1301- Lecture 43 - Texas — Transcript

Full transcript

1. 0:03hi there 1301
2. 0:04we're back at today's subject uh
3. 0:07continuing on manifest destiny
4. 0:09is texas you've probably heard of texas
5. 0:13texas originally part of new spain
6. 0:17and the original or the main spanish
7. 0:20settlement
8. 0:21in texas was san antonio founded about
9. 0:2418 about 1713.
10. 0:271821 mexico gains independence
11. 0:30from spain so mexico is now an
12. 0:32independent nation
13. 0:33texas is now part of mexico
14. 0:37texas is very sparsely populated like i
15. 0:40said the main settlement san antonio and
16. 0:42there's far settlements in other places
17. 0:43but not that many
18. 0:45people living in texas and the mexican
19. 0:47government like to populate it
20. 0:49well in steps an american stephen austin
21. 0:54stephen austin negotiates with the
22. 0:56mexican government
23. 0:58to allow americans give me a second
24. 1:08stephen austin negotiates with the
25. 1:10mexican government to allow
26. 1:12americans to move to texas and settle
27. 1:15there to populate that area and so
28. 1:17deal has worked out austin is given a
29. 1:20lot of land 65 000 acres
30. 1:26and americans began moving to texas
31. 1:29they would receive 177 acres of land
32. 1:34free now
33. 1:38there are three requirements for these
34. 1:40american immigrants
35. 1:41to texas one they had to become mexican
36. 1:45citizens
37. 1:46second they had to become catholic the
38. 1:49catholic religion
39. 1:50is the official religion of mexico is in
40. 1:53their
41. 1:54constitution at the time and
42. 1:57there's to be absolutely no slavery
43. 1:59slavery
44. 2:00is illegal in texas
45. 2:04in mexico and texas all right so those
46. 2:06three requirements so americans begin
47. 2:08moving in getting this free land
48. 2:10uh as your book says most of these
49. 2:12americans were ranchers or
50. 2:14farmers drawn to the fertile inexpensive
51. 2:16land and river valleys
52. 2:18okay so by 1830 and this becomes a lot
53. 2:21of americans begin moving to texas
54. 2:24they see this as an opportunity a new
55. 2:27start in life many of these people were
56. 2:28poor
57. 2:29this was a chance to get free land and
58. 2:33be successful so a lot of americans move
59. 2:36so by 1830
60. 2:38by 1830 there were about 20
61. 2:42000 american immigrants living in
62. 2:45east texas
63. 2:48the vast majority of them have not
64. 2:51become mexican citizens
65. 2:53the vast majority of them have not
66. 2:56become
67. 2:56catholic and some
68. 3:00have brought slaves there were about a
69. 3:01thousand slaves by 1830.
70. 3:04in texas well
71. 3:07the mexican government kind of overlooks
72. 3:09some of these things you know
73. 3:10all right those americans aren't
74. 3:12becoming mexican citizens they're not
75. 3:14converting to catholicism they brought
76. 3:16slaves
77. 3:17but as long as they didn't cause any
78. 3:19trouble paid the taxes
79. 3:21await the laws mexican government kind
80. 3:24of overlooked all that
81. 3:25but that changed in 1830
82. 3:29ever since mexico has gained
83. 3:31independence the government has been
84. 3:33rather volatile rather unsteady
85. 3:36and a new mexican government is in power
86. 3:39in 1830
87. 3:41and they don't like all these americans
88. 3:43moving into texas
89. 3:44so the 1830 the mexican government this
90. 3:46new mexican government
91. 3:48stopped american immigration
92. 3:51into texas they stopped
93. 3:54american immigration to texas that
94. 3:57however
95. 3:58did not stop americans from moving to
96. 4:01texas
97. 4:02of course today we would call these
98. 4:04people
99. 4:05illegal immigrants and what what i say
100. 4:08here is well
101. 4:10mexican government halted american
102. 4:12immigration in texas but that didn't
103. 4:14stop
104. 4:15americans continue to come in what the
105. 4:17mexican government should have done back
106. 4:19then
107. 4:21was build a wall
108. 4:24mexican government should have built a
109. 4:25wall along the sabine river sabine river
110. 4:28is the border
111. 4:29between the u.s state of louisiana
112. 4:32and texas that's where a lot of
113. 4:34americans were coming through they
114. 4:35should have built the wall along the
115. 4:37sabine river
116. 4:39and guarded that wall with some new
117. 4:41police agency maybe we'll call it
118. 4:43the border patrol they're just a wild
119. 4:45guess
120. 4:47and for this wall that they will build
121. 4:50along sabine river
122. 4:52they should make the united states pay
123. 4:53for it just a thought justified well of
124. 4:56course that didn't happen
125. 4:57all right americans continue pouring
126. 4:59into texas and
127. 5:00there are a lot more americans in texas
128. 5:04than there were native mexicans
129. 5:07now texas
130. 5:10mexico is divided into states like the
131. 5:12united states is
132. 5:14and
133. 5:18texas was part of the mexican state of
134. 5:20kahula
135. 5:21never sure how to pronounce that but uh
136. 5:24texas if you look at the mexican
137. 5:27constitution of 1824 refers to the state
138. 5:29as kohilei tejas texas wants to become
139. 5:32an independent state well all right
140. 5:34the mexican government in addition to
141. 5:36stopping american immigration into texas
142. 5:38begins cracking down on a lot of things
143. 5:40and eventually
144. 5:42a dictator takes charge in
145. 5:50mexico
146. 5:52antonio lopez de santa anna he's a
147. 5:55gentleman
148. 5:56he was a big hero in the mexican
149. 5:58revolution for independence
150. 6:00but santa ana takes over now when he's
151. 6:03looking for support
152. 6:04to take over he's promising all kinds of
153. 6:07things all kinds of people
154. 6:08and one thing he promised to texas he
155. 6:10would make texas a separate state
156. 6:13within mexico texas would no longer be
157. 6:15part of kohila
158. 6:16so he's promising that to the texans you
159. 6:18know they like that
160. 6:20well santan takes over and while he
161. 6:22repudiates all those promises
162. 6:24he becomes a basic dictator he does away
163. 6:27with the states
164. 6:28no more states in mexico he does what's
165. 6:30called centralized federalized mexico
166. 6:34he does away with all that becomes a
167. 6:36dictator
168. 6:38well rebellions
169. 6:42begin to sprout up around mexico and
170. 6:45santa ana
171. 6:46is very brutal in putting down these
172. 6:48rebellions
173. 6:50very brutal kills a lot of people
174. 6:56in texas hang on could you raise the
175. 7:00board
176. 7:28in texas in the town of gonzalez which
177. 7:31is
178. 7:32east of san antonio
179. 7:37the town of gonzales have been given a
180. 7:39little cannon by the mexican army
181. 7:42to protect against indian raids it's a
182. 7:45little cannon
183. 7:46uh and well in october 1835
184. 7:50there's trouble brewing in texas there's
185. 7:52talk of
186. 7:53uh revolts the mexican army a squad of
187. 7:57mexican soldiers goes to gonzalo's
188. 7:59october 1835
189. 8:01and wants the cannon back people
190. 8:03gonzales do not give it back
191. 8:06the mexicans go back to their
192. 8:08headquarters they get more soldiers
193. 8:10they return to gonzalez to get the
194. 8:13cannon by this time
195. 8:14the cannon is helping to guard the town
196. 8:16and they've made a flag
197. 8:18this is the famous gonzalez flag you see
198. 8:21the the star there
199. 8:22and the cannon and the words come and
200. 8:24take it it's a it's a message to the
201. 8:26mexican military you want our cannon
202. 8:28you come and take it well they tried
203. 8:32a little fight ensued the mexican army
204. 8:35got the worst of it
205. 8:38this cannon is in a museum in gonzales
206. 8:40texas today i've seen pictures of it
207. 8:43it's hardly more than a glorified
208. 8:45shotgun but it became
209. 8:47a symbol a symbol this incident in
210. 8:50gonzales
211. 8:51october 1835 is considered the beginning
212. 8:53of the texas
213. 8:55independence movement which we're going
214. 8:57to get to
215. 8:58now as i said
216. 9:02santa anna's cracking down on things
217. 9:06texans don't like it of course you know
218. 9:08there are a lot of uppity americans in
219. 9:09texas
220. 9:10the americans don't like it these
221. 9:12americans in texas don't like it
222. 9:14and they the the idea begins to spread
223. 9:19for independence for texas not just
224. 9:21becoming a separate state in mexico but
225. 9:23breaking away from mexico entirely
226. 9:26becoming a new
227. 9:27country texas well this movement begins
228. 9:31to spread
229. 9:32meanwhile in december 1835 in
230. 9:36san antonio there's a mexican garrison
231. 9:39in san antonio and they are
232. 9:41headquartered in a
233. 9:42mission an old mission that was
234. 9:45built started building around 1750s or
235. 9:48so
236. 9:49about a mile outside san antonio this
237. 9:51mission
238. 9:52is called the alamo
239. 9:56well this idea of texas independence
240. 10:00begins to grow
241. 10:02an army is put together led by our old
242. 10:04buddy stephen austin
243. 10:06along with the famous american
244. 10:08frontiersman
245. 10:09jim bowie who has moved to texas jim
246. 10:12bowie
247. 10:13makes the bowie knife famous well they
248. 10:15have a little army in december 1835 they
249. 10:17attack
250. 10:18this mexican garrison at the alamo and
251. 10:21the texans win
252. 10:22they allow the mexicans to go back to
253. 10:25mexico
254. 10:26now the mexican general there
255. 10:30was general cox who was santa anna's
256. 10:32brother-in-law
257. 10:33of course now general koss and his
258. 10:36troops they go back to mexico city
259. 10:38general cost goes to see his
260. 10:39brother-in-law santa anna
261. 10:41santa anna says what are you doing here
262. 10:43general khan says well we had a little
263. 10:44battle up there in san antonio
264. 10:46at this alamo mission and that upstart
265. 10:48texan army defeated us
266. 10:50and well here we are well this got
267. 10:52santan a real mad
268. 10:54this is this is this is not only a
269. 10:56rebellion against him
270. 10:58it is now a matter of the family honor
271. 11:01cost is his brother-in-law
272. 11:03so santana puts an army together and
273. 11:05he's going to march up to texas
274. 11:06and he's going to defeat those upstart
275. 11:08texans and teach them a lesson
276. 11:10just like he did to all those other
277. 11:12revolts that occurred
278. 11:14well all right in the meantime the
279. 11:15texans have taken over
280. 11:17the alamo and have fortified it with
281. 11:20cannons and more soldiers
282. 11:22and the texas commander there is colonel
283. 11:25william
284. 11:26travis
285. 11:30jim bowie is there also joining the
286. 11:33garrison
287. 11:34at the alamo the famous american
288. 11:36frontiersman
289. 11:37david crockett
290. 11:42david crockett uh former congressman uh
291. 11:45from tennessee
292. 11:46remember he he had been uh crockett
293. 11:50had fought in the creek india where he
294. 11:52was famous as an indian fighter a bear
295. 11:54hunter
296. 11:54in fact he'd only been in one or two
297. 11:56indian fights but you know his
298. 11:57reputation preceded him
299. 12:00but he got elected to congress the u.s
300. 12:03house of representatives
301. 12:04as a jackson supporter however he broke
302. 12:07with jackson
303. 12:08and joined the whig party he broke with
304. 12:11jackson over the
305. 12:12bank of the united states jackson's veto
306. 12:14it
307. 12:15and crockett supported it and he broke
308. 12:17with jackson over jackson's indian
309. 12:19policy
310. 12:20even though crockett had his reputation
311. 12:22as an indian fighter
312. 12:24he supported the indians he supported
313. 12:26the treaties
314. 12:27with the indians so he's broke with
315. 12:29jackson there's even talk
316. 12:31of wiggs making him a presidential
317. 12:32candidate in 1836
318. 12:34however he was defeated for re-election
319. 12:37by jackson
320. 12:39candidate and that kind of ended his
321. 12:40political career so he moved to texas
322. 12:43he reportedly told the voters of
323. 12:44tennessee when he was defeated
324. 12:46you all can go to hell i'm going to
325. 12:48texas
326. 12:49and so he did and he arrived to texas in
327. 12:51january 1836
328. 12:53and eventually worked his way to san
329. 12:55antonio and joined the
330. 12:56texas army at the alamo
331. 13:00meanwhile a convention is being held in
332. 13:03the town of washington texas which is
333. 13:05east of san antonio
334. 13:06and the top there turns towards
335. 13:08independence
336. 13:10all right now back at the alamo there's
337. 13:13about 189 texans in the alabama at least
338. 13:15that's the official figure
339. 13:17the mexican army arrives in the alamo
340. 13:20and the mexican army arrives
341. 13:22in san antonio on february 23rd
342. 13:281836 the first elements of the mexican
343. 13:31army eventually day by day
344. 13:32more and more mexicans arrive in san
345. 13:34antonio they surround the alamo
346. 13:43in the pre-dawn hours
347. 13:49of march 6 1836
348. 13:53the mexican army attacks the alamo in
349. 13:55force
350. 13:56eventually they break into the walls
351. 14:00and when those battle lasted about 90
352. 14:02minutes
353. 14:03every texan was killed every texan was
354. 14:06killed all 189
355. 14:07or whatever the actual figure is nobody
356. 14:09really knows
357. 14:10but that is 189 sort of the official
358. 14:13figure by the daughters of the republic
359. 14:14of texas
360. 14:15all alamo defenders are killed
361. 14:20meanwhile south of san antonio
362. 14:24in the town of goliad texas
363. 14:29there's another texas army there led by
364. 14:31colonel fanning
365. 14:33they learn of the large mexican force
366. 14:36approaching goliad
367. 14:37they leave they don't go very fast the
368. 14:40mexican army catches up with them
369. 14:41a small battle is held a few miles east
370. 14:44of goliad
371. 14:45the texans surrender they go back to
372. 14:48goliad they're held in in
373. 14:49the presidio there and the
374. 14:53mexican commander sends a message back
375. 14:55to
376. 14:56santa ana in san antonio saying hey we
377. 14:58captured all these
378. 14:59americans as well about like 200 of them
379. 15:02we captured all these texans
380. 15:04what do you want us to do with them
381. 15:05santa ana sends a message back what do
382. 15:06you mean you capture them i have given
383. 15:08you orders
384. 15:09there to be no prisoners no prisoners
385. 15:12kill them
386. 15:13so march 27 three weeks after the alamo
387. 15:15march 27
388. 15:18it was palm sunday the texans are herded
389. 15:22out to an open field and the mexicans
390. 15:24began shooting them down
391. 15:26except not all of them were killed some
392. 15:28escaped to tell the story and this
393. 15:30infuriated
394. 15:31this massacre at the alamo this massacre
395. 15:34goalie out of fury of texas
396. 15:35meanwhile back at the convention in
397. 15:37washington
398. 15:39the delegates who are elected have
399. 15:41decided on independence
400. 15:43and they drop a texas declaration of
401. 15:46independence
402. 15:47and on march 2
403. 15:51this is before all this other stuff
404. 15:53happened on march 2
405. 15:541836 texas independence is declared we
406. 15:58should have march 2 as a state holiday
407. 16:00anything for another holiday march 2
408. 16:021836 the delegates signed this texas
409. 16:04declaration of independence
410. 16:06texas independence is declared the texas
411. 16:09declaration of independence
412. 16:10very similar to the us declaration of
413. 16:12independence
414. 16:13all right so now this is independence
415. 16:16and
416. 16:17the text says that the convention
417. 16:19authorizes a texas army to be formed and
418. 16:22this army is to be commanded
419. 16:24by sam houston sam houston had been
420. 16:27governor of kentucky and had
421. 16:29moved to texas sam houston so he starts
422. 16:31raising an army
423. 16:33well santa anna starts coming after sam
424. 16:35houston's army
425. 16:36and sam houston begins to retreat
426. 16:39eastward
427. 16:40followed by santa ana houston is drawing
428. 16:43santa ana deeper and deeper and deeper
429. 16:46into texas
430. 16:47which is not good for santa anna
431. 16:50eventually houston stops
432. 16:54let me erase the board here
433. 16:59yeah we're just doing the tough part
434. 17:07eventually sam houston and his army stop
435. 17:11at a place in what is today the houston
436. 17:14area
437. 17:17san jacinto
438. 17:27now by this time santa ana has divided
439. 17:29his army into three parts
440. 17:31so he's weaker than he was and
441. 17:35on the afternoon
442. 17:40on the afternoon of april 21 1836 the
443. 17:42texas army
444. 17:44attacks santa anna's army
445. 17:47the battle of san jacinto lasted a
446. 17:49whopping 18 minutes and the mexicans
447. 17:51were thoroughly
448. 17:52routed santa anna who proclaimed himself
449. 17:55to be this military genius
450. 17:57he runs away he changes into a
451. 18:00he he gets rid of his fancy generals
452. 18:04uniform
453. 18:05and gets into the uniform of a private
454. 18:07and he runs away
455. 18:09runs away he was captured a couple of
456. 18:11days later
457. 18:13brought back to where the other
458. 18:14prisoners were held and
459. 18:17the texans didn't know who they had and
460. 18:19they captured them but also all these
461. 18:20mexican soldiers started rising up
462. 18:22saying viva santana and saluting well
463. 18:24then they knew who they had
464. 18:26well in may 1836 a treaty is negotiated
465. 18:33the treaty of velasco which santa anna
466. 18:35recognizes texas independence
467. 18:38he is released but he is not allowed to
468. 18:41go back to mexico
469. 18:42because he's been overthrown in mexico
470. 18:44he ends up going to washington d.c and
471. 18:45he met with president jackson
472. 18:47don't know what they talked about he
473. 18:49ended up in exile of cuba more about
474. 18:51that later
475. 18:52but the treaty of alaska texas
476. 18:54independence now the new mexican
477. 18:56government did not recognize this
478. 18:58plus there's a dispute as to where the
479. 19:00border is according to the treaty of
480. 19:01velasco
481. 19:02the border between texas and mexico is
482. 19:04the rio grande river
483. 19:06which would make el paso part of texas
484. 19:09all right
485. 19:10so
486. 19:14texas immediately this new republic of
487. 19:16texas
488. 19:18sam houston is elected the first
489. 19:20president of the republic of texas
490. 19:22and immediately texas would like to join
491. 19:25the united states
492. 19:26now remember this is 1836 and texas
493. 19:29is slave the republic of texas allows
494. 19:32slavery
495. 19:34andrew did 1836 presidential election
496. 19:36year andrew jackson's hand-picked
497. 19:38candidate mark van buren's running for
498. 19:40president jackson
499. 19:42does not want to jackson president
500. 19:44jackson favors texas and
501. 19:46texas excuse me president jackson favors
502. 19:48texas statehood
503. 19:51but because texas is a slave state or
504. 19:53it's going to be a slave country
505. 19:55it would be a big controversy in the
506. 19:571836 presidential election so jackson
507. 19:59doesn't want
508. 20:00this big controversy to maybe cost van
509. 20:02buren the presidency
510. 20:04so jackson does nothing about it now
511. 20:07eventually
512. 20:07in april 1844 a treaty is negotiated a
513. 20:12treaty between the united states and the
514. 20:13republic of texas
515. 20:14to make texas a state however a treaty
516. 20:18requires a two-thirds majority in the
517. 20:20senate
518. 20:22texas is still a slave country
519. 20:26the slavery issue causes this treaty to
520. 20:30be
521. 20:30defeated in the senate so texas is still
522. 20:34an independent nation
523. 20:36all right
524. 20:40texas revolution in a nutshell
525. 20:43um all right we will pick up manifest
526. 20:46destiny again
527. 20:48next time so we'll see you then
528. 20:54bye