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2026 学問入門講座 Cheng260226 — Transcript

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0:02Good afternoon.
0:29High context, low context.
0:35Communication style.
0:42Communication.
0:45No.
0:54communication.
1:14Communication
1:22communication.
1:32High context,
1:35low contunication,
1:43not style.
2:10John
2:14Australia. There engineering
2:23ka
2:25gaku
2:50ICT. ICT
2:55So IC media
3:02communication.
3:25Seminar
3:35academic English
3:38seminar
3:44interculture literacy.
3:58New media society,
4:07internet.
4:34topic
4:39say
4:42no.
4:55I know
4:58communication
5:06communication
5:13Okay.
5:19Right. Okay. Good afternoon everyone. So
5:23we will start talking about this course
5:25uh which is international communication.
5:28Um
5:31hey okay so this course as you can see
5:34it is fully conducted in English. Um it
5:37is actually compulsory for all firstear
5:40communication students. uh but tada but
5:46it is also taken by many politics in and
5:49economic students. Uh so the objective
5:52um the objective of this course is um uh
5:56we are going to learn key socopolitical
5:59and economic aspects of international
6:02communications.
6:03Um so this course is divided into two
6:06semesters. Um so we have Zeni and Ki and
6:11uh for each semester there are 15 weeks.
6:14Um so in total um this course will take
6:18around we will take 30 weeks um to
6:21finish and what else? Um and then in um
6:25in the seni in the first semester um we
6:28will learn about basic topics like uh
6:30globalizations uh international
6:33communications and etc. And then in the
6:36second part like in ki uh we are going
6:40to talk about more advanced topic like
6:44uh like media or media stereotype and we
6:49will also talk about prejudice and
6:52discrimination
6:53um in communication.
6:56So um here is the uh here here is the QR
7:00code. Um so if you uh if you want to
7:03look at the syllabus of this course then
7:06you can scan um this QR code here. Okay.
7:12And next um next is the highlights of
7:16this class. Um so the kind of different
7:21um from other classes. So um the in this
7:26class so we we will learn about
7:28international communications uh but we
7:31will learn from different angles like uh
7:33we going to learn from a social
7:35perspective we will also talk about
7:37political aspects and we will also cover
7:41like economics reasons. Um so for for
7:44instance like um today we are going to
7:47talk about culture like how how culture
7:51is going to affect uh communication. So
7:54this is part of the social aspect of uh
7:58communication.
8:00The second highlight of this class is um
8:03uh you will learn like like students
8:06they will learn like higher levels like
8:08university level of English skills
8:12through learning new knowledge in
8:15English. So what does it mean like um so
8:19this is actually not an English class.
8:22Um so in this class we don't really
8:24learn English as a language. Instead we
8:28are going to use English to learn new
8:31knowledge. So as you can see um uh
8:36through this practice like students can
8:39developed um their communication skills
8:42um and as well as listening and writing
8:45skills uh at the same time as learning
8:48new ideas. So here are some feedback
8:51from our previous students. So again um
8:55like uh Ian may not sign by like for not
8:58to two students. So um we have like a
9:02homework assignments uh maybe
9:06almost every week. So um every week
9:09students they need to think about their
9:11ideas and they need to express their
9:13ideas in English. So that means like
9:16over 15 weeks um students will learn or
9:20students will develop better
9:22communication skills um and then they
9:24can think about um their ideas and how
9:28to express their ideas in in English. So
9:31this is the highlight for this class.
9:38Okay. So now we move on to the second
9:41topic. Um what is intercultural
9:44communication?
9:45Um first of all um as I mentioned
9:48earlier uh in uh this course is divided
9:52into two semester. So we cover different
9:55topics. So like in the middle of the
9:58first semester. So we are going to talk
10:02about um the cultural aspect of um
10:05communication and in that in under this
10:09topic we cover intercultural
10:12communication which is what we will we
10:15are going to talk about now. Um so first
10:19of all um why why do we need to learn
10:23about intercultural communications when
10:26we talk about international
10:28communication?
10:30So if we think about this like um
10:33international communication is all about
10:37how to communicate with people who are
10:41different from us.
10:43So how do we define um what is different
10:46and what is not different um from us? Um
10:51basically we can divide like how people
10:54are different to each other by their
10:57languages. What language do they speak
10:59or by their religions or by what they
11:03believes like what what their beliefs
11:06and what are their values. Also we can
11:09actually divide people by the based on
11:11their custom, their ethnicity or by
11:15their race. So if we think about this
11:18like all these elements like languages,
11:22religions, beliefs, values, customs,
11:26ethnic and races they together they
11:29construct a culture. So that means to
11:34understand international communication
11:37first we need to learn about
11:40intercultural communication.
11:46So next we need to think about what is
11:50culture.
11:52So for for instance this is a picture of
11:55Japanese culture. Some are correct, some
11:57are not correct. So there are many many
11:59different aspects um of one particular
12:04culture. So if we think about this
12:07culture is a meaning making process. So
12:11what does it mean by meaning? So that's
12:14how we understand things or how we
12:18interpret different things. Um so it is
12:22being produced and reproduced. So what
12:26does it mean? And it means a culture is
12:28changing over time. So traditional
12:31Japanese culture may be different from
12:34modern Japanese culture. Um some parts
12:38may change and some parts may remain the
12:41same.
12:43So what is what is the function of of a
12:45culture? What what what do we use
12:47culture for? So in in a way um cultures
12:51they help people to interpret their
12:54experience. So if we go to another
12:57country, we will experience different
13:00things. We may enjoy different food or
13:03we may see different um site sites and
13:07and different people and by
13:10understanding their cultures. So we can
13:13interpret what do they mean or we can
13:16interpret what other people are
13:18thinking. And by interpreting or by
13:22understanding
13:24our experience
13:26cultures they help guide our actions. So
13:30we will act accordingly according to a a
13:34the cultures or either is our home
13:36culture or culture in another place. So
13:40the third characteristics of of a
13:43culture is it is a total weight of life.
13:47So it's not just about food, it's not
13:50just about language, it's not just about
13:52religion, it's not just about behaviors.
13:55It is everything that is combined to
13:58produce a culture. So this is how we
14:01understand culture from from this
14:03perspective. It is a
14:07overall experience. It is an overall
14:10meanings of how we interpret our
14:14reality.
14:19Okay. So
14:21how how do we differentiate? Um so this
14:24is I want to show you one very
14:26interesting example. Um so now we have
14:29three different sayings, three different
14:31kawasa like from from Japan, from China
14:35and then from Australia. So they all
14:37talk about similar things like um first
14:41of all um this is um the from Japan um
14:47you know we have this saying like uh
14:53right so that means uh the nail that
14:55sticks out get hammers hammered down
14:59similarly like in Chinese saying there's
15:02a saying that the birds that get that
15:05sticks out get shut down. So probably we
15:09we know what this means like in in an in
15:11in a Japanese perspective or in an Asian
15:14perspective is um we try to be the same.
15:19We try not to be different from other
15:21people otherwise we will get criticized.
15:25So this is a very much an an Asian
15:27perspective that we try to maintain
15:30harmony. We try to be the same as
15:34everyone.
15:36But on the other hand like um in in
15:38Australia a a western culture they have
15:41a saying that say like tall poppies
15:44poppies poppies are poppy I mean
15:46Japanese is the same tall poppies they
15:49will get cut short so in on the surveys
15:54it's is very similar to what uh we are
15:57saying in in in Japanese or in Chinese
16:00but the background is slightly
16:02different. So in Australia they when we
16:05say like tall poppies get cut short so
16:08it means like everyone should be treated
16:10equally everyone's are the same. So from
16:15this example we can see that like um
16:18even we have um similar ideas in
16:22different cultures they are different in
16:25meanings. So that's why we need to learn
16:28about um intercultural communications or
16:32how do we actually um communicate with
16:36different people because even though um
16:39we may be talking about very similar
16:42things like the like like uh the nail
16:45that sticks out get hammered down or
16:48tall poppies get cut short but the
16:51meanings are different. So this is the
16:53interesting part of um intercultural
16:56communication.
17:00Okay. So we move on to the the actual
17:03topic now. So what what is intercultural
17:06communication? So first of all um we
17:10already talk about culture. Uh so we
17:12know that culture
17:15comp comprise of almost everything of
17:19our daily experience. So the second
17:21question that we want to think about is
17:25what does inter what does inter mean
17:29like of intercultural communication. So
17:32um if we if we try to look for the
17:34meanings of inter or from from an online
17:38dictionary so it shows like in the
17:41meaning is like between like in between
17:44something a and b. Um so that's in
17:48simple right. So we think about this
17:51like if inter is some is um between so
17:55intercultural communication. So that
17:57means um communication between
18:02different cultures. So we have culture A
18:05here and then we have culture B here and
18:08this is interultural
18:10communication.
18:12Is it simple?
18:15But if you think about this, how do we
18:18say intercultural communication in
18:21Japanese?
18:26Intercultural communication.
18:37in Japanese. Uh, no, we say
18:40intercultural communication.
18:43It's not
18:45nor communication. We we didn't we don't
18:47say this in in Japanese. Instead, in in
18:50Japanese, we use the word
18:54communication.
18:56So, what does it mean? Like again, I
18:58check the um online dictionary.
19:03So, so what does it mean by e? um it
19:06means different.
19:09So that means like from from a Japanese
19:11perspective if we think about this um
19:16we are talking about my culture and how
19:21I communicate with a different culture.
19:25So now again we we see a very
19:28interesting phenomenon that just like
19:30what we talked about earlier like um if
19:33we talk about intercultural
19:35communication in English and we talk
19:38about ibunka communication in Japanese
19:42even though we are talking about similar
19:44things but actually the meanings are
19:47different. So this is the interesting
19:50part of intercultural communications.
19:57So again as a quick summary so we can
20:00see that like from a from a western
20:02perspective uh when we talk about
20:05intercultural communications we are
20:07thinking about like boka nakano
20:10communications we we are thinking about
20:13two different cultures that they are in
20:15a similar level and we are focusing on
20:18what is in between um in the
20:21communication but in the case of a a
20:24Japanese or more eastern perspective. So
20:29no communication.
20:32So that means I focus on my culture as
20:35the main point and we see everyone else
20:39as different.
20:41So this is um how we need to understand
20:44ibuna communication basically is when
20:49people say similar things are they share
20:53the same meanings or they have different
20:56meanings
21:03right okay
21:05we move on to the third topic which is
21:09um high and low context culture. Um
21:14so we we just talk about like there are
21:17different types of cultures and um
21:20people behave differently according to
21:22their cultures. So how actually are we
21:25going to differentiate um so how are we
21:29going to compare different um cultures
21:31and and different people? So um in
21:35international international
21:37communications or in intercultural
21:39communications there are many different
21:41ways of um comparing different cultures.
21:45So today we are going to talk about um
21:48one very commonly used um method which
21:52is what we call a hide and a low context
21:56culture. So that means like like we
21:58divide cultures into a higher context
22:01and then we divide them in into lower
22:03context. So what does it mean by um high
22:07and low context culture? Um so as we can
22:11see here uh high context like like um
22:16higher context culture um meanings are
22:20more implicit. So
22:25that's so so like we do not really say
22:29directly uh what we are thinking about
22:33and then the the second part is um on
22:36top on top of verbal communications like
22:39science we use a lot of nonverbal
22:43messages like um atmosphere like
22:47feelings like like signs like body
22:49languages. So we use a lot more
22:52nonverbal messages and then s like like
22:56the third point is quite interesting um
22:59reasonings. So how do we understand
23:01things is u based on mutual
23:04understanding. So that means you and I
23:07we share the same understanding. So that
23:11means sometimes we don't need to explain
23:14too much because you and I we already
23:18understand each other. So this is um the
23:21third part of inter high context
23:24culture. And then number four is u we
23:27always combine the issues like like the
23:30the the things with people. So um if you
23:35remember like in the beginning when I do
23:38um self introduction like
23:46like
23:50so I combined my
23:53affiliations with myself right so is um
23:57I say myakuaku
24:01first before I introduce myself
24:05okay and then the second one is um the
24:09the other end on the other end of the
24:11spectrum so we have a low context
24:15culture or low context cultures. So
24:17again um the first point is it's like um
24:20opposite to a high context culture like
24:24in in a low context culture meanings are
24:27explicit. So that means like
24:30so everything I I will say things very
24:33directly even I'm not happy I'll just
24:36tell you that I am not happy like um
24:39this is a lower context culture and then
24:42the second thing the second
24:45characteristics of of a lower context
24:47culture is um I use a lot of verbal
24:51messages. So that means I I speak a lot.
24:55I I use a lot of words. I I say many
24:57many things like people keep talking and
24:59talking and talking. Um like verbal
25:02message they are more elaborated.
25:08So u so we um explain things in in in
25:12great details and um like re like in
25:17comparison with a high context culture.
25:20In low context culture, reasoning is
25:23clearly expressed. So I explain my
25:27reason like I'm not happy because I you
25:30said this to me. Um so therefore I am
25:35not happy. So when when we um express
25:38ourselves we usually explain with
25:41reasons. Um this is a also in a low
25:44context culture. And number four again
25:47um is like contrary to to the high
25:50context culture we usually separate the
25:53issues with people. So just like the um
25:55the example that I I just um gave you
26:05so is the identity first. But when I do
26:10my self introduction in in in English,
26:13so I'll say good morning or good
26:15afternoon everyone. Uh my name is John
26:17or or my name is Chang. I am from Ayama
26:21kakuaku.
26:22So in this case actually I come first.
26:27Right? So I I kind of separate um the
26:29the the affiliations um with myself
26:34first. Um so this is the two different
26:37ways of or two different types of
26:39culture. One is a a higher context and
26:42then the u the other one is a lower
26:44context. Um the two end of the
26:47spectrums. So you you can think about
26:49this like which countries do you think
26:51are high context or or which cultures or
26:55or cultures in which countries do you
26:57think are low lower context.
27:00So um
27:03so this is just one examples um of how
27:06do we classify like higher and lower
27:09context culture. So as you can like we
27:12we talk about like many many examples
27:15that I told you um Japanese culture or
27:19or or Asian cultures is generally
27:22considered high context on on this part
27:27like um probably you know like in in in
27:30Japan we often we don't say things
27:33directly and we often we we
27:37right so we learn from many many signs
27:40and we learn from many other non-verbal
27:43messages when we try to understand each
27:46other. So on the other end of the
27:48spectrum we have some like central
27:51European countries like here we can see
27:54we have a Switzerland uh or or Germany
27:57or Scandinavian countries like like um
28:00Sweden. So they are more on a lower end
28:04or or actually low lower end sorry they
28:07are more on on the lower end of the
28:09spectrums. So that means like people
28:11from these countries they tend to be
28:14more more direct um and then they tend
28:17to give a lot of reasonings they they
28:19explain things in in great details um
28:23comparing with people from um higher
28:26context uh culture. So interestingly um
28:30so we always say that like we have a
28:32Asian cultures or or Japanese cultures
28:35are more higher context um in relatively
28:39actually if we look at like Spain or
28:42like more um Latin American cultures
28:45they are also relatively more uh uh
28:48they're relatively higher context
28:50comparing comparing with European
28:53countries but on the other hand they are
28:55less high context or they are not as
28:57high as like East Asian countries like
29:00Japan or Korea or in this part on the
29:04other hand we can see like here like um
29:06America or Australia. So these are
29:09immigrants countries. So like in in
29:12Australia or in America there are many
29:14many immigrants um in this country. So
29:17they are relatively they are lower
29:19context in in this part as well. So we
29:23here from this picture we can see that
29:25um from low lower context to higher
29:30context it is relative so it's not
29:34absolute um so when we think about like
29:37um from from a for example from from an
29:41American perspective like Brazilian
29:44people they are rather high context
29:47comparing with Americans.
29:50But on the other hand, if if you are
29:51from Brazil and then you comparing
29:54yourself with Japanese, then Brazilians,
29:57they are lower context and Japanese are
30:00higher context. So um this is the first
30:04thing we we need to remember when we
30:06think about like other people like as um
30:09higher or lower context. H sorry um they
30:13are kind of relative to to each other.
30:18It's okay. Okay. Good. Then we can move
30:21on to the next um one like again I I
30:25tell you more characteristics of high
30:28and low context culture. So first of all
30:31like um in in a high context culture uh
30:34we tend to focus more on the feelings or
30:38on personal relationships.
30:41Um so how do we feel about each other or
30:44how do we relate with each other? So
30:47that means like in in a high context
30:49culture it is easier for people from the
30:52same culture to understand each other
30:55because we all share the same feelings.
30:58We all have a like a close relationships
31:02and usually we will find high context
31:04culture in a homogeneous society
31:08like no society. So that means uh what
31:13what does it mean by homogeneous
31:15society? Um that means like places or
31:18countries with people from similar
31:22backgrounds like um again we talk about
31:24this like Japan is um is a higher
31:27context culture or Japan has a high
31:31context culture. One of the reason is
31:33like if we look at Japan like almost 90%
31:36or 95% of people living in Japan they
31:40share similar languages they they speak
31:43Japanese and and then they share similar
31:45backgrounds like um so it's it's a more
31:48homogeneous society.
31:53Okay. Then we move on to the second part
31:55like like for lower context cultures.
31:59Um so in in this part like from in in
32:02lower context culture uh we tend to
32:04focus more on facts on on numbers or or
32:07data like on information. Um these
32:11things are easier for people from
32:14different cultures to understand. So um
32:18that means like in the lower context
32:20culture they use a a lot of numbers they
32:24use a lot of statistics they use a lot
32:26of data instead of feelings or
32:29relationships uh because these things
32:31are easier for people from different
32:34cultures to understand.
32:37So usually we will find lower context
32:40culture in heterogeneous society. So
32:43heteroggeneous society in contrast to a
32:47homogeneous
32:49society in a heterogeneous society like
32:54we there are places that people from
32:57different backgrounds like as as I
32:59mentioned earlier like um for example in
33:01America um like up to like 20 30% of the
33:05people they actually from different
33:07backgrounds they are from another
33:09cultures. So in in that case um they
33:13tend to develop a low context culture
33:16because it is easier for people from
33:20different cultures to understand each
33:23other.
33:25So these are the two uh two main
33:27difference um between um high and low
33:31context cultures.
33:34Aka is okay.
33:39Why then then the next question is um
33:41you may say then why Japan we have a
33:44particularly high context on the other
33:47hand then why does Switzerland they have
33:49a low context culture so of course that
33:52there are many many reasons historical
33:54reasons geographical reasons social
33:57reason political reasons economic
33:59reasons uh but one very very simple like
34:03basic reason is geographical
34:06so if we think about like traditionally
34:08Japan has been an island nation,
34:13right? So that means um we don't really
34:16have any direct connections with with
34:19other countries. The closest one we have
34:21is Korea and we are still separate by
34:25sea. So that means um Japan or or people
34:29living in Japan they tend to be more
34:32homogeneous because um traditionally
34:35maybe a few thousands years ago it's
34:37it's not that easy of to cross the
34:41oceans to to communicate or to travel
34:44between different countries.
34:47So on the other hand if we look at um
34:49this is Switzerland um which you can see
34:52Switzerland is an inland country. So it
34:56is all surrounded by all different
34:59countries like around Switzerland. Um so
35:01here first of all on this side we have
35:04Austria and then here we have um Italy
35:08and then here we have like France. So
35:11you can see like in in Switzerland they
35:13they are surrounded by many many
35:15different countries by land. So that
35:18makes it much easier for people to
35:21travel and to communicate with each
35:24other.
35:26So therefore like um from from people
35:29from this kind of geographical
35:32um environment they naturally they will
35:35develop a lower context culture because
35:39it is much easier to to communicate or
35:43to understand each other like for for
35:45people from from different places. So
35:48this is um one one of the reasons of why
35:50we have um like Japan has a higher
35:54context culture in comparison with with
35:57Switzerland or Germany like like they
36:00have a lower context um culture in its
36:03sense.
36:05Does it make sense?
36:08Okay. Then um the next question that you
36:11you may you may ask or you may be
36:14thinking then then how does it
36:16different? So now we understand like um
36:19uh what is what are the characteristics
36:22and what are the um reasons of higher
36:25and lower context culture. So what what
36:28what are the exact difference? Um so
36:31here I going to give you uh a few
36:33examples. Um first one like this one. Um
36:37this is from the website of McDonald's
36:41in Australia. uh it's a little bit old
36:44but um it's the homepage of uh
36:47McDonald's. Um so here you can see like
36:51um on the first page like on the front
36:53page of McDonald's in Australia. So they
36:57give what what is the main information
37:00here they give the price like 1995
37:04and then for 1995 then you get a a set
37:09right. So 1995 you get a big like like
37:12okino French fries like a very big one
37:15then you get one two three four drinks
37:18and then you get one two three four
37:20hamburgers.
37:22So in this case we can see the the
37:25communication style is very clear. It is
37:29mostly just on on the price and the
37:32quantity.
37:33So what do you think? Do you think this
37:36is high context or lower context?
37:41So let let me show you the map again
37:43like uh uh so this is um a higher
37:47context and this is a low lower context
37:50communication style. So in this case um
37:54we share like um a lot of information.
38:00Hi. No.
38:03Yes. I guess most of you can guess um
38:06Australia is a lower context culture. So
38:10therefore we we can actually see this
38:11here with um a lot of information.
38:16Okay. So moving on we have the second
38:20example. So this is McDonald's from
38:22Germany. Um no m Germany. So again very
38:28similar to to the Australian case. So
38:31here you can see we see the price um of
38:34different sets like for example
38:38McNuggets. I think this is nuggets. So
38:41um from €4.99 then you get like two
38:44boxes of of nuggets and then um here you
38:48get two hamburgers and then you get 50%
38:51discount and €6.5. Then I think these
38:55are some toys that you can get. So again
38:58here we have an example. We focus or
39:01they focus on um price and quantity.
39:06High, low, high, low, higher, low, high,
39:10low, high.
39:14Yes. Again, I think probably you you you
39:16could have guessed um Germany is also a
39:19high a lower context culture. So here we
39:24see a lot of numbers, a lot of
39:27information.
39:30Um then I show you one more example like
39:33um this is McDonald's from China. Okay.
39:36So here like now instead of like if we
39:40compare to to the one in in Europe like
39:43instead of prices and and number of
39:45hamburgers like in in China McDonald's
39:49we we have like Yasashi on and and then
39:52happy happy on.
39:54So we can see that the focus shift a
39:58little bit. Of course, they still
40:00talking about prices, but now they put
40:04more attention on human relations.
40:10Interesting. So, you can see like think
40:12about like is it higher context or lower
40:15context? Um, this one
40:18we focus on human relations or we f
40:22focus on on the people. Of course, we we
40:25we also have hamburgers, but they didn't
40:27really say how much uh the hamburgers
40:30are. So, again, high, low, low, high.
40:40Yes. Right here we see an example of a
40:44higher context culture in this part.
40:48Okay. Then we move on to the next one
40:51which is McDonald's Japan.
40:58So very very interesting again if you
41:00can see like um if we compare like um
41:04this one from China we talking about
41:08human human beings we we still see like
41:10people
41:12in the case of like um Japanese m like
41:15McDonald's in Japan we we talk about
41:17lovers we talk about omoy we talk about
41:22feelings
41:24So
41:26in this part like we we focus very much
41:28in in a mutual understandings right we
41:32we don't really talk about how much we
41:35don't talk about even the people we just
41:37think about how do we feel
41:40so again high context or low context
41:44culture
41:47right very very simple yes um we can see
41:51like in Japan is a very high context
41:53culture. Here you can even see like we
41:55we talk about burger love like how much
41:58we love our hamburgers
42:01here in this part. So this is um from
42:05from this very simple examples we can
42:07see like how high context cultures and
42:11low context cultures even though we are
42:13talking about similar things right we
42:15talking about McDonald's we talking
42:16about hamburgers but the way that we
42:19communicate is very different um and
42:23this is what we mean what what we talk
42:26about like high context and low context
42:29u cultures
42:37Okay. So now we move on to the fourth
42:40topic uh which is about a high and low
42:45context communication styles. Um
42:50okay. So this is how we think about um
42:55how people in from a higher context
42:58culture or people from a lower context
43:00culture how do they communicate
43:02differently like um so first of all um
43:06on the left hand side like like left
43:09left hand side here like on on the left
43:12hand side uh we have the lower context
43:15culture um and then on the right hand
43:17side like like right so on on the right
43:20hand side we have the higher context
43:22culture. So um here we can see as I we
43:26talked a little bit about this earlier.
43:29Um people from low context culture they
43:32tend to be more direct. Um they they say
43:35how they they say directly how they are
43:37feeling. Um at the same time they they
43:40are they they use more simple they use
43:43more simple communication styles. They
43:46use a simpler words or they use a lot of
43:48numbers. Um, as we can see like from the
43:51uh McDonald's uh the McDonald's example.
43:55So, we just use um the the how much it
43:59it was and then how many burgers that
44:01we're going to get. And then uh the
44:03second one is the third one actually is
44:06about is more personal. So um it's more
44:10about me about you uh when we
44:13communicate um uh in in a lower context
44:17culture. And then the last one is
44:20instrumental. So instrumental what what
44:23does it mean like instrumental is like
44:25communication is is more like a tool or
44:28I use um communication as a as a way to
44:34express my my ideas or express my
44:36feelings.
44:37um in in this case like um in a lower
44:41context culture is what we say we are
44:44more sender focused. So what does it
44:47mean by sender focus? Um a a good
44:51example is um
44:54if we think about again if we go back to
44:57the McDonald's the the example of the um
45:01of this one um in this case the focus is
45:06on McDonald's like like the the the
45:09focus is on the hamburgers. So it is the
45:14sender like it is the um
45:17McDonald's responsibilities
45:19to understand to make sure that people
45:22understand what they are trying to say
45:25like so that's why they make it very
45:27clear like um 1995 how many right so in
45:33this case
45:35it is a sender focused so it is my
45:41respons responsibility to make sure that
45:43you understand what I am saying.
45:48Okay. So in comparison like um in a in a
45:52higher context culture is more
45:54effective. So effective no what does it
45:57mean? It is more about feelings. So in
45:59in this case it it is the receiver it is
46:04the receivers's responsibilities to
46:06understand what the sender is trying to
46:09say. So again if we go back to this
46:12example like in this case of uh
46:15McDonald's in in Japan. So
46:19different people when they read this
46:21message they will have different ideas
46:26right. So in this case um it is the
46:30receiver it is the reader's
46:32responsibilities to understand the
46:35message. In comparison again um in a
46:38lower context culture it is the sender
46:42responsibility to understand the message
46:44because everyone should have the same
46:47understanding when they see how much it
46:50cost in comparison here
46:55different people may have different
46:57understandings on this part. So that's
47:00why in in a higher context culture like
47:03in this case in Japan it's very much
47:06depend on the receivers
47:08people who are listening or people who
47:11are reading the message. So that's why
47:14it is um rather important like in in a
47:17higher context culture people share the
47:20same background people share the same
47:24culture um so that they they can um
47:28um understand what what is the meaning.
47:31So this is in this case like the
47:33communication style of a higher context
47:36culture is more effective and it's al
47:39also more contextual right. So we we
47:42have the the background information and
47:44then the knowledge and again it's more
47:47complex it's more metaphorical
47:49um again we we we can see like
47:54right so that means like in this case
47:57it's it's very much metaphorical
48:00um it's about context about how do we
48:04interpret this meanings in in this part
48:07and then again it is more indirect
48:10so But if we sum summarizing these four
48:14characteristics then we can see that say
48:16that like um in a low context culture is
48:20more individualistics like gojinsi it's
48:23always about me it's about I it's about
48:28the the person when they communicate on
48:31the other hand like um if we think about
48:33like in the higher context culture is
48:36more collectivistic like sudanas
48:39so in in the is is is always thinking
48:41about we us like as a as a country or as
48:46a culture. So that's why like um if we
48:50think about if you think about this like
48:52many high context culture like in the
48:55case of Japan we tend to be more
48:56collectivistic
48:58on the other hand like in a lower
49:00context culture it's more
49:03individualistics it's about the person
49:06so again let let me give you an
49:08interesting example to to show you how
49:10how this um how this um how we can see
49:14this difference.
49:16So, first of all, let let me ask you
49:18this question like um how would you say
49:21this like in in English or in in
49:24Japanese?
49:27How would you say this in Japanese?
49:31And how would you say this in English?
49:35This sign, right?
49:40Japanese
49:42English.
49:45All right. Okay,
49:48in Japanese it's very simple. Japanese
49:54like like we say this
49:56and when we say this in English I would
49:59say I don't know.
50:02So you can see the main difference in
50:04Japanese I will not put here.
50:08Oh, you not usual, right? And in
50:12English, we we will not say don't know.
50:15It's always I don't know or you don't
50:17know. Right? So there's main difference
50:20between Japanese and English is that I
50:25is missing
50:28right the subject is missing in this
50:31part. So that means like actually this
50:34is a very interesting study um that you
50:37can read the article if you're
50:39interested um about these studies. So
50:42they they asked a group of Japanese
50:44people and then they asked a group of um
50:48Englishspeaking people um who
50:52experienced the same event like they
50:54they experienced the same thing. So
50:57actually Japanese speakers they remember
51:01what happened more. It it's more about
51:04the context
51:06right because in in Japanese we we don't
51:09have the subject here we only have
51:11wakalasen. So we remember someone walen
51:15but we may or may not remember who
51:18actually wakalasen.
51:21So in the case case of English speakers
51:24they find that like they tend to
51:26remember is who did it more right
51:31because I don't know you don't know it
51:34he doesn't know she doesn't know so in
51:37this case like in English we we remember
51:40who did it more
51:43so this is the reason as as I mentioned
51:45earlier because in Japanese we often
51:47skip the subject and focus on the object
51:50in this Not. So from these examples then
51:53we can see like one interesting thing is
51:56how does culture affects our
51:59communication style.
52:01Like in Japanese we focus more on the
52:04object. Therefore Japanese is more about
52:09what happened and then in English we
52:12focus more on the subject. Therefore we
52:16focus more about who did it. So if we go
52:19back to different communication style as
52:22I we we mentioned about this earlier
52:24like in a lower context communication
52:28no context culture is more personal is
52:31you and me or or he and she or whatever.
52:35So it's more about the who
52:38and then in the case of um uh higher
52:41context culture like in this case like
52:44Japan is more about what is it's about
52:47the content the the context. So that
52:51that's why we say like um in a higher
52:55lower context culture which is closer
52:58more likely to happens in in a western c
53:01cultures they are more individualistic
53:04because it's always about the person
53:07like who who did what and then in in a
53:11higher context culture which in this
53:13case like for example in Japan is more
53:17about what so therefore it's it's more
53:20collectivistic
53:22because we together we experience the
53:26same thing together is it's more about
53:29what
53:31I just interesting. Um so here we can
53:34see like just from very very simple
53:36examples how um culture style like high
53:41how high or low context cultures how
53:45their differences are reflected in in
53:47our communication style.
53:50So this is u what we will talk about
53:52like uh in in this whole class in
53:55intercultural
53:57communication or in u this international
54:00communication uh we cover we will go
54:03more on on on this topic in in the
54:06lecture on this part.
54:13Okay. So now we move on to the final
54:15part which is um the key points to
54:17remember.
54:20So if we think about this like today we
54:22talk about like um different cultures
54:25it's like high context and low context
54:27culture and then how they communicate
54:29differently. So the most important thing
54:32that I I want you to remember I or I
54:34want want to tell you is there are
54:36different communication style and there
54:38are different cultures from from
54:42different cultures. But the most
54:43important thing is there's no good or
54:46bad communication style. They are all
54:48relative and different cultures are have
54:52their own style. So for example like in
54:55a low context culture sometimes we say
54:58um uh they it's it's better it's easier
55:02to understand each other because um we
55:05we're more direct right people say what
55:07they think or people think what they're
55:09feeling. But on the other hand though
55:12sometimes they may be a little bit too
55:14confrontational because people are too
55:17direct or or they just say without
55:20thinking about how other other people's
55:23feelings. On the other hand though um we
55:26talk about like in a high context
55:27culture like sometimes like is too
55:30indirect. It is difficult to understand
55:32other people or what what do they want
55:35or what are they thinking? But at the
55:37same time though be because we are more
55:40indirect so we can maintain social
55:43harmony because people do not argue or
55:46do not fight openly. So we can see the
55:50difference here on at the same time like
55:52in a low context culture it is easier is
55:55it's more simple because we use simple
55:58messages but at the same time then it it
56:01takes a lot of time it is time consuming
56:04because we need to produce a lot of
56:06information
56:07um for to to convey the same message. So
56:11on the other hand like in a high context
56:13culture they they are more metaphorical
56:16or they're more uh more complicated but
56:20at the same time because we understand
56:22each other so it's more efficient
56:26because I I don't have to say things
56:28clearly you already know that how I am
56:32feeling so in this case it's is much
56:35more efficient and then like um in a low
56:38context culture is more personal it's
56:40more individualistic
56:41like um but at the same time people may
56:44think that they are more selfish because
56:46it's it's always about me about you
56:49about him about her. So people may think
56:52they are more um selfish
56:55at the same time like in in a high in a
56:57higher context culture is more
56:59contextual. So people they are more
57:01collectivistic like like we have no
57:03personality or or people do not express
57:06their their individual individualism or
57:09their individual ideas but at the same
57:12time then we work together for a greater
57:15good like um we we think about the
57:19society or we think about the group as a
57:21whole. And then the next one like uh
57:24instrumental um in a low context culture
57:27is more focusing about the the functions
57:29of communications but it's in one way
57:33it's more direct or more simple but at
57:35the same time it's more also more cold
57:37like I I just tell you like you give me
57:401995 and then I will give you four
57:43hamburgers finished. we have no other
57:46relationships, right? But on the other
57:49hand, like in a higher context culture
57:51is is more effective. So in this case,
57:53is it's more warm. It's more human. It's
57:56more like personal like um again if we
58:01think about the example of McDonald's,
58:03it's not just about selling hamburgers.
58:06We we are selling a relationships, we
58:09are selling a feelings between each
58:12other. So that means like the the
58:15important thing is like we in
58:17intercultural communication or in or in
58:20international communication. So we have
58:22different communication style but
58:24there's no good or no bad because they
58:27are all relative.
58:29So actually this is um another topic
58:31that I want to introduce to you. So this
58:33is uh what we will study in in our class
58:36in in your third year. So by the time a
58:39third year students um they will study
58:41this course which in which we call
58:43intercultural literacy. So here we we
58:46cover a topic which is called a culture
58:48map. So in this case we can divide a
58:51culture not only just a simple high and
58:55low. We divide it into 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
58:59different dimensions and then we map
59:02them in different um different levels
59:05and and different styles. Um so again
59:07this is a very interesting book. Um we
59:11have uh of course in our class we use
59:13the English version but um there's also
59:15like a Japanese version. So uh if you're
59:18interested on this topic then then um
59:20you can um try to find this from a
59:22library or from a bookshop. Um so that's
59:25it. Um that's all I have uh for today.
59:29But before we go I have an interesting
59:32homework question that I want you to
59:34think about. So now I want to give you
59:36an example. Um it between a conversation
59:41from Asang from Spain and Bang from
59:44China. Um actually this is from from the
59:47book the culture map that I just shown
59:50to you and I want you to think about
59:52this. So um they they work from the same
59:56they work for the same company. Um so
59:58you can see like Asang so he was talking
1:00:01to Bang. So he just say, "Hey, uh, Bang,
1:00:05can you come to office this Sunday for
1:00:08client visit?" Okay. So um, and then
1:00:11Bang he he answer, "Yes, of course. I I
1:00:14think so. I think I can come." And then
1:00:18Asang, they say, "Oh, okay. Thank you.
1:00:20That would be a great help that you come
1:00:22on this Saturday uh this Sunday to
1:00:25work." And then Bang, he say, "Ah, yes.
1:00:28Uh, Sunday is very important. Sunday is
1:00:31an important day." And then a sang he
1:00:34say in what way what do you mean by
1:00:36Sunday is an important day. And then
1:00:39bang he say uh it's my daughter's
1:00:41birthday um this Sunday.
1:00:44Then a song ah okay how nice
1:00:48I hope you enjoyed it
1:00:51it bang he say okay thank you I
1:00:55appreciate your understanding.
1:00:59Okay. So the question I have for you is
1:01:03do you think Bisang will or will not
1:01:07come to the office this Sunday and why?
1:01:12Okay. So um just think about this. This
1:01:15is not a real homework but if you can if
1:01:18you have an answer or if you have some
1:01:20interesting ideas then please feel free
1:01:22to let me know um about this question or
1:01:26this scenario.
1:01:29Okay, so that's it. Minazang, um, thank
1:01:31you very much for listening. This is all
1:01:33I have for you today. So again, if you
1:01:36have any questions or if you have any
1:01:38comments or anything, then then this way
1:01:40this way. You can you can find me,
1:01:44you can find my email address over
1:01:47there. Um, here. Um,
1:01:50okay. And thank you very much.
1:01:54Thank you.

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