【幕末】202 幕末の転換点 薩長同盟【日本史】 — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:20overview.
2. 0:21Hello everyone.
3. 0:23This time I will talk to you about the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance.
4. 0:26The Satsuma-Choshu Alliance is well known as a turning point at the end of the end of Edo period.
5. 0:30If you've watched my videos so far, you'll know the following.
6. 0:33The Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain had very bad relations.
7. 0:36They are not easy allies.
8. 0:40Why were these two domain able to cooperate with each other?
9. 0:43Check out the process in this video.
10. 0:49Looking back.
11. 0:50First, let's look back at the relationship between the Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Domain .
12. 0:56The Chōshū Domain , which was at the top of the Sonno Joi movement, led the politics of Kyoto.
13. 1:02However, due to the Coup of August 18, they were chased out of Kyoto by the Satsuma Domain.
14. 1:07Afterwards, the Chōshū Domain tried to restore their power.
15. 1:09Then, a group of extremists called the ``Three KARO'' marched into Kyoto and caused the Kinmon Incident.
16. 1:15However, they were once again chased away by the Satsuma Domain and were unable to regain their power.
17. 1:19In addition, the Choshu domain was considered an Emperor's enemy of the Chōshū Domain due to this battle.
18. 1:24That's all for the review.
19. 1:25As I have just told you, they were considered an Emperor's enemy in the morning.
20. 1:30The reason for this was that the Chōshū Domain's ``3 KAROs'' marched into Kyoto and opened fire on the Imperial Palace.
21. 1:39The Imperial Court was angry at this and ordered the Shogunate to Choshu Conquest.
22. 1:43The Chōshū Domain resolved the matter by beheading the "three KAROs" and apologizing to The Imperial Court.
23. 1:49However, even after they beheaded the "three KAROs," they remained considered an Emperor's enemy of the Dynasty.
24. 1:55The Chōshū Domain believed that by beheading the three KAROs, the matter should have been resolved.
25. 1:59Even after that, they were dissatisfied that they continued to be considered an Emperor's enemy of the morning.
26. 2:04Therefore, the challenge for the Chōshū Domain was to restore power without being seen as an Emperor's enemy of the Imperial Court.
27. 2:11At that time, the Chōshū Domain believed that the only way to unify Japan was to overthrowing the Shogunate.
28. 2:19So, on the surface, they pretended to be remorseful about the incident.
29. 2:22But they were preparing for battle behind the scenes.
30. 2:24However, the Chōshū Domain had a problem.
31. 2:28It was a lack of weapons.
32. 2:30Since they remained an Emperor's enemy in the morning, they could not enter ports such as YOKOHAMA and NAGASAKI.
33. 2:38In other words, they could not obtain weapons through regular channels.
34. 2:41Since they could not use the official route, they had no choice but to use the back route.
35. 2:46TAKASUGI SHINSAKU tried to open SHIMONOSEKI as a back route.
36. 2:51It was the so-called smuggling route.
37. 2:52However, this plan was canceled because the foreign side rejected it.
38. 2:57The problem of the Chōshū Domain's lack of weapons was not resolved.
39. 3:01On the other hand, SAIGO TAKAMORI and OKUBO TOSHIMICHI of the Satsuma Domain convened powerful men from the major domains to Kyoto.
40. 3:09At that meeting, they tried to decide what to do with the Chōshū Domain.
41. 3:13In response, The Ichikaiso Government felt a sense of crisis.
42. 3:17If the major domains major domains to come to a meeting, their influence would have been further strengthened.
43. 3:23They thought that as a result, the power of the Shogunate would disappear.
44. 3:26In order to counter this, The Ichikaiso Government summoned the shogun to Kyoto.
45. 3:32The Ichikaiso Government summoned the shogun to Kyoto and planned to oppose the alliance of major domains.
46. 3:40The Shogunate then declared that it would once again Choshu Conquest.
47. 3:44shogun IEMOCHI entered Osaka Castle and set up his headquarters.
48. 3:48However, the public reaction to it was harsh.
49. 3:52Many people defended the Chōshū Domain.
50. 3:56The last Choshu Conquest was carried out for the following reasons.
51. 3:59The Chōshū Domain was recognized as an Emperor's enemy of the Imperial Imperial Palace after the three KAROs of the Chōshū Domain opened fire on the imperial palace.
52. 4:05Therefore, it was done with the logic of defeating an Emperor's enemy .
53. 4:08However, that problem had already been resolved as the "three KAROs" were beheaded.
54. 4:13Despite this, the Choshu domain continued to be regarded as an Emperor's enemy of the Chōshū Domain .
55. 4:17Many people thought that The Imperial Court and Shogunate were at fault for not forgiving the Chōshū Domain .
56. 4:25The second Choshu Conquest was carried out in this kind of atmosphere.
57. 4:29Therefore, among the armies of various domain domains assembled by the Shogunate , there were many who were not enthusiastic about Choshu Conquest.
58. 4:34The morale of the Shogunate army was low.
59. 4:37In this situation, SAKAMOTO RYOMA and NAKAOKA SHINTARO appeared.
60. 4:42SAKAMOTO RYOMA and NAKAOKA SHINTARO were both Rōnin who left the Tosa Domain .
61. 4:47They believed that the major domains like Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain had no choice but to cooperate.
62. 4:54If the Chōshū Domain was crushed by the Shogunate in this Choshu Conquest , the Shogunate's power was supposed to increase.
63. 5:04In that case, the Satsuma Domain would be seen as a threat to the Shogunate and would be targeted next.
64. 5:10In other words, the Choshu domain being Shogunate by the Chōshū Domain was also a problem for the Satsuma Domain.
65. 5:15They thought that before the Chōshū Domain was overthrown by the Shogunate, the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain should work together against the Shogunate.
66. 5:24SAKAMOTO RYOMA and NAKAOKA SHINTARO then began to work hard to mediate between the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain.
67. 5:30SAKAMOTO RYOMA mediated the transfer of warships and rifles that the Satsuma Domain had purchased from Britain to Choshu.
68. 5:38In this way, the Chōshū Domain strengthened its military.
69. 5:42In this way, the Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain gradually began to approach each other.
70. 5:47At that time, an emergency occurred.
71. 5:49A Combined Fleet of Britain, France, the Netherlands, and the United States arrived at the military depot.
72. 5:55Their objective was to obtain a treaty charter and open the port of Hyogo.
73. 5:59They appeared at the port of Hyogo to arrange diplomatic talks while the shogun was staying around Kyoto.
74. 6:07When foreign warships appeared in the waters around Kyoto, The Imperial Court panicked and fell into chaos.
75. 6:13Since this was a sudden event, the Choshu Conquest was temporarily put on hold.
76. 6:17The Imperial Court then concentrated on responding to the Combined Fleet.
77. 6:20HITOTSUBASHI YOSHINOBU greatly demonstrated his political power in this response.
78. 6:25Now, I want you to remember this.
79. 6:28The fundamental cause of the diplomatic problems at the end of Edo period was that Emperor Kōmei had an extreme dislike of foreign countries.
80. 6:36The Shogunate believed that opening of the country was inevitable.
81. 6:40However, The Imperial Court and Emperor Kōmei continued to advocate a policy of Sakoku.
82. 6:45As a result, diplomatic issues became complicated.
83. 6:48The Ichikaiso Government stood between the Shogunate and The Imperial Court and resolved the issue.
84. 6:53In particular, HITOTSUBASHI YOSHINOBU was active.
85. 6:55At the time, the Shogunate believed that ``Sakoku was impossible at this stage.''
86. 6:59"The Imperial Court knows nothing."
87. 7:01``No matter what The Imperial Court says, Japan will opening of the country its doors to the world under the authority of the Shogunate .''
88. 7:05``If The Imperial Court complains, IEMOCHI can just resign as shogun.''
89. 7:10The Shogunate thought so and tried to opening of the country by forceful measures.
90. 7:13The Shogunate then agreed to the Combined Fleet's request.
91. 7:15However, HITOTSUBASHI YOSHINOBU was panicked by this.
92. 7:19The Ichikaiso Government had been in Kyoto for a long time and understood that the situation in the central government was different from before.
93. 7:25He knew that if the Shogunate ignored The Imperial Court , things would get worse.
94. 7:29He told the Shogunate , ``If the Emperor of Japan does not allow the opening of the country, the Sonno Joi faction will go wild.''
95. 7:34He also canceled the Shogunate's decision to opening of the country.
96. 7:36He negotiated with the Combined Fleet and was granted a delay in the Japanese response.
97. 7:41He began to persuade The Imperial Court.
98. 7:44Meanwhile, shogun IEMOCHI announced that he would resign from his post as shogun .
99. 7:49But he somehow prevented that too.
100. 7:51He stayed up all night convincing The Imperial Court led by Emperor Kōmei .
101. 7:55Thanks to his efforts, the Emperor of Japan finally approved the opening of the country.
102. 8:01In other words, he succeeded in obtaining a royal charter.
103. 8:04This was a big event.
104. 8:06He finally succeeded in overturning Emperor Kōmei's anti-foreign policies that had been in place since the arrival of MATTHEW CALBRAITH PERRY.
105. 8:14That was the moment when his extraordinary political power was demonstrated.
106. 8:18In this way, the long-standing problem of illegal signing of the Imperial Palace was finally resolved.
107. 8:22Foreign affairs, which had been stagnant for a long time, have taken a step forward.
108. 8:26However, the Emperor of Japan merely granted the treaty that Japan had previously concluded.
109. 8:31The Emperor of Japan did not give royal permission for the opening of Hyogo.
110. 8:34The powerful western countries said, ``We will allow Japan to postpone the payment of reparations and the opening of Hyogo.''
111. 8:40And they said, "Instead, lower your tax rates."
112. 8:43Import duties were revised from 20% to 5%.
113. 8:49powerful western countries forced Japan to accept disadvantageous conditions regarding tariffs.
114. 8:53These unfavorable tariffs and the issue of opening the Hyogo port continued to become major problems.
115. 9:00Chōshū Domain.
116. 9:02Let's go back to the original story.
117. 9:03I was telling you about the disposition of the Chōshū Domain.
118. 9:07While the Shogunate focused on the Combined Fleet, the Chōshū Domain continued to expand its armament.
119. 9:14It was a good time buy for them.
120. 9:16Even after that, the Chōshū Domain bought time by saying, ``We will wait for the decision on the disposition.''
121. 9:22And they continued to expand their military behind the scenes.
122. 9:25Under these circumstances, KATSURA KOGORO/KIDO TAKAYOSHI of the Chōshū Domain visited the Satsuma clan residence in Kyoto.
123. 9:32SAIGO TAKAMORI confronted him.
124. 9:36Important figures from the Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Domain faced each other and discussed the future of Japan.
125. 9:41Then, the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance was formed.
126. 9:45The goal of the Chōshū Domain was to overthrowing the Shogunate and create a nation centered on the Emperor of Japan.
127. 9:50They thought that the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain would have to work together to achieve this, and tried to form an alliance between them.
128. 9:56However, forming an alliance is not easy.
129. 9:59SAIGO told KIDO, ``The Chōshū Domain should accept the punishment for now.''
130. 10:04``As a result, the official positions of the father and son of MORI CLAN will be restored, and their return to politics will be officially recognized.''
131. 10:09``Once again, the Satsuma Domain would like to make efforts to clear the Chōshū Domain of false charges,'' he asserted.
132. 10:14KIDO TAKAYOSHI claimed that the punishment against the Chōshū Domain had been completed by beheading the "three KAROs."
133. 10:20He asserted, ``The Chōshū Domain absolutely cannot accept any further punishment.''
134. 10:24They could not find a compromise and did not even begin to talk about the all-important Satsuma-Choshu Alliance.
135. 10:31The Satsuma Domain thought that ``the Chōshū Domain must be in a tough situation as they prepare for the second Choshu Conquest.''
136. 10:37They probably wanted the Chōshū Domain to ask the Satsuma Domain for an alliance.
137. 10:40On the other hand, the Chōshū Domain probably believed that if we asked them for an alliance, they would consider us inferior.
138. 10:47The person who settled their argument was SAKAMOTO RYOMA, who came to Kyoto late.
139. 10:51Since neither party started specifically talking about the alliance, KIDO TAKAYOSHI was considering returning to the Chōshū Domain.
140. 10:58At that time, SAKAMOTO RYOMA arrived in Kyoto.
141. 11:00He acted as an intermediary between the Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Domain and had them conclude an alliance.
142. 11:04I will tell you about the contents of the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance.
143. 11:08It was more of a promise than an alliance.
144. 11:11Let's actually take a look at its contents.
145. 11:13Six matters were agreed upon in the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance .
146. 11:17The first plan was for the Satsuma Domain to dispatch approximately 2,000 soldiers to Kyoto to begin the second Choshu Conquest .
147. 11:24The Satsuma Domain then promised to deploy soldiers already in Kyoto to Osaka with them.
148. 11:29The second plan was the Satsuma Domain 's response in the event that the Chōshū Domain was likely to win in the second Choshu Conquest .
149. 11:34At that time, the Satsuma Domain promised to lobby The Imperial Court for the political restoration of the Chōshū Domain .
150. 11:40The third plan was for the Satsuma Domain to respond in the event that the Chōshū Domain was likely to lose in the second Choshu Conquest .
151. 11:46The Satsuma Domain promised to take several measures for the Chōshū Domain .
152. 11:51The fourth proposal was the Satsuma Domain 's response in the event that the second Choshu Conquest did not begin.
153. 11:55The Satsuma Domain promised to make efforts to have the Imperial The Imperial Court recognize the Chōshū Domain 's false accusations.
154. 12:02The first to fourth proposals were promises regarding the actions of the Satsuma Domain during the second Choshu Conquest .
155. 12:10So what were the other two ideas?
156. 12:12The fifth proposal was how the Satsuma Domain would respond in the event that The Ichikaiso Government appeased The Imperial Court when the Satsuma Domain clan brought soldiers to the Kyoto area.
157. 12:19The idea was that if The Ichikaiso Government prevented the Satsuma Domain from implementing the second plan, the Satsuma Domain would also fight against them.
158. 12:27The sixth proposal was that if the Chōshū Domain was cleared of false charges, the Satsuma Domain and Chōshū Domain would work together to make efforts for Japan.
159. 12:36That was, whether they won or lost the battle, they would do their best for Japan.
160. 12:41From the content of the alliance, you can see that:
161. 12:43The Chōshū Domain wanted to prevent being seen as an Emperor's enemy of the Imperial Court.
162. 12:48Thus, the Chōshū Domain formed an alliance with the Satsuma Domain and prepared to oppose the Shogunate.
163. 12:54The political situation at the end of the end of Edo period began to move toward its final stages.
164. 13:00summary.
165. 13:02What did you think about this?
166. 13:03In this way, the Chōshū Domain and Satsuma Domain cooperated behind the scenes.
167. 13:08Gradually, the end of the overthrowing the Shogunate approached.
168. 13:10However, it was a battle that staked the prestige of the Shogunate as well.
169. 13:13The Shogunate seriously tried to destroy the Chōshū Domain.
170. 13:15I will talk to you about the second Choshu Conquest in the next video.
171. 13:19See you again in the next video.