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1301 Lecture 32 War of 1812 — Transcript

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0:02okay history 1301
0:04here we go at the war of 1812 war was
0:06declared
0:07uh us declares war against great britain
0:10for those reasons we went over last time
0:13uh the u.s went into this war extremely
0:15unprepared
0:16militarily and economically
0:20uh during the war the u.s army never
0:22numbered more than 35 000 troops
0:25and had to stretch to get that far the
0:28british have the largest army in the
0:29world
0:30the british have the largest navy in the
0:32world hundreds of warships
0:33the us had 16 major warships
0:39the army was not well trained not well
0:41led the officers were
0:43not all that good and remember
0:48the the americans are going to be
0:50hampered in this war
0:51because of republican military policy
0:54and republican economic policy remember
0:56i said i just mentioned the us army
0:58never numbered more than 35 000 the us
0:59had 16 major ships
1:01this is because remember jefferson and
1:03the republicans cut the military by 50
1:0650 they believe that state militias
1:10would be adequate for the nation's
1:11defense so state militias are going to
1:13prove to be
1:14unreliable a lot of times in this war
1:17some states even refused to send militia
1:21troops to help fight the war
1:23as far as economics remember hamilton
1:25back when he presented his economic
1:27plans hamilton wanted a more balanced
1:29economy of industry and agriculture
1:31which meant more industry jefferson and
1:33the republicans stuck to their
1:35uh agrarian first policy
1:39agriculture they believe the nation
1:41should concentrate on an agricultural
1:43economy
1:44and that is going to hurt the us and the
1:46war the military
1:48continually had shortages in this war
1:52excuse me all right
1:56so small military
1:59shortages all right well if the u.s had
2:02two things the u.s did have two things
2:04going forward in this war number one
2:05it's going to be fought in the u.s so
2:07home field advantage and second the
2:09british are still fighting the french
2:11over in europe
2:12that war that started at seven excuse me
2:14in 1793
2:161812 it's still going on 19 years later
2:20all right well the u.s wanted to win
2:22this war quickly
2:24before the british could con could could
2:26end the war in europe
2:27and send troops over to the u.s if you
2:30go to the map on page 352
2:32352. one of the goals of the war for the
2:36war hawks is to
2:37grab canada from the british so the u.s
2:41planned three invasions of canada
2:44and they thought oh we'll just throw a
2:46few troops up there the canadians will
2:47give up
2:48and they'll join the americans against
2:50the british well it didn't happen that
2:51way
2:52the first of these invasions took place
2:54at niagara
2:56between lake ontario and lake erie you
2:58know niagara falls
3:00so the american army is there reinforced
3:03by
3:04new york state militia well
3:10this is october 1812 according to the
3:12book
3:13so the the us army troops across the
3:16niagara river into canada
3:19they meet heavy resistance from the
3:21british forces
3:22in canada they just didn't roll over and
3:25surrender
3:27the american commander sends word back
3:29to the new york militia
3:30come over to canada and help us the new
3:33york militia said we
3:34are not leaving the state of new york we
3:37will not leave the state of new york if
3:38the british attack new york will fight
3:40but we will not lead the state of new
3:42york with that
3:45the invasion ended the americans had to
3:48retreat
3:48back into new york big disaster
3:52the second was at lake champlain
4:05here it's the border between new york
4:08and vermont
4:09and the very northern tip of lake
4:11champlain is in canada again the goal
4:13going to invade canada
4:14so the u.s army again reinforced by new
4:17york state militia
4:19they get to the border the u.s canadian
4:21border us army troops cross
4:23new york militia stop at the border we
4:26will
4:26not cross out of new york
4:30that invasion failed right there never
4:33went any further
4:35all right the third invasion was in
4:40detroit
4:42out west
4:47here detroit is right across the river
4:49here from
4:50canada so an american force crosses into
4:54canada
4:56they hear rumors of a very large british
4:59indian force in the area the indians
5:01were allies of the british
5:02very large british indian force that
5:05that according to the rumors greatly
5:06outnumbered the americans well
5:09the american commander decided let's get
5:11out of here he goes back
5:13to fort detroit well this british indian
5:16force
5:16did not outnumber the americans they
5:18followed the americans back into the u.s
5:20and uh through a trick the british uh
5:24the british
5:24started marching uh their troops and the
5:27indians in front of fort detroit
5:29and and it just went in a circle just
5:31went in a circle so it looked like there
5:32were a lot more of the enemy
5:34than there were and the americans
5:35basically said oh my god they greatly
5:37outnumber us just like the rumor said
5:39we surrender and detroit was surrendered
5:41without a shock being fired
5:44three invasions of canada were planned
5:46all three
5:48dismal failures so the u.s
5:51did not win the war quickly as they had
5:54hoped
5:54and they didn't grab canada
5:57all right so 1813 not a good year for
6:00the americans
6:02however 1813 would prove to be a little
6:06better
6:09there were two uh victories and
6:13two american victories in 1813 that kind
6:15of turned the tide of things
6:17september and october of 1813
6:23both along in the great lakes
6:32first was the battle of lake erie
6:39on september 10 1813 fought on lake erie
6:42it's also known as the battle of putin
6:44bay it's on the western edge of lake
6:46cary here
6:48uh u.s naval force now the these are not
6:50ocean-going major ships these are
6:53ships built specifically for the great
6:54lakes and so an american
6:57naval force on lake erie meets a british
7:00force on lake erie
7:02and the americans win a decisive naval
7:05victory
7:05at the battle of lake geary this is
7:07followed up
7:09about three weeks later with the battle
7:12of the tim's river
7:13which is in canada
7:16this was october 5 1813
7:21this was a follow-up to the battle of
7:23lake erie this is a land battle
7:28right there this is a land battle and
7:30again the americans
7:32decisively defeat the british and the
7:34indian force
7:35so these two victories give the
7:37americans control of the great lakes
7:39so 1813 much better year
7:42than 1812.
7:47now now we've got to go down south
7:51turn to the map on page 355 355.
7:55i mentioned indians were allies of the
7:57british and last time i mentioned
7:59that british agents in florida spanish
8:02florida
8:04british agents in spanish florida are
8:05supplying guns to indians
8:08to attack americans well one
8:11particularly
8:12nasty attack here
8:16and
8:21involve the creek indians in the south
8:35an incident known as the fort men's
8:38massacre
8:52corbin's massacre uh august 30
8:561813.
9:01creek indians supplied with guns by the
9:04british
9:05attacked the american settlement at fort
9:07mims
9:08in what is today alabama right here
9:12550 americans were killed men
9:15women children they were slaughtered and
9:18they just weren't killed
9:19they were scalped and their bodies
9:21remained
9:22and this was outrageous to the americans
9:25and this began
9:26kind of a war within a war this is the
9:29creek indian
9:30war aspect of the war of 1812.
9:33well with news of the fort men's
9:34massacre
9:36general andrew jackson was ordered to go
9:40south
9:41and defeat the creek indians so general
9:43jackson goes down there
9:45with about five thousand tennessee
9:46militia now
9:48you know i mentioned the new york
9:49militia would not leave the state of new
9:51york
9:51tennessee militia well they'll go
9:53anywhere for a fight especially if it's
9:55against indians
9:56so they had no no qualms whatsoever
9:59about leaving the state of tennessee so
10:00general jackson leads this militia force
10:03south and eventually the decisive battle
10:07is the battle of horseshoe bend
10:15this is march 27 1814
10:22general jackson's force decisively
10:25defeats the creek indians at the battle
10:27horseshoe bend
10:29killing about 800 indians creek indians
10:33and as a result in a battle abortion
10:35bend
10:38here on the map and as a result
10:42the following august the creek indians
10:46agreed to the treaty of fort jackson
10:56august 1814 and in the treaty of fort
11:00jackson the creeks
11:01agreed to give up the vast majority of
11:04their land
11:05in georgia and alabama this broke
11:08creek indian power in the south and
11:11ended the creek indian war aspect of the
11:14war of 1812.
11:16all right now okay now 1814 again
11:20this was in 18 1814 1814
11:24big change in the war in 1814 the war
11:29in europe is finally over war in europe
11:32is finally over 1814 been going on for
11:3421 years napoleon and the french
11:38are finally defeated by the british and
11:40their allies
11:42in europe well all right now
11:47the british can turn their full
11:48attention to this little problem
11:50with the americans well okay
11:54the british plan three invasions of the
11:56united states to end this war
11:58three invasions of the us the first
12:01familiar place niagara
12:05british are going to attack same place
12:07the americans tried
12:08so british launch or the the americans
12:11find out about this attack and launch
12:13what's called a pre-emptive strike
12:15and before the british can launch their
12:17attack americans
12:18cross into canada and defeat the british
12:23at niagara second
12:26another familiar spot lake champlain the
12:29british
12:30send a naval force down lake champlain
12:32accompanied by a land force
12:35and the americans find out about this
12:38and at
12:39the battle of lake champlain the
12:42americans win
12:43another decisive victory so that
12:46invasion
12:46is halted so these two invasions both
12:50failures now
12:53before we get to the third invasion
13:02the british send a fleet
13:07all right where am i here
13:12hang on
13:21ah yeah the british send a fleet the
13:24british have blockaded the american
13:26coast by the way
13:27with their navy the british send a fleet
13:30up the chesapeake bay here
13:32and up the potomac river they're going
13:34to attack the capital of the united
13:36states washington dc
13:38and in uh
13:44so the british land the the army the
13:46british navy lands the army south of
13:48washington
13:50this is august 1814
13:56and the british the army approaches
13:58washington
13:59washington is being defended by maryland
14:01militia
14:02and at a battle outside of washington
14:06the british attack the maryland militia
14:08and the maryland militias scatter as
14:10fast as they can
14:11the road is wide open to washington
14:14government officials abandoned the city
14:16president madison lee's cabinet
14:17officials leave
14:19the british march in unopposed and set
14:21fire
14:22to a lot of government buildings caused
14:24a lot of damage
14:25it would have been worse but a big
14:27rainstorm came up that night
14:29and doused the fires out all right so
14:32the british army gets back on their
14:33ships
14:34that was august 24 1814 they burned
14:37washington
14:39and uh they get back on their ships
14:42now they sail further up the chesapeake
14:43bay they're going to attack baltimore
14:45maryland
14:46baltimore maryland and again it's going
14:48to be a naval land force
14:50the the army has landed and they're
14:51approaching baltimore by land
14:53meanwhile the british navy is going to
14:56attack
14:57baltimore by the chesapeake bay except
15:00baltimore
15:01is being defended the baltimore harbor
15:04is being defended by fort mchenry
15:07and so on the night of
15:14september 13 1814 the british navy
15:17bombards fort mchenry
15:19on board one of the british ships is an
15:21american lawyer
15:22francis scott key he's there to try to
15:26get the release of some american
15:27prisoners running to scotty
15:29he watches this night bombardment this
15:31night fight between fort mchenry and the
15:33british ships
15:34and and he writes a poem about it and in
15:37the poem
15:37he talks about uh the rockets red glare
15:41the bombs bursting in air and through
15:43the night our flag was still there you
15:45know you'll probably see what i'm
15:46getting at
15:46he wrote this point and it's called the
15:49star-spangled banner
15:51later it was applied to music and
15:52sometime in the 1930s became the
15:54national anthem
15:55of the united states the british navy
15:57never does break through fort mchenry
15:59fort mchenry holds fast does not let the
16:01british navy pass
16:03meanwhile the british army attacks
16:04baltimore baltimore is defended by
16:06maryland militia
16:08however unlike at washington
16:11this time the maryland militias stand
16:13and fight
16:15and they defeat the british they kill
16:17the british commanding officer
16:19the british officers who take over they
16:21decide eh
16:22maybe we better get out of here so they
16:24retreated back on the ships
16:25the british navy leaves so baltimore
16:28is not captured yay
16:32all right hang on we're going to get to
16:34the third major british invasion
16:36now one part of the country was dead set
16:39against this war
16:40new england new england is still
16:43dominated by the federalist party it's
16:44the only part of the country the
16:45federalists have control
16:47grab the sheets here every war of 1812
16:50new englanders are against this war
16:53in fact some new england states have
16:55threatened to secede or leave the united
16:57states over this war
16:58well to show their discontent over this
17:01war
17:02representatives from the new england
17:03states meet in hartford connecticut it's
17:05called the hartford convention december
17:071814
17:08to uh and the purpose of this is to air
17:11their grievances
17:12air their grievances against the war air
17:15their grievances against president
17:16madison
17:18and air their grievances against
17:21the republicans in general and they call
17:24for certain constitutional amendments
17:27they want to abolish the three-fist
17:28compromise one reason the u.s is able to
17:30go to war here was because of those
17:32southern members in congress
17:34who were there because of the three-fist
17:36compromise abolished three first
17:37compromise plus there's a
17:39an anti-slavery movement growing in new
17:41england
17:42two-thirds of each house of congress to
17:44declare war
17:45it takes a simple majority they want to
17:46make it two-thirds if it had been a
17:48two-thirds majority to declare war
17:50war would not have been declared
17:52two-thirds vote of each house
17:53of congress to admit new states takes a
17:55simple majority of admitting new states
17:57all those new states that are coming in
17:59they're republicans
18:01women in bar goes to 60 days those
18:03embargoes that
18:04that were put in place before the war
18:07they hurt the new england states
18:08a 60-day embargo is nothing exclude the
18:11foreign born from holding office there
18:13were members
18:14there are republican members of congress
18:17in the administration that were born not
18:20in the united states
18:21and the next two go together limit the
18:22president to one term in office and no
18:24two presidents in a row from the same
18:26state
18:26remember george washington from virginia
18:28two terms
18:30john adams massachusetts new england one
18:33term
18:33and then now you had jefferson and now
18:36madison
18:36both jefferson and madison from virginia
18:39jefferson went to terms madison is in
18:41his second term
18:44no two presidents in a row from the same
18:45state this is aimed at virginia
18:47and limit the president to one term in
18:49office
18:50well the hartford convention was going
18:53to list these things and then send them
18:54to the government in washington
18:57however before they really had a chance
19:00to do that
19:02big break in the war peace talks
19:05have been going on
19:10peace talks have been going on between
19:12the u.s and the british
19:14in ghent belgium and belgium
19:35yeah it's on a sheet there
19:39again to belgium and with the failure of
19:41these
19:42british invasions the british become
19:45very conciliatory towards the americans
19:47and eventually the treaty of ghent is
19:49agreed to
19:50december 24 1814 the treaty of
19:53basically restored the status quo
19:55anti-battle that's a latin term meaning
19:57everything returned to the way things
19:59were
19:59before the war so all those issues that
20:02started the war
20:04are not dealt with in this peace
20:05agreement basically the british and the
20:07americans agree simply to end the war
20:09and put things back the way they were
20:11prior to the war so those things about
20:13the british capturing american ships the
20:14impressment the indians and all that
20:17were not dealt with now there were
20:20provisions in the treaty
20:21to deal with outstanding issues later
20:24and a lot of these were dealt with so
20:25basically they agreed on the war
20:27and uh so the treaty of ghent
20:31and it's signed by the british and the
20:32americans however in the meantime
20:35this third british invasion takes place
20:41inside new orleans new orleans louisiana
20:51new orleans the british want to attack
20:54new orleans and then
20:55sweep up the mississippi river and
20:57attack the americans from the west
21:00all right so british forest is heading
21:01to the world's general andrew jackson
21:03the creek indian war general
21:04he is sent to new orleans to uh deal
21:07with this situation
21:09all right but uh we're going to take
21:11that up next time
21:12so we'll see you then bye-bye

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