Emperor of Japan .
89. 7:45In this way, they will have a cause to overthrow the Shogunate. "Osaka Castle".
90. 7:48All that was left to do was to take control of the Shogunate's Osaka Castle and crush the Shogunate fleet in Osaka Bay.
91. 7:54That was their plan.
92. 7:56If things continued like this, war would break out, so the Tosa Domain took action.
93. 8:01SHOJIRO GOTO and RYOMA SAKAMOTO of the Tosa Domain opposed the overthrowing the Shogunate of the Shogunate by force.
94. 8:06``Right now is not the time for us to fight domestically.''
95. 8:09``We should cooperate domestically against foreigners.''
96. 8:12``We must work hand in hand with the Shogunate and conduct politics through conferences.''
97. 8:17They thought like this.
98. 8:18Therefore, SHOJIRO GOTO and RYOMA SAKAMOTO contact the Satsuma Domain to try to resolve the problem by peaceful means.
99. 8:26The peaceful means of achieving this was the Taisei Hokan.
100. 8:29Taisei Hokan is the idea of ​​returning the political power currently held by the Shogunate to The Imperial Court.
101. 8:37In Japanese history, The Imperial Court has been in charge of politics since ancient times.
102. 8:42Since the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate , samurai have been in charge of politics, as in the Ashikaga shogunate and the Tokugawa shogunate .
103. 8:48The real political power that had been exercised by the samurai was returned to The Imperial Court , as it had been before the Heian period .
104. 8:55SHOJIRO GOTO and RYOMA SAKAMOTO had such an idea.
105. 8:59When the Satsuma Domain heard of this peaceful method, it agreed to this policy for a time.
106. 9:05The Satsuma Domain probably believed that it was pointless to encourage the Shogunate to Taisei Hokan.
107. 9:11However, if the Shogunate did not carry out the Taisei Hokan, Satsuma and Choshu could use that as an excuse to attack the Shogunate.
108. 9:18Based on such calculations, the Satsuma Domain must have joined forces with the Tosa Domain.
109. 9:22SHOJIRO GOTO, who succeeded in teaming up with the Satsuma Domain, reported this to YODO YAMAUCHI.
110. 9:28When YODO YAMAUCHI heard this, he agreed with the Taisei Hokan, but insisted that he would not send troops.
111. 9:36When the Satsuma Domain heard this, they decided that it would be no good if they did not send troops, and ended their cooperation with the Tosa Domain.
112. 9:43The Satsuma Domain once again collaborated with the Chōshū Domain and aimed to overthrowing the Shogunate by force.
113. 9:47However, the Tosa Domain did not give up.
114. 9:50They submit a petition for the restoration of Taisei Hokan to YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA.
115. 9:54YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA read this and adopted this strategy.
116. 9:59In other words, he decided to return to Taisei Hokan and avoid war before Satsuma and Choshu took action to overthrow the shogunate.
117. 10:07Thus, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA declared the Taisei Hokan.
118. 10:10The long reign of the samurai came to an end, and real political power once again passed to The Imperial Court.
119. 10:16The Taisei Hokan was implemented, which was a major turning point in history.
120. 10:29So what do you think?
121. 10:30In this way, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA returned real political power to The Imperial Court.
122. 10:34Even if the government were suddenly returned to power, there was no way The Imperial Court could conduct politics.
123. 10:39The Imperial Court's response was to leave politics to YOSHINOBU as usual until various preparations were completed.
124. 10:45This was what YOSHINOBU was aiming for.
125. 10:47In other words, YOSHINOBU TOKUGAWA's plan is to once return political power to the Emperor of Japan, and he will conduct politics at the Emperor of Japan's request.
126. 10:57However, there is no way Satsuma-Choshu will remain silent in this situation.
127. 11:01What will happen from now on?
128. 11:04In the next video, I will talk about the Decree for the Restoration of Imperial Rule.
129. 11:08See you in the next video.