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12. Sınıf Din Kültürü 1. Dönem 1. Yazılıya Hazırlık — Transcript

by Cebrail Hocam · 5,822 words · 1,028 segments · language en · Watch on YouTube

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0:00Peace be upon you all, dear 12th graders
0:02. How are you? I hope you are doing well
0:04, God willing. May the mercy and
0:05blessings of God be upon you all. 12th.
0:08grade Religious Culture and Ethics
0:10course 1st. term 1st. exam preparation
0:13full review lecture is here. I will
0:15conduct our full review from the TYT AYT
0:17video lecture book I prepared myself. At
0:20the same time, this book of mine is
0:22valid for the 2027 TYT and AYT, friends
0:24.
0:25It contains the TYT and AYT subjects for
0:27the Religious Culture course, and the
0:29topics inside are well-supported with
0:32visuals, friends.
0:34There are also plenty of concepts to
0:35increase retention.
0:37I hope it will be useful for you in the
0:39TYT and AYT.
0:40If you are curious, you can see the link
0:42to my book in the video description.
0:45I am also conducting the 10-day TYT and
0:4710-day AYT camp for this book on YouTube
0:50. You can watch that too, friends.
0:53I show my support for you through the
0:55work I do, and I need your support as
0:57well. I would be happy if you subscribed
0:59to our channel to show your support.
1:01Thank you in advance, and I will also
1:03provide at least two exam practice
1:05examples for you.
1:06If you watch those as well, I hope you
1:08will be ready for the exam.
1:10If you are ready, let's start our
1:12lecture.
1:13In the name of God, the Most Gracious,
1:14the Most Merciful. May our lesson be
1:16blessed, God willing. 1st. unit, which
1:18is Islam and Science, we are starting
1:19with the first topic. The relationship
1:21between religion and science. Let's
1:22first take a closer look at the concept
1:23of religion.
1:24What do we call the collection of divine
1:26rules and commands that guide rational
1:28people toward good things through their
1:30own desires and free will?
1:32We call it religion, friends.
1:34We call it religion when people accept
1:35God's commands and prohibitions of their
1:37own free will.
1:39Who is the source of religion? What is
1:41it? It is Almighty God.
1:42Almighty God sent religion to people
1:44through prophets.
1:46Almighty God created the universe and
1:48created a perfect order within it.
1:51Almighty God has also established
1:52certain laws so that this measure and
1:54perfect order he placed in the universe
1:56can continue. He established the laws of
1:58the universe. You know there are
2:00physical and biological laws; what is
2:02the name for this in the Quran? The name
2:04of the universal law is Sunnatullah.
2:06What is another name for it so that the
2:08perfect order in the universe can
2:09continue? It is Adetullah.
2:11Almighty God declares that you will find
2:14no change in His law, emphasizing the
2:16immutability of Sunnatullah.
2:18Sunnatullah is universal. It gives the
2:20same result everywhere. It is based on
2:22cause-and-effect relationships. If you
2:24remember 4 years ago, in the 8th. grade
2:26, you studied universal laws in detail.
2:29Science, on the other hand, chooses a
2:30portion of the universe or events as its
2:32subject. It is based on experimentation
2:34. There are methods, and it generally
2:36implies certainty.
2:37Because experiments and observations are
2:39conducted, friends, it is a term used in
2:41the sense of order, knowledge, and
2:43science that tries to derive results by
2:44utilizing reality.
2:46In other words, science tries to rely on
2:48certain knowledge. It tries to reach
2:50certainty not through hearsay, but by
2:52conducting experiments and observations
2:54.
2:55Using their intellect, humans have
2:57wanted to know themselves, the world
2:58they live in, and God.
3:00Almighty God has given us the gift of
3:02intellect and free will. Man has asked
3:04himself, who am I? What was I created
3:06for? Where did I come from? Where am I
3:08going? He is a curious being who tries
3:10to give meaning to his life by seeking
3:12answers to questions like whether death
3:14is an annihilation.
3:16Who gives the answer to these questions
3:18in the best way? Religion gives it. I am
3:20speaking for the Muslims, my friends.
3:21The Islamic religion adds meaning to
3:23human life by providing answers to these
3:25questions. In Islamic civilization,
3:28revelation and reason, religion and
3:30science have operated in a balanced
3:32unity. What is the first command of the
3:33Islamic religion? The first command of
3:35the first verse revealed
3:37Read in the name of your Lord who
3:39created. This shows how much Islam
3:41values knowledge and science, and the
3:43Islamic religion does not contradict
3:44reason, friends. Revelation, reason,
3:47religion, and science balance each other
3:49. What is one of the intersection points
3:50of religion and science? It is morality
3:52, my friends. We must be moral in
3:54religion. We must demonstrate our good
3:57behavior to people and to ourselves. We
3:59must be useful citizens. Likewise, what
4:01is the subject of science? It must be
4:03for the benefit of humanity. Things that
4:05are not beneficial are not in accordance
4:07with moral principles. As you know,
4:08scientific developments that are harmful
4:10to humans are also made. For example,
4:12the atomic bomb. What are these? It is
4:14debated whether they are moral or not.
4:16Scientific studies should have a nature
4:18that brings one closer to God. It should
4:21be for the benefit of humanity. Let us
4:23look at the importance given to reason
4:24and science in the Islamic religion. The
4:26Quran wants Muslims to pursue knowledge
4:28, and to learn and teach it.
4:31The first revealed verse also started
4:32with "read," my friends.
4:34About 750 verses in the Quran urge
4:36people to research nature, use their
4:39reason, think, and reflect on
4:40cause-effect relationships and this
4:42order in the universe.
4:44Almighty God wants us to use our reason
4:47. And by saying, "Are those who know and
4:50those who do not know equal?", Almighty
4:52God tells us how superior knowing,
4:54reading, and learning are.
4:57Let us look at some important functional
4:58tasks that the Quran assigns to reason.
5:00*I'tibar*(taking a lesson), *nazar*(
5:02contemplation), reasoning, *tafakkur*(
5:04deep reflection), *tadabbur*(pondering
5:06in depth), *tafaqquh*(having fine
5:07perception), and*tadhakkur*(reflecting
5:09and understanding), my friends. Let us
5:11look at the development of science and
5:13thought in Islamic civilization.
5:14Civilization, in the most general sense
5:16, is the sum of political, social, and
5:18economic activities, institutions,
5:19values, and concepts that people
5:21transfer from one generation to another
5:22.
5:24When we say Islamic civilization,
5:25friends, we can call it the culture to
5:28which Muslim states have collectively
5:30contributed.
5:31Who are they? Its foundation was laid
5:33with the Medina Islamic State during the
5:35time of our Prophet.
5:36We can count the Umayyads, Abbasids, the
5:39Andalusian Umayyad State, Seljuks,
5:41Mamluks, and Ottomans.
5:43What is the source of Islamic
5:44civilization? It is the Quran, which
5:46consists of God's messages. The second
5:47is the*Sunnah*, which consists of the
5:49Prophet's words and actions. The
5:51Prophet's period begins in 610 with our
5:54Prophet becoming a Prophet. It continues
5:56until his passing in 632.
5:58In the early years of Islam, the House
6:00of Arqam, *Dar al-Arqam*, was an
6:02educational place for Muslims. After our
6:04Prophet became a prophet in 610, he
6:06carried out his proclamation secretly
6:09for 3 years.
6:10At the same time, he provided education
6:12to the new Muslims at the House of*Dar
6:14al-Arqam*, my friends.
6:15When the Prophet migrated to Medina in
6:18622, what was their first order of
6:20business? They built the*Masjid
6:21an-Nabawi*(Prophet's Mosque). This was
6:23not just a place of worship.
6:25At the same time, law was discussed here
6:27, social issues were debated, agreements
6:28were made, and education was provided.
6:31Because a shaded area called*Suffa*was
6:33built in one corner of it. Both homeless
6:35Muslims stayed there, and education and
6:36training activities were carried out
6:38there. In other words, education was
6:39carried out, my friends. In fact, those
6:41who were trained there were called the*
6:42Ashab as-Suffa*. Very knowledgeable
6:44people in the field of science were
6:46raised here. Because who was the teacher
6:48himself? Our Prophet, Muhammad. Let's
6:51look at the period of the Rashidun
6:52Caliphate. Four caliphs, the first four
6:53caliphs. As you know, the people who
6:55governed the state after our Prophet
6:57passed away are the caliphs. The first
6:59one is Abu Bakr. He served as caliph for
7:012 years. What is his most important
7:03known feature, friends? He gathered the
7:05Quran together. He brought the written
7:07sheets, the paper pages of the Quran,
7:10together and made them into a book,
7:12friends.
7:13During the time of Umar, the first
7:15translation activities in Islamic
7:16history began. In the period of the 3rd
7:19caliph, Uthman, the Quran was reproduced
7:21, and because Islamic borders were
7:23expanding, it was sent to important
7:25centers of the country.
7:27The Islamic religion, in a very short
7:29time, passed the Arabian Peninsula and
7:31reached almost the ends of Anatolia and
7:33Southeast Asia, friends.
7:35Africa, North Africa, and as you know,
7:37the Umayyad Caliphate even crossed into
7:38Western Europe.
7:40It even crossed into where Spain is
7:42today. It spread to many places such as
7:44Indonesia, India, Anatolia, and the
7:46Balkans.
7:47With the entry of philosophy into the
7:49Islamic world, translation activities
7:50began. The first translation activities
7:52began during the Umayyad period. They
7:54developed even further during the
7:55Abbasid period, friends.
7:57In fact, during the time of the Abbasid
7:59Caliph al-Ma'mun, an institution called
8:01the House of Wisdom was established in
8:02Baghdad to conduct translation and
8:04academic activities.
8:05Intensive translations were carried out
8:08here.
8:09With the translation of philosophical
8:11works into Arabic, philosophy and other
8:13sciences entered the Islamic world.
8:16Thanks to this, all sciences began to be
8:18included in the term "ulum"(sciences),
8:19which was previously used for Islamic
8:21sciences.
8:23Later, the Seljuks created a new peak in
8:25Islamic civilization with their science
8:27, art, and organization.
8:29You know there are the Nizamiyya
8:30Madrasahs established in Baghdad. It was
8:32established by the vizier, by the vizier
8:35Nizam al-Mulk. It is a madrasah, friends
8:37. That is, it is higher education
8:39equivalent to today's universities,
8:41friends. The Seljuks opened madrasahs in
8:43many parts of Anatolia.
8:45You know the first one, you must have
8:46heard of the Tokat Yağıbasan Madrasah.
8:48They equipped many places like Konya,
8:50Sivas, and Kayseri with madrasahs. They
8:52made people knowledgeable in science.
8:54In the Ottoman Empire, countless
8:56scholars were raised both in revealed
8:58sciences—that is, religious sciences,
9:00friends, such as tafsir, hadith, fiqh,
9:02and kalam—and in natural sciences, such
9:04as astronomy, physics, chemistry, and
9:06history.
9:07Muslims in the 10th century produced
9:09works in all branches of science and
9:11were intertwined with technology.
9:14In fact, friends, when Muslims
9:15experienced their golden age, they made
9:18such inventions and discoveries that, of
9:20course, Western civilization later used
9:22the works of many Muslim scientists but
9:25did not give them credit.
9:27Professor Dr. Fuat Sezgin even proves
9:30this.
9:32He models the works done by past Muslim
9:34scientists and proves that much of the
9:36West actually benefited from the works
9:38of Muslim scientists, friends.
9:41He has a thesis that asks: whose child
9:43is today's Western civilization
9:45technologically? He says it is the child
9:47of Islamic civilization, friends.
9:50Then, Western civilization benefited
9:52greatly from the scientific accumulation
9:53of the Umayyads of Andalusia.
9:56The West established a connection with
9:58ancient thinkers like Plato and Socrates
9:59thanks to these thinkers, such as
10:01Al-Farabi and Averroes.
10:03Look, the West did not understand these
10:05philosophers like Plato and Socrates.
10:07Thanks to Al-Farabi and Averroes, what
10:09did we do? We introduced them to the
10:12West. Western civilization owes the
10:14foundations of today's modern science
10:15and technology to Islamic science and
10:17civilization. Let's look at the
10:19prominent educational institutions in
10:20Islamic civilization. I'm explaining a
10:22bit fast, friends, because this is for
10:24an upcoming exam.
10:25I don't want the video to be too long.
10:27As you can see, there is a lot of detail
10:29, aimed at the TYT and AYT exams. As you
10:31know, our textbook also highlights key
10:33educational institutions in Islamic
10:34civilization.
10:36First of all, friends, where did
10:37education and training first begin in
10:39Islamic history?
10:41It started at Masjid al-Nabawi.
10:43Education was provided at Dar al-Arqam
10:46during the secret preaching period, yes
10:48, but we can say that formal
10:49institutional education and training
10:51activities first began at the Suffah in
10:53Masjid al-Nabawi, and Muslims received
10:55their first education there.
10:57Later, as the number of Muslims
10:59increased, they no longer fit in the
11:01Masjid, and thus madrasas were
11:03established. Then, when they no longer
11:05fit in the madrasas and new fields of
11:07science emerged, educational
11:08institutions outside the madrasa system
11:10continued to diversify. Now let's look
11:12at these in detail. Let's start with the
11:14Masjid and Mosque. They are places of
11:15worship for Muslims. At the same time,
11:17the first educational institutions were
11:19established in Masjids, as was the case
11:21at Masjid al-Nabawi.
11:22In the early periods of Islam, education
11:24was mostly conducted in mosques.
11:27In mosques, sciences like the Quran,
11:29tafsir, hadith, fiqh, and siyar were
11:31taught, and if any of you have attended
11:33Quran courses, these lessons were held
11:35in circles just like that.
11:38Mektebs are institutions at the primary
11:40school level in today's terms, friends.
11:42They were called Kuttab during the
11:44Abbasid period.
11:45From the time of the Karakhanids and
11:47Seljuks, they were named Sibyan schools
11:49.
11:50During the Ottoman period, they provided
11:51education at the primary school level
11:53known as Ibtidai. They take the name
11:55Ibtidai. Madrasas, on the other hand,
11:57are higher education institutions in
11:59Islamic history where religious sciences
12:01, natural sciences, and social sciences
12:03were taught together. In other words, at
12:06the university level. These systematic
12:08structures, in the modern sense, were
12:10established during the Seljuk period.
12:12Especially, as you know, what is the
12:15first major madrasa established in
12:17Baghdad in 1067 by Nizam al-Mulk, the
12:19vizier of Sultan Alparslan? It is the
12:22Nizamiyya Madrasa, the first major
12:23madrasa in the Islamic world.
12:26The Cordoba Madrasa in Al-Andalus,
12:28located in modern-day Spain, and the
12:30Sahn-i Seman Madrasa opened in Istanbul
12:33during the time of Fatih Sultan Mehmet,
12:35form the foundation of today's Istanbul
12:37University.
12:39The Süleymaniye Madrasas, built by
12:41Sultan Suleiman, were the most important
12:43educational institutions of that era.
12:46Dar al-Qurra is the place where the Holy
12:47Quran is taught, friends. We call the
12:49place where a part or the whole of the
12:51Holy Quran is memorized and where huffaz
12:54(memorizers) are trained Dar al-Qurra.
12:56Dar al-Qurra can also be called Dar
12:58al-Huffaz. The Holy Quran was also
13:00taught to young children in sections
13:02called Kuttab.
13:03Dar al-Hadith are institutions where the
13:05sciences of Hadith are taught. What is
13:07Hadith, friends? It is the science
13:08concerned with the words and actions of
13:10our Prophet.
13:12The first independent educational
13:13institution under the name Dar al-Hadith
13:15was established in Damascus by Nurettin
13:16Zengi.
13:17The first one built in Anatolia was the
13:20Çankırı Dar al-Hadith. Bayt al-Hikma, as
13:22you know, is the name of the institution
13:24where intensive translation activities
13:25were carried out in Islamic civilization
13:26. The first of these institutions was
13:28established in Baghdad by Caliph
13:30al-Ma'mun.
13:31Translation teams worked especially on
13:33Greek, Syriac, Persian, and Indian
13:35manuscripts and translated them into
13:37Arabic.
13:39This center, which served as a source
13:40for the Islamic world of science for
13:42more than 500 years, was destroyed by
13:44the Mongol invasion in 1258.
13:46Those manuscript works were destroyed.
13:48Dar al-Shifa or Shifahane means hospital
13:50. Its old name is bimaristan, friends.
13:53During the Seljuk period, great
13:54importance was given to hospitals, the
13:56Dar al-Shifas. They are also seen being
13:58referred to by the name Dar al-Afiyah.
14:00During the Ottoman period, along with
14:02Dar al-Shifa, terms like Dar al-Siha,
14:04shifahane, bimarhane, and tımarhane were
14:06used more frequently.
14:07All of these are hospitals. In Islamic
14:09civilization, the first hospital was
14:11established as a mobile field hospital
14:13during the Battle of the Trench in the
14:15time of our Prophet for the treatment of
14:17Sa'd ibn Mu'adh and other wounded. The
14:20first hospital in Islam was built in 707
14:22by the Umayyad Caliph Walid ibn Abd
14:25al-Malik.
14:26The first major Seljuk hospital and
14:28medical madrasa were established in
14:29Nishapur by Nizam al-Mulk, the vizier of
14:31Sultan Alp Arslan.
14:33One of the most important institutions
14:35where medical education was provided
14:36during the Anatolian Seljuk period is
14:38the Gevher Nesibe Darüşşifa (Hospital)
14:39in Kayseri.
14:40One of the oldest healing centers in
14:42Anatolia that has survived to the
14:43present day dates back to the
14:45Mengujekids period. It is the Divriği
14:47Great Mosque and Hospital. This is also
14:49located in Sivas, friends.
14:51As for libraries, the first libraries in
14:53the Islamic world were built during the
14:55Umayyad period as schools focused on the
14:57Quran and Hadith. They were built in
14:59mosques.
15:00Libraries began to flourish after Harun
15:03al-Rashid established a paper factory in
15:06Baghdad in 794. 3. During the reign of
15:08Abd al-Rahman III, the world's richest
15:10libraries were located in Al-Andalus.
15:12The first library of the Anatolian
15:14Seljuk State was built in Konya, which
15:16became a center of science and wisdom in
15:17the region of modern-day Spain.
15:19In the Ottoman Empire, major libraries
15:21began to be established starting with
15:23the Fatih period.
15:24An observatory is an institution where
15:26astronomical observations are conducted
15:28. It is a place of observation. The
15:29first observatory in the Islamic world
15:31is the Shammasiya Observatory,
15:33established in Baghdad in 828 by the
15:35Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun. The first
15:37fully equipped major observatory in
15:39Islamic history is the Maragheh
15:40Observatory.
15:42It was built in Maragheh in 1259 by the
15:44Ilkhanid ruler Hulagu, and Nasir al-Din
15:46al-Tusi took over its management.
15:49Astronomers and mathematicians also
15:51worked there alongside him.
15:53In 1575, during the Ottoman era, the 3rd
15:56. Taqi al-Din's Istanbul Observatory,
15:58built in Istanbul with the support of
15:59Murad and Grand Vizier Sokollu Mehmed
16:01Pasha, is the last major observatory of
16:03Islamic civilization. From the 8th.
16:05century to the 16th. century, the work
16:07done in the fields of astronomy and
16:09mathematics thanks to the observatories
16:11in the Islamic world prepared the
16:13infrastructure for modern astronomy and
16:15mathematics.
16:17We will look at astronomy in more detail
16:19below.
16:19Let's take a look at the original and
16:21pioneering work done by Muslims in the
16:22field of science.
16:24When Islam placed importance on
16:25knowledge and science, friends, and
16:27encouraged people through verses, what
16:29did the scientists and people in Islam
16:30do?
16:31They engaged in knowledge and sciences.
16:33Let's see in which fields they produced
16:35works. Let's start with Tafsir (
16:36exegesis). These are primarily religious
16:38sciences.
16:39What do we call the science that
16:40explains and interprets the meanings of
16:42the Quranic verses?
16:43We call that field of study Tafsir.
16:46We call the scientists who deal with
16:48Tafsir "mufassir," friends.
16:50The first Tafsir known to be written as
16:52a whole from beginning to end in Islamic
16:54civilization was written by Muqatil ibn
16:55Sulayman.
16:56Let's look at the world-famous Tafsirs.
16:58Tabari, Jami 'al-Bayan; Fakhr al-Din
17:01al-Razi, Mafatih al-Ghayb; Ibn Kathir,
17:03Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim; Zamakhshari,
17:05al-Kashshaf; Baydawi, Anwar al-Tanzil;
17:07and Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi Yazır’s is
17:09the first Turkish Tafsir. Hak Dini
17:11Kur'an Dili (The True Religion, The
17:12Language of the Quran). Hadith is the
17:13branch of science that deals with the
17:15words, behaviors, and attitudes of our
17:17Prophet.
17:18Those who deal with the science of
17:19Hadith are called "muhaddith."
17:21It provided solutions to many issues
17:23regarding worship life and Islamic law.
17:26Because the primary main source of Islam
17:28is the Holy Quran. Our second main
17:29source is the Sunnah. The Sunnah is a
17:31kind of explanation of the Holy Quran.
17:34Kutub al-Sittah, the six books, are very
17:35important in Islamic history. These are
17:37six authors. Bukhari, Muslim, Tirmidhi,
17:39Nasai, Ibn Majah, and Abu Dawud, my
17:41friends.
17:42We call this Kutub al-Sittah, the six
17:44books. These are hadith books.
17:47Kalam, on the other hand, deals with the
17:48articles of faith in Islam. It concerns
17:50the existence and unity of Allah, in
17:51other words, the articles of faith in
17:53Islam, my friends. I said Islam, but
17:54there are the six articles of faith, you
17:56know. They are also known as the
17:57articles of Islamic belief. Let us not
17:59confuse them with the five pillars of
18:00Islam. This is exactly what it deals
18:02with, my friends.
18:03The science of kalam was established to
18:05defend Islam against people with ill
18:07intent and to resolve questions in the
18:09minds of Muslims regarding faith.
18:12The beginnings of the debates in the
18:14science of kalam go back to the time of
18:15......Hazrat Ali, and are based on the
18:17events of Jamal and Siffin that took
18:19place between him and his opponents.
18:21Let’s look at the most important works
18:22written in the field of kalam. Abu
18:24Hanifa's Al-Fiqh al-Akbar is significant
18:26.
18:27Imam Maturidi's Kitab al-Tawhid and
18:28Ta'wilat al-Qur'an, and Imam Ash'ari's
18:30Maqalat al-Islamiyyin and Al-Luma' are
18:32important.
18:34Fiqh is the branch of science that
18:35examines worship and social life rules
18:37by finding evidence in the Quran and
18:39Sunnah. That is, what is halal, what is
18:41haram, what is permissible, and what is
18:44not?
18:44What is the field that explains this to
18:46us and helps us perform our worship more
18:48easily?
18:49It is the field of Fiqh. And what is the
18:51person who deals with this, the scholar
18:52of this, called? They are called a Faqih
18:53.
18:54Fiqh, also known as Islamic law,
18:56examines the boundaries drawn by Islam
18:58on matters concerning social order,
19:00alongside acts of worship.
19:02Let’s look at the most important works
19:03of Fiqh. Imam Shafi'i's Al-Risala and
19:06Al-Umm, Ahmad ibn Hanbal's Masa'il, and
19:08Imam Malik's Al-Muwatta can be mentioned
19:11.
19:12Geography, now we are moving on to the
19:13natural sciences.
19:14What do we call the branch of science
19:16that examines the Earth from physical,
19:17economic, human, and political
19:18perspectives? We call it geography.
19:20Muslim scientists also reached
19:22achievements in geography.
19:23In the 8th......century, during the
19:25Abbasid period, it became a branch of
19:27science with the transmission of Greek,
19:28Persian, and Indian geographical studies
19:30to the Islamic world.
19:33Islamic scholars first prepared a world
19:34map during the time of Caliph Ma'mun
19:36using the work of Ptolemy.
19:39Al-Khwarizmi produced works in astronomy
19:41and geography in addition to mathematics
19:44.
19:44He worked with 70 scientists to draw a
19:47world map in the year 830.
19:50He was commissioned by the caliph with a
19:51committee to calculate the diameter of
19:52the Earth.
19:54He wrote a book on latitude and
19:55longitude called Kitab Surat al-Ard.
20:00The studies of Balkhi, the famous Muslim
20:02geographer, served as a source for later
20:03research and ensured he was recognized
20:05as a great geographer by Western
20:07researchers for a long time.
20:09When we say Piri Reis, a world map
20:11immediately comes to mind. With his book
20:13Kitab-ı Bahriye and the first two world
20:16maps he drew, he made significant
20:18contributions to the science of
20:20geography and, close to today's world
20:22maps, he did what? He drew a world map
20:25that was very advanced for that period.
20:28Seydi Ali Reis also wrote a work on the
20:30science of geography titled Al-Muhit.
20:32You know Evliya Çelebi has a travelogue
20:35. He traveled to many places in the
20:37Ottoman lands and put it into writing.
20:40Ibn Battuta's travelogue is also one of
20:42the pioneering works in this field.
20:44Many Muslim geographers such as Ulugh
20:46Beg and Katip Çelebi also produced
20:48lasting works in this field.
20:50We are looking at language. There have
20:52been three languages of Islamic
20:53civilization in history, my friends.
20:54Arabic, Persian, and Turkish.
20:56Mecca and Medina became the centers for
20:58new sciences and poetry, while Basra and
21:00Kufa became the centers for grammar
21:02studies.
21:03Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali carried out the
21:05task of adding vowel signs to the Holy
21:07Quran, friends.
21:08Sibawayh wrote the first comprehensive
21:10and systematic grammar book. In Islamic
21:12civilization, linguistics—that is,
21:15grammar and philology—reached a very
21:17high level in the century that Ibn Jabir
21:20lived.
21:20Language and literature studies, which
21:22began with the aim of understanding the
21:24subtleties of the Quran and Hadiths,
21:26later became an independent science. The
21:27most famous linguist of this period is
21:29al-Jahiz. Since there is a lot of
21:31detailed information, we are moving fast
21:32, friends.
21:34Let's continue; history is the science
21:36that examines social events by showing
21:38time and place, friends.
21:40You know that there are narratives—
21:41qisas—in the Holy Quran. We call the
21:43narration of instructive events that
21:44past societies and prophets experienced
21:46in the Holy Quran "qissa." Muslims were
21:48also interested in these narratives and
21:50thus became interested in history as
21:51well.
21:53Ibn Ishaq, al-Waqidi, Ibn Hisham, Ibn
21:55Sa'd, al-Baladhuri, al-Tabari, Ibn
21:56Khaldun, and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha are
21:58among the famous historians.
22:02Ibn Ishaq's Kitab al-Maghazi, Ibn
22:03Hisham's Sirat al-Nabawiyya, and Ibn
22:05Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir are
22:07considered the first works of Islamic
22:09history, friends.
22:12Philosophy, which entered the Islamic
22:13world through translation, turned into
22:15wisdom at the hands of Muslim
22:17philosophers and broke new ground in
22:18this field with its brand-new form.
22:21To whom did it teach philosophy—or more
22:23accurately, Aristotle, Plato, and those
22:25philosophers—to the West of today? Who
22:27enabled the establishment of that
22:28connection? Muslim philosophers, friends
22:30.
22:31There are numerous philosophers who have
22:32been trained in the field of philosophy
22:34in Islamic civilization. The most famous
22:36of these are al-Kindi, Abu Bakr al-Razi
22:38, al-Farabi, Ibn Miskawayh, Ibn Sina (
22:39Avicenna), Ibn Tufayl, and Ibn Rushd (
22:41Averroes).
22:42Astronomy—which Muslims called 'ilmi
22:45felek', 'ilmi nujum', or 'falakiyat'—is
22:47the science that measures the positions
22:49, movements, and distances between
22:51celestial bodies, and studies their
22:53physical and chemical structures; what
22:56do we call this? We call it astronomy.
22:58Astronomy developed early in Islamic
23:01civilization, friends. If you ask why,
23:03the existence of 'kawni' verses—that is
23:05, scientific verses—in the Quran
23:06encouraged Muslims to pursue knowledge
23:08and science.
23:09Also, there are specific times for
23:10certain acts of worship, right? We need
23:12to know the time to pray; the five daily
23:14prayers. There is a time for fasting,
23:16there is a time for Hajj.
23:18Because of this need for time, friends,
23:20Muslims took a close interest in
23:21astronomy to determine the hours and
23:23dates, especially for prayer times.
23:26Although studies related to astronomy
23:28and astrology began during the Umayyad
23:29period, the real development in these
23:31sciences took place during the Abbasid
23:33period, in the time of Caliph al-Ma'mun
23:34.
23:35Ibn al-Haytham initiated the first
23:37research program in the history of
23:39science in order to develop a new and
23:41more accurate model against Ptolemy's
23:43geocentric astronomical model.
23:45Razi is the first person in the Islamic
23:47world to make an astrolabe, which is
23:48used to measure the altitude of
23:50celestial bodies.
23:52The astrolabe is a historical
23:53measurement device used in astronomical
23:55measurements, friends.
23:57Al-Farghani is the scholar who first
23:58discovered that the sun rotates on its
24:00own axis.
24:01He accurately predicted the solar
24:03eclipse in the year 842 in advance. He
24:05provided new evidence that the world is
24:07spherical. Because of these works, his
24:10name was given to the Alfraganus crater
24:12on the moon.
24:14Sind bin Ali measured the sunset on a
24:16coast at a certain altitude above sea
24:18level and, based on this measurement,
24:20calculated the radius of the earth
24:22trigonometrically.
24:24Al-Battani is known in the West as
24:27Albatenius. He calculated the solar year
24:30as 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, and 24
24:32seconds. Very close to today's figures,
24:34isn't it? 365 days and 6 hours. A region
24:37on the moon has been named after him.
24:39Furthermore, the adjusted astronomical
24:41tables he prepared left a great impact
24:43on astronomy in Europe.
24:44Al-Battani has a work titled Kitab
24:47al-Zij.
24:48Al-Biruni wrote about 70 books on
24:50astronomy, stated that the Earth rotates
24:52about 500 years before Copernicus, and
24:54claimed it moves in an elliptical shape
24:57.
24:58Al-Biruni also explained solar and lunar
25:00eclipses by drawing them in his books.
25:02Ulugh Beg built an observatory in
25:04Samarkand.
25:05He was interested in astronomy and
25:06penned encyclopedic works.
25:09Ali Qushji is a student of Ulugh Beg.
25:11He continued his mentor's work, prepared
25:13tables showing the positions of stars,
25:15and trained many students by founding
25:17observatories.
25:19The field of physics, the theory of
25:20relativity, is also known as Einstein's
25:22theory.
25:23However, this theory of relativity was
25:25first put forward by the Islamic
25:27philosopher Al-Kindi.
25:29"Hiyal" means the knowledge of machines
25:30. It was used in the sense of mechanical
25:32technology.
25:34The three brothers known as the Banu
25:36Musa—Muhammad, Ahmad, and Hasan—wrote
25:38Kitab al-Hiyal, the oldest known work on
25:40machines in the Islamic world.
25:44Ibn al-Haytham's research on parabolic
25:46and spherical mirrors, lenses, and the
25:48refraction of light later formed the
25:49foundations of optics in physics.
25:52Ibn al-Haytham is the person who
25:54discovered the law of refraction of
25:55light.
25:56In his works, he mentions the dark room
25:58, the ancestor of the camera, and he
26:00claimed and demonstrated that an
26:02inverted image would be produced with
26:03such a pinhole camera.
26:06In the first half of the 11th century,
26:08he solved an optical problem with a 4
26:10th-degree equation.
26:12Al-Jazari took the first steps of
26:14cybernetics and built and operated the
26:16first robot.
26:17He worked with automatic machines,
26:19friends.
26:20What is his most famous work? The
26:22Elephant Clock. He built an
26:23automatically operating water machine.
26:25He built a machine for ritual ablution.
26:28He engaged in what you would call robot
26:30coding and autonomous systems, such as a
26:31musical robot, a candle clock, a
26:33washbasin machine, and a pump automaton
26:35.
26:35The first flight attempts started with
26:38the scientist Abbas ibn Firnas in the
26:409th century. Let's look at the field of
26:42chemistry. It is the science that
26:43examines the atomic arrangements of
26:44substances and their transformation into
26:46different substances in terms of
26:47structure.
26:48Jabir ibn Hayyan and Abu Bakr al-Razi
26:49are known as the founders of this
26:51science.
26:52Jabir ibn Hayyan conducted studies in
26:54areas such as hardening metals and
26:56separating minerals. He invented
26:58refining and crystallization methods for
27:00nitric acid, hydrogen chloride, and
27:02sulfuric acid.
27:04Jabir ibn Hayyan is the first scientist
27:06to state that the atom could be split
27:07and that a great power would emerge as a
27:09result, 1 year before the atomic bomb
27:11was produced.
27:13Abu Bakr al-Razi is the first scholar to
27:15classify substances into three groups:
27:17mineral, vegetable, and animal.
27:19He is an important Muslim chemist who
27:21discovered substances such as glycerin,
27:23soda, acetic acid, and nitric acid.
27:25Al-Biruni invented the density measuring
27:27instrument.
27:28Professor Aziz Sancar won the 2015 Nobel
27:31Prize in Chemistry thanks to his
27:33research mapping how cells repair
27:35damaged DNA and protect genetic
27:38information.
27:39In mathematics, Al-Khwarizmi found the
27:41number 0, which is of great importance
27:43for mathematics.
27:44Al-Khwarizmi developed the logarithm
27:46used today and found decimal numbers
27:48with 0.
27:49The founder of the science of algebra is
27:51Al-Khwarizmi. His work titled Al-Jabr
27:53wa'l-Muqabala was translated into Latin
27:55.
27:55Omar Khayyam, in this field, [addressed
27:57] 3rd.
27:58degree cubic equations, classified many
28:00algebraic equations, and offered
28:01solutions for most of them.
28:043rd.
28:05degree equations in a systematic way,
28:07Khayyam went beyond the progress
28:09Khwarizmi had made in algebra.
28:12Nasir al-Din al-Tusi introduced the
28:13concept of the Tusi couple to the world
28:15of mathematics.
28:16With this theory, he explained planetary
28:18motions with an understanding far beyond
28:20his time.
28:21Kashi used algebraic decimal fractions
28:23and found the most accurate value of pi
28:25we use today.
28:27Now, we look at the field of medicine.
28:28In Islamic civilization, medicine is one
28:30of the earliest and most respected
28:31branches of science. Prophet.
28:34Starting with the Prophetic Medicine (
28:35Tibb-i Nabawi) consisting of Prophet
28:37Muhammad's hadiths on medicine, many
28:38books were written on the subject in
28:39Islamic history, and many medical
28:40scholars were raised.
28:42Let us start with Al-Kindi.
28:44He founded psychophysiology, the science
28:46of measuring the effect of physical
28:48factors on the human soul, sensations,
28:50and inner emotions.
28:52According to our current knowledge, he
28:53used mercury in a medicinal compound.
28:56Ibn Sina (Avicenna) took Islamic
28:57medicine to its peak. His medical
28:59encyclopedia, *Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb*,
29:01means The Canon of Medicine. This work
29:02was accepted as an authority in the
29:03medical world in Europe until the
29:03beginning of the 19th.
29:04century and was taught as a textbook in
29:07universities.
29:10Ibn al-Nafis discovered the pulmonary
29:11circulation system, one of the most
29:13important discoveries in medical history
29:15.
29:16Thabit ibn Qurra was the first in
29:18medical history to use anesthesia and
29:20drugs during surgeries.
29:22He is also the physician who first
29:23discovered scarlet fever and measles in
29:25medical history.
29:26Akshamsaddin is a medical scholar. He is
29:28also the mentor of Fatih Sultan Mehmet (
29:29Mehmed the Conqueror). He was the first
29:31to describe germs in his work*Maddetül
29:33Hayat*, which would be discovered in the
29:35West 4 centuries later.
29:37In his 30-volume book titled*Kitab
29:39al-Tasrif*, Al-Zahrawi explained in
29:41detail surgical procedures and tools
29:43unknown in Europe.
29:45Thus, the foundations of surgery were
29:47laid in Europe.
29:48Razi, who was also known in Medieval
29:50Europe, attracted attention especially
29:52as a clinical physician.
29:54In his medical encyclopedia*Al-Hawi*,
29:56Razi addressed each disease individually
29:58, focusing on their symptoms, causes,
30:00and treatment methods.
30:02His work titled*Al-Hawi*serves as a
30:04medical encyclopedia; it was translated
30:06into Latin and printed many times. For
30:08the first time, he broke down kidney
30:10stones with medication and removed them
30:11through surgery. He discovered that
30:13smallpox and measles were different
30:15diseases.
30:16Ibn Juljul created a dictionary
30:18consisting of the biographies of
30:19physicians and philosophers.
30:21Now, our final topic is Messages from
30:23the Quran, let us look at verses 27 and
30:2528. of the Quran, let's look at the
30:26meanings of the verses. 27th. meaning of
30:28our verse. Do you not see that Allah
30:30sends down water from the sky? Then We
30:32bring forth products of different colors
30:33and varieties with it. Mountains also
30:35have paths and parts of different colors
30:37, white, red, and black.
30:39We see the power of Almighty Allah,
30:41friends. We see that He creates all
30:43kinds of living and non-living beings.
30:46He gives life to the earth with water.
30:48This diversity is presented to people as
30:50evidence of Allah's existence and His
30:52creation.
30:54Likewise, among people, beasts of burden
30:56, and cattle, there are those of
30:57different types and colors.
30:59Only those among them who have knowledge
31:01feel awe in the face of Allah's
31:03greatness. Indeed, Allah is Exalted in
31:05Might, the Forgiving.
31:07With His attribute of creation, Allah
31:08has created many beautiful things. He
31:10has created a variety of animals. Why
31:12did He create this? So that mankind may
31:14benefit from it, friends. So that there
31:15may be various edible animals. What do
31:18those who know this do? Those pious
31:20people feel awe before Allah and the
31:22greatness of Allah.
31:24Seeing Allah's creation, might, power,
31:26and the attribute of existence, they
31:27give thanks to Allah.
31:29At the end of the verse, it is also
31:31mentioned that Allah is All-Powerful and
31:32All-Forgiving.
31:34We have reached the end of this review
31:36lecture. I hope it has been useful. I
31:37wish you all success in your exams and
31:40studies. May God grant you clarity of
31:42mind. Do not forget to watch our other
31:43works as well. Especially be sure to
31:46watch our TYT and AYT camps. You will
31:48see the benefit, God willing, and do not
31:50forget to show your support for me as
31:52well. I would be happy if you subscribe
31:53to our channel, like the videos, and
31:54comment. See you in our next lesson.
31:57Stay with love, stay well.

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