1301 Lecture 27 Adams For Affairs — Transcript

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1. 0:02hey there history 1301
2. 0:04i don't know why i'm looking at the lamp
3. 0:06uh here we go again
4. 0:08um
5. 0:10a growing mess with the french
6. 0:13still going on the whiskey rebellion has
7. 0:15been
8. 0:16ended
9. 0:181796
10. 0:21there's a presidential election year
11. 0:23now in 1789 george washington was
12. 0:26elected the first president of the
13. 0:28united states he was unanimously elected
14. 0:30every elector voted for him
15. 0:32in 1792 same thing george washington
16. 0:36reelected unanimously every presidential
17. 0:39elector voting for him
18. 0:41well washington decides not to run for
19. 0:44president a third time in 1796 actually
20. 0:48from what i understand he was reluctant
21. 0:50to run for re-election 1792 but he was
22. 0:52talked into it well this time he puts
23. 0:54his foot down he is not seeking a third
24. 0:57term as president which means this
25. 0:59election is wide open
26. 1:04there are four leading candidates
27. 1:10john adams who has been washington's
28. 1:12vice president for two terms
29. 1:15um thomas pinckney
30. 1:18madames of course in massachusetts
31. 1:23thomas pinkney from south carolina
32. 1:27third candidate the first secretary of
33. 1:29state a role buddy from the declaration
34. 1:31of independence thomas jefferson
35. 1:36from virginia
36. 1:37and finally from new york aaron burr a
37. 1:40name we have not seen it before
38. 1:43now remember i told you last time there
39. 1:45were unofficial political parties
40. 1:49adams and pygmy are unofficially the
41. 1:52federalist party ticket
42. 1:54jefferson and burr
43. 1:57are unofficially the republican ticket
44. 2:00unofficially
45. 2:02all right so this wide open now
46. 2:04prior to the election
47. 2:06george washington
48. 2:09makes a statement which has come to be
49. 2:11known as washington's farewell address
50. 2:14this is on september 17
51. 2:211796
52. 2:23and in this statement he warns against
53. 2:25two things he warns against two things
54. 2:27he warns against
55. 2:29factions
56. 2:34and by factions he means political
57. 2:37parties
58. 2:39he believes they are divisive
59. 2:42they are divisive
60. 2:44uh in it in your book on page 313 under
61. 2:47washington's farewell it says he
62. 2:49criticized the rising spirit of
63. 2:51political partisanship
64. 2:53and the emergence of political parties
65. 2:55he believed the nation should put forth
66. 2:57a united front not be divided in
67. 3:00politics so he warns against factions
68. 3:03political parties
69. 3:05the other thing he warns against
70. 3:07long-term
71. 3:13foreign alliances
72. 3:15long-term foreign alliances
73. 3:18and really he's pointing out the 1778
74. 3:20alliance with the french in which the
75. 3:22u.s and the french are going to be best
76. 3:23buddies forever this is causing major
77. 3:25problems between the us and france the
78. 3:27french this 1796 that war in europe that
79. 3:30france started still going on
80. 3:33long-term foreign alliances avoid them
81. 3:36short-term alliances are fine alliances
82. 3:38that have a specific goal in mind and
83. 3:40will end when that goal is reached or
84. 3:42they have a time limit they'll end on a
85. 3:44certain date okay fine
86. 3:46but no more long-term open-ended foreign
87. 3:49alliances
88. 3:50and this
89. 3:51idea of george washington became a
90. 3:54cornerstone of american foreign policy
91. 3:57for the next 150 years literally the
92. 4:00next 150 years this will not change
93. 4:03until after world war ii
94. 4:05all right so he warned against those two
95. 4:06things and he's not running okay so the
96. 4:09elections between these four and these
97. 4:11unofficial parties
98. 4:13and you hear about nasty presidential
99. 4:15elections nowadays well
100. 4:17nothing new nothing new this was a nasty
101. 4:20election on page 314
102. 4:24it says the campaign was mean and
103. 4:26nasty federalists were attacked
104. 4:29for unpopular taxes like the whiskey tax
105. 4:32excessive spending abuses of power
106. 4:35republicans called the pudgy john adams
107. 4:38his rotundity
108. 4:40labeled him a monarchist ooh a
109. 4:42monarchist
110. 4:43because he loved symbols of power and
111. 4:45despised the people
112. 4:47the federalists countered that jefferson
113. 4:48was a french loving atheist wow an
114. 4:52atheist
115. 4:53eager for another war with great britain
116. 4:56now all right
117. 4:59the electors are chosen in the states
118. 5:01remember back in those days electors
119. 5:04would write two names on their ballot
120. 5:05not designed anyone for president
121. 5:07not as an annual for vice president just
122. 5:09two names whoever got the most votes
123. 5:12president second most vice president
124. 5:14adams
125. 5:16gets 71 electoral votes
126. 5:21pinkney 59
127. 5:25jefferson 68.
128. 5:30aaron burr brings up the rear at 30. so
129. 5:32john adams
130. 5:35is elected
131. 5:36narrowly
132. 5:37second president of the united states
133. 5:39thomas jefferson
134. 5:41the second vice president of the united
135. 5:43states all right now
136. 5:46let me reach the board
137. 5:52by the way this is the only time in
138. 5:53american history
139. 5:56where the president
140. 5:57and the vice president
141. 6:00were from two different political
142. 6:02parties even if these were unofficial
143. 6:05political parties
144. 6:11all right
145. 6:13well so john adams becomes president
146. 6:17march 4
147. 6:181797
148. 6:22and he walks smack dab into this mess
149. 6:26with the french
150. 6:30the french are mad at the us
151. 6:36because of jade's treaty
152. 6:39remember i showed you under jay's treaty
153. 6:41american trade with great britain
154. 6:43increased
155. 6:44300 percent
156. 6:46between the time between 1795 the time
157. 6:49of the treaty in 1800 so it's growing
158. 6:51while john adams becomes president
159. 6:53american trade with great britain is
160. 6:54growing now according apparently the
161. 6:56french interpretation of the treaty of
162. 6:581778 alliance france is supposed to be
163. 7:01america's best greatest trading partner
164. 7:04so the french are outraged at jade's
165. 7:06treaty
166. 7:07outraged the americans aren't training
167. 7:09as much with the french
168. 7:10and the french begin capturing american
169. 7:13ships on the high seas
170. 7:17plus
171. 7:18adam sends an ambassador to france and
172. 7:21the french refuse to deal with the
173. 7:24american ambassador
174. 7:26well
175. 7:27adams decides to appoint a commission
176. 7:30a commission to go to france
177. 7:33try to resolve these issues
178. 7:36and the commission consisted of john
179. 7:38marshall
180. 7:42charles pinckney who's the brother of
181. 7:44thomas speakney who was the presidential
182. 7:46candidate
183. 7:49pinkney by the way was the ambassador
184. 7:51that adam sent to france and the third
185. 7:54member of this commission elbridge jerry
186. 7:56from massachusetts
187. 7:58so marshall and jerry basically supposed
188. 8:00to go to france get together of pinkney
189. 8:02who's there
190. 8:04and try to resolve these issues the
191. 8:06french
192. 8:07well all right
193. 8:09now before adam sends these three to
194. 8:12france
195. 8:14he calls congress together in a special
196. 8:16session
197. 8:17and he asks congress to increase the
198. 8:20size of the u.s military
199. 8:22increase the navy
200. 8:25and increase the army
201. 8:27increase the army with what's called a
202. 8:29provisional
203. 8:31army
204. 8:35this provisional means temporary
205. 8:37provisional means temporary he wants
206. 8:39this provisional or temporary army
207. 8:42just to deal with the french situation
208. 8:45and once the french situation is
209. 8:47hopefully peacefully resolved
210. 8:49this provisional army will be disbanded
211. 8:52adams asked for this provisional army
212. 8:54increase in the size of the army he
213. 8:55asked for an increase in the size of the
214. 8:57navy
215. 8:58he wants these three negotiators
216. 9:01to go over to france and negotiate from
217. 9:03what's called a position
218. 9:06of strength the u.s military at this
219. 9:08time is small
220. 9:11and the french know it
221. 9:13you know these three could go over and
222. 9:14say hey we want to resolve the issues
223. 9:16the french will say oh so what we know
224. 9:18you will i'll try to do a french action
225. 9:20oh
226. 9:21we know your americans have a small
227. 9:22military and we can defeat you anytime
228. 9:24we want
229. 9:25so adams wants to increase the military
230. 9:28to deal from a position of strength
231. 9:30now vice president jefferson is against
232. 9:32this
233. 9:33he thought it would jeopardize the
234. 9:35mission well all right
235. 9:37so the three go to france
236. 9:40they want to meet with the french
237. 9:42foreign minister tally rand
238. 9:49the americans are kept waiting for
239. 9:50several weeks
240. 9:52and then finally they are informed by
241. 9:55three
242. 9:57three of taliran's agents
243. 10:01that if the americans want to negotiate
244. 10:03with tally rand
245. 10:06they will have to pay the americans will
246. 10:08have to pay tally rand
247. 10:15the americans will have to pay talia and
248. 10:17250 000
249. 10:19and if the americans want a treaty or an
250. 10:21agreement
251. 10:23they're going to have to pay
252. 10:2612 million dollars
253. 10:28these are
254. 10:30bribes
255. 10:32now this is the way things were done in
256. 10:34europe at that time
257. 10:36but these are americans
258. 10:38the americans tell these three french
259. 10:40agents who come to be known as
260. 10:45x y and z
261. 10:50we're not going to pay the money we are
262. 10:52not going to pay bribes
263. 10:54and so the americans went home
264. 10:57told president adams about this adams is
265. 10:59outraged
266. 11:01he writes a report to congress about
267. 11:03this this is called the x y z affair
268. 11:09adams did not name
269. 11:11those french agents directly just call
270. 11:13them xyz in his report their names are
271. 11:15known
272. 11:16but uh let's call the xyz affair adams
273. 11:19informs congress of this refers to these
274. 11:21people as x y and z and congress is
275. 11:24outraged
276. 11:25congress is outraged
277. 11:29congress decides to stop all trade with
278. 11:32france as a result of this
279. 11:34stop all trade with france
280. 11:36and as a result
281. 11:38beginning in 1798
282. 11:40the united states and france are engaged
283. 11:43in an undeclared naval war
284. 11:50called the quasi war
285. 11:54so the quasi-war quasi means in some
286. 11:57sense
287. 11:58in some sense this is a war yeah war has
288. 12:00not been declared by either side
289. 12:03but ships are being captured shots are
290. 12:05being fired people are being captured
291. 12:06people are being killed
292. 12:08a quasi war they worn some sense in the
293. 12:10last 1798-1800 so americans go out and
294. 12:13start capturing friendships
295. 12:17now
296. 12:22there are those who want a formal
297. 12:25declaration of war
298. 12:27against france hang on
299. 12:42and these are members
300. 12:44of adams's
301. 12:45unofficial political party federalists
302. 12:53this mess with the french
303. 13:00has split the unofficial federalist
304. 13:03party
305. 13:06one branch is called the high females
306. 13:16and they are led by our old buddy
307. 13:17alexander hamilton who is no longer
308. 13:19secretary of the treasury
309. 13:22they want war with france they want a
310. 13:24large military they want this temporary
311. 13:27military that adams
312. 13:29has authorized to be permanent
313. 13:32and this is costing a lot this
314. 13:33provisional army that is being put
315. 13:35together is costing a lot of tax money
316. 13:37a lot of people don't like that the high
317. 13:39federalists want war with france
318. 13:44and they want this provisional army to
319. 13:45be permanent
320. 13:49and they're dragging john adams with
321. 13:51them the other faction or branch of the
322. 13:54federalist i call him the high i just
323. 13:56call him the adams federalist led by
324. 13:58president adams
325. 14:00he is seeking a peaceful solution to
326. 14:03this issue
327. 14:04peaceful solution the high federalists
328. 14:07want war and they're trying to drag john
329. 14:09adams into war with them he has dug in
330. 14:12his seal as he adams is be as he's being
331. 14:14dragged by the high federalists he's
332. 14:16digging in his heels
333. 14:18fighting back he wants a peaceful
334. 14:20solution
335. 14:21so all right now when this provisional
336. 14:23army is ready
337. 14:25our old buddy george washington is asked
338. 14:29to command it
339. 14:30and he agrees to
340. 14:31on the condition
341. 14:34that alexander hamilton
342. 14:36is second in command so george
343. 14:38washington comes out of retirement to
344. 14:40lead this provisional
345. 14:42army now
346. 14:45over in france remember i said the
347. 14:47french revolution
348. 14:49was a series of revolutions
349. 14:52we're in the 1800s now
350. 14:55that war that started in 1793 is still
351. 14:58going on
352. 15:00and as i said the french revolution is a
353. 15:02series of revolutions well another
354. 15:04revolution has occurred
355. 15:07france has a new leader somebody you've
356. 15:09probably heard of
357. 15:15napoleon bonaparte
358. 15:19and also that gold the gold the french
359. 15:21goal of that war is changed remember i
360. 15:23mentioned when france declared war in
361. 15:25great britain
362. 15:27of the french the french want to spread
363. 15:30their revolution throughout europe they
364. 15:32want to topple monarchies all over
365. 15:35europe
366. 15:38well that's changed napoleon
367. 15:41has become a monarch
368. 15:45at some point he becomes emperor of
369. 15:47france
370. 15:49so they're back to a monarchy
371. 15:51and the goal of the wars change is now
372. 15:53not to topple monarchies over europe
373. 15:56the goal of the war is now to conquer
374. 15:58europe for france to take over europe
375. 16:01napoleon
376. 16:04becomes very conciliatory now towards
377. 16:06the americans
378. 16:10napoleon in china conquer europe does
379. 16:13not need trouble with this new country
380. 16:15across the atlantic ocean
381. 16:18he does not need a war with america
382. 16:23he becomes very conciliatory towards the
383. 16:25americans
384. 16:28all right
385. 16:30when the new military the new american
386. 16:32military is ready adam sends a new
387. 16:34mission over to france
388. 16:37napoleon greets them oh we love
389. 16:39americans we french love americans this
390. 16:42is all been a big misunderstanding
391. 16:45misunderstanding we can settle this
392. 16:47issue
393. 16:48peacefully
394. 16:51he wants more american trade he wants an
395. 16:53american trade returned
396. 16:55he needs it
397. 16:58and so as a result
398. 17:02september 30
399. 17:091800 a piece deal
400. 17:11is agreed upon it's known by two names
401. 17:27it's known as the convention of more
402. 17:28fontaine
403. 17:29and in your book it's known as
404. 17:35you'll find it here it's known as the
405. 17:37convention of 1800 in your book
406. 17:39conventional morphanting or convention
407. 17:41of 1800 same thing
408. 17:43uh and basically the us gets what it
409. 17:45wants here
410. 17:47number one the french agree to stop
411. 17:50capturing american ships french will
412. 17:53stop america capturing american ships
413. 17:54and that puts an end to the quasi-war
414. 17:57right but the second thing and probably
415. 17:59the biggest
416. 18:02the u.s french 1778
417. 18:06alliance
418. 18:07is
419. 18:08ended
420. 18:10the 1778 french american alliance is
421. 18:14ended now remember in this alliance the
422. 18:16us and french were supposed to be best
423. 18:18buddies forever
424. 18:21i guess turns out forever was 22 years
425. 18:261778-1800 whenever somebody asks well
426. 18:29how long is forever you say well 22
427. 18:30years
428. 18:31all right so
429. 18:33french agreed to stop capturing american
430. 18:35ships that ends the quasi war
431. 18:38the 1778 french american alliance is
432. 18:41ended after 22 years
433. 18:43john adams
434. 18:45despite
435. 18:46his own party trying to drag him into a
436. 18:49war with france
437. 18:53gets the issue settled peacefully
438. 18:56adams gets it settled peacefully
439. 19:00all right
440. 19:02that ends the mess with the french well
441. 19:04at least for now it it's not going to
442. 19:06totally end with the french but it's not
443. 19:09going to totally end the mess with
444. 19:10french it's going to re-emerge again but
445. 19:12it settles it for now
446. 19:14adams avoids a war he considers this one
447. 19:16of his greatest achievements
448. 19:18as president
449. 19:21all right
450. 19:23okay now
451. 19:24as this mess is going on
452. 19:26with the french it has chilling
453. 19:30effects
454. 19:31at home in the united states
455. 19:34and we will take that up next time so
456. 19:37see you then folks bye