10.SINIF FELSEFE KISA TEKRAR (14 DAKİKADA) SINAVA HAZIRLIK OYSS MAARİF MODEL — Transcript

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1. 0:0510th. Graders, get ready; the summary of
2. 0:07the summary of the summary is here.
3. 0:08Philosophy class, 1st. Term, 1st. Short
4. 0:10review video for your exam is right here
5. 0:11. We had previously shared longer
6. 0:13reviews. There are also topic
7. 0:14explanations on our channel, but a very
8. 0:16short review you can watch on the
9. 0:17morning of the exam or even at school is
10. 0:19waiting for you. You will find the PDF
11. 0:20in the description section. And you will
12. 0:22also subscribe to my channel. What more
13. 0:23could you want? If you want, let's start
14. 0:25right away. Let's start moving along
15. 0:26quickly. Friends, my 1st unit is the
16. 0:28nature of philosophy. Oh, by the way,
17. 0:30I'm not saying you'll get 100 with just
18. 0:31this summary, but friends, I tried to
19. 0:33explain it to you in the shortest
20. 0:34possible way. I tried to provide the
21. 0:36parts I consider important. What was my
22. 0:38first starting point in the nature of
23. 0:39philosophy, friends? It was the
24. 0:41definition of philosophy. Philosophy is
25. 0:42the science that questions the universe
26. 0:44, life, and existence with curiosity and
27. 0:46wonder. It is formed by the combination
28. 0:48of the words "Philo" and "Sophia." Philo
29. 0:50means to seek, love, and pursue
30. 0:52knowledge, friends. Sophia, on the other
31. 0:55hand, means wisdom. So, Philo is to love
32. 0:57, and Sophia is wisdom. In short,
33. 1:00philosophy as a word means the love of
34. 1:02wisdom. But let's not forget this.
35. 1:04Philosophy is not to know everything,
36. 1:06but to seek the truth and question the
37. 1:08knowledge reached. In other words, it is
38. 1:09to be constantly in pursuit of knowledge
39. 1:11. There is no stopping. Friends, besides
40. 1:13this, there are three more concepts I
41. 1:15need to know. What is the concept of
42. 1:17consciousness for an individual?
43. 1:19Noticing and perceiving oneself and
44. 1:20one's surroundings. At the same time, it
45. 1:21is the center of emotion, perception,
46. 1:23and knowledge covering the past and the
47. 1:25future. What is thinking? It is the
48. 1:26instrument of philosophy, that is, the
49. 1:28tool used by philosophy, friends. It is
50. 1:30the name given to the source and tool of
51. 1:32philosophical knowledge that seeks the
52. 1:33truth through curiosity, doubt,
53. 1:35questioning, and criticism, friends.
54. 1:36What is virtue? It is applying what we
55. 1:39have learned to our lives and reflecting
56. 1:41it in our lives, friends. Let's express
57. 1:43that. Now we have come to the definition
58. 1:44of philosophy. Friends, there is no
59. 1:46clear, common definition of philosophy.
60. 1:48All philosophers have made a different
61. 1:50definition of philosophy. But what is
62. 1:51the common point here, friends? Let's
63. 1:53look at the common elements in the
64. 1:54definitions. It is the search for
65. 1:56thinking, questioning, understanding,
66. 1:58truth, and wisdom. Prejudices, meaning
67. 2:00absolute judgments, should be avoided.
68. 2:01How should doubt be used as a tool for
69. 2:03questioning? It should be used as such,
70. 2:05friends. So, what are the
71. 2:06characteristics of philosophical thought
72. 2:08?
73. 2:08In my philosophical thought, there is
74. 2:10wonder, meaning constant amazement,
75. 2:12besides that questioning, being
76. 2:13consistent, a sense of curiosity, being
77. 2:15rational, doubting, and being universal
78. 2:17.
79. 2:17There is being critical, being
80. 2:19systematic, and being practical. I left
81. 2:20the two of them for last on purpose.
82. 2:22What do cumulative progression and
83. 2:23cumulativity mean, friends? Building
84. 2:25knowledge on top of each other by using
85. 2:27past knowledge as well. That is, the
86. 2:28philosopher also does what with past
87. 2:30philosophers? Examines their knowledge.
88. 2:31What does he do with the parts that
89. 2:33should be utilized? He makes use of them
90. 2:34. Besides this, there is also being
91. 2:36reflexive. The philosopher also inspects
92. 2:38his own thoughts, friends.
93. 2:40That is, the philosopher questioning his
94. 2:42own view and his own thought, thinking
95. 2:44about thinking, is expressed as being
96. 2:46reflexive.
97. 2:48Well, when I look at the development of
98. 2:49philosophical thought, in the historical
99. 2:51process, friends, ancient philosophers
100. 2:52generally questioned the core matter of
101. 2:54the universe, the "arche," but from the
102. 2:562nd.
103. 2:57century onwards, that is, after
104. 2:58finishing the first period of philosophy
105. 3:00and moving on to the next philosophy,
106. 3:01what became the center of philosophy?
107. 3:03God and belief, that is, religion,
108. 3:05friends. Besides this, the 15th and 17th
109. 3:07. In the philosophy of the century, the
110. 3:09nation-state was strengthened by the
111. 3:10influence of the Renaissance and the
112. 3:11Reformation. Humanism, meaning the human
113. 3:13being, has been placed at the center of
114. 3:15philosophy, my friends. Next, we come to
115. 3:17the 18th and 19th. centuries. Reason has
116. 3:19now become the center of philosophy. In
117. 3:21the 20th. century, my friends, new
118. 3:22approaches, movements, and schools have
119. 3:24developed. Disciplines in philosophy
120. 3:26have now clearly separated, my friends.
121. 3:28Each branch has begun to specialize in
122. 3:29its own field. Friends, let us continue
123. 3:31with the fundamental characteristics of
124. 3:33our philosophical questions. The most
125. 3:34fundamental feature of philosophical
126. 3:36questions is this. In philosophy,
127. 3:37questions are more important than
128. 3:38answers. Because answers are subjective
129. 3:40. However, in philosophy, questions are
130. 3:42universal. They concern everyone. So,
131. 3:44when I look at the characteristics of my
132. 3:45philosophical questions, the first
133. 3:47feature is that my questions will
134. 3:48contain conceptual depth and an
135. 3:49orientation toward the essence. What
136. 3:51does this mean? It will question the
137. 3:52essence and foundations of the concept.
138. 3:54It will examine a concept in its most
139. 3:56essential form. The question of what is
140. 3:57justice. Is it not a very fundamental
141. 3:59and essential question, my friends? This
142. 4:00question is philosophical, but is this
143. 4:02decision fair? it is a statement that
144. 4:04only cares about whether a decision is
145. 4:05fair or not, meaning it only concerns
146. 4:07one side of the decision, one side of
147. 4:08the concept. Therefore, is this decision
148. 4:10fair? It is not philosophical. There
149. 4:12will be openness. There will be
150. 4:13open-endedness, my friends. That is, it
151. 4:15will not have a single and definitive
152. 4:16answer. For instance, the question of
153. 4:18what is beautiful? It can vary according
154. 4:19to everyone. However, at what
155. 4:20temperature does water boil, my friends
156. 4:22? What is it? Because it has a single
157. 4:24answer, it is not a philosophical
158. 4:25question. Let us continue with
159. 4:26universality. My questions will concern
160. 4:28everyone, my friends. The question of
161. 4:30how an ideal society should be concerns
162. 4:32everyone. But what is the population of
163. 4:34this city, my friends? Since it will not
164. 4:35concern everyone, what will it be? It
165. 4:37will not be philosophical. Let us
166. 4:38continue with being consistent. The
167. 4:40questions I ask and the answers I give,
168. 4:41the concepts I use will be consistent. A
169. 4:43concept will not be different in one
170. 4:45place and different in another, let us
171. 4:46state, my friends. We continue with
172. 4:48being constructive and directive. The
173. 4:50question of whether existence has a
174. 4:51purpose can seriously shape our
175. 4:53worldview. In other words, it is a good
176. 4:54question regarding our perspective on
177. 4:56life in general. But what should I wear
178. 4:58today? it affects an immediate decision
179. 4:59. For this reason, it is not
180. 5:00philosophical. Does philosophy establish
181. 5:02relationships with other fields? Of
182. 5:03course it does, my friends. We will look
183. 5:05at the relationship of philosophy with
184. 5:07science, religion, and art. We will
185. 5:09first examine the similarities and
186. 5:10differences of philosophy with science,
187. 5:12my friends. Both are based on reason and
188. 5:14systematic research. They explain the
189. 5:16universe, humans, and life. However,
190. 5:18when we look at their differences,
191. 5:20philosophy questions meanings and values
192. 5:22holistically. What does science do by
193. 5:24breaking phenomena into parts through
194. 5:25experiment and observation? it examines
195. 5:27them. What does this mean? Philosophy is
196. 5:29a bit more holistic. But what is science
197. 5:31? It is fragmentary, my friends. Besides
198. 5:32this, there is experiment and
199. 5:34observation in science. But philosophy
200. 5:35does not resort to these methods. it
201. 5:37only uses reason as an instrument.
202. 5:39Friends, when I look at the similarities
203. 5:41of philosophy with religion, both deal
204. 5:42with humans, the universe, and the
205. 5:44meaning of life. When I look at their
206. 5:46differences, philosophy relies on reason
207. 5:47and criticism, while religion relies on
208. 5:49faith that is accepted as absolute.
209. 5:51Friends, when I look at the relationship
210. 5:53of philosophy with art, there is
211. 5:54creativity in both. In both, the results
212. 5:56are subjective. However, when I look at
213. 5:58the differences, while philosophy acts
214. 6:00with reason, the artist, my friends,
215. 6:02acts with what? emotions. Now we come to
216. 6:05the individual and social functions of
217. 6:07philosophy. This is also important for
218. 6:09us, my friends. When I look at the
219. 6:10individual functions of philosophy, what
220. 6:12does it do for an individual's
221. 6:13problem-solving and decision-making? It
222. 6:14facilitates them. Besides this, it
223. 6:16provides individuals with different
224. 6:18perspectives. It enables critical
225. 6:19thinking and reasoning. Furthermore,
226. 6:21friends, it proves to us that results
227. 6:24can change and opinions can be fallible
228. 6:26. When I look at it in a social sense,
229. 6:28philosophy contributes to many aspects
230. 6:29of society, friends. It questions the
231. 6:32concepts of justice, solidarity,
232. 6:33exclusion, inclusivity, inequality, and
233. 6:35sustainability. It discusses topics like
234. 6:37medical ethics, the right to health,
235. 6:38social well-being, the use of technology
236. 6:40and AI in health, and similar issues. In
237. 6:42other words, it expresses opinions on
238. 6:44subjects that affect society in our
239. 6:45lives. It develops the ability to
240. 6:47evaluate social issues, discuss opinions
241. 6:49, and the sense of thinking together.
242. 6:51Friends, what shall we do now? Let's
243. 6:52move on to the second unit. Let's move
244. 6:54to the second unit, but I assume you
245. 6:55have already subscribed. It would be
246. 6:56wise not to forget that. Friends, my
247. 6:58second unit is the philosophy, logic,
248. 7:00and argumentation unit. Friends, we
249. 7:02continue first with the concepts of
250. 7:03argumentative thinking. It tries to gain
251. 7:05acceptance for views by grounding them
252. 7:07with justifications. Let me give a small
253. 7:08warning here. There will be those who
254. 7:10say, "Teacher, we haven't covered the
255. 7:11second unit yet." The scenarios include
256. 7:12the second unit as well. Look at where
257. 7:14your teacher finished here. If they have
258. 7:16covered the second unit, watch this part
259. 7:17too. If they haven't, what should you do
260. 7:18? Close the video right after the first
261. 7:20unit. Don't close it without subscribing
262. 7:21. But let's define logic. It is the
263. 7:23science that supports correct thinking
264. 7:25and conveying thoughts clearly, friends
265. 7:26. Besides this, our curriculum topic has
266. 7:28continued with the relationship between
267. 7:29thinking and language, friends. It has
268. 7:31provided philosophical views regarding
269. 7:32the relationship between thinking and
270. 7:34language, friends. Some views have said
271. 7:36that language is identical to thinking.
272. 7:37In other words, they have said they are
273. 7:39the same, friends. What can neither do
274. 7:41without the other? They cannot exist,
275. 7:43they said. Besides this, friends, there
276. 7:44have also been those who say language is
277. 7:46independent of thinking. There have also
278. 7:47been those who say the two are separate
279. 7:48from each other. The third, however, is
280. 7:50that language and thinking are indeed
281. 7:52separate, but what do they do to each
282. 7:53other? There have also been those who
283. 7:54say they influence each other, friends.
284. 7:56So, when we look at the basic
285. 7:57characteristics of the thinking-language
286. 7:58relationship, it might be asked. It is
287. 8:00unique to humans; friends, both have
288. 8:02separate domains. What do these two do
289. 8:04to humans compared to other living
290. 8:05things? They distinguish them, friends.
291. 8:06Language enables conceptualization. It
292. 8:08organizes and enriches thoughts. It
293. 8:10makes concepts and symbols concrete. So
294. 8:13, our language actually makes what is in
295. 8:15our minds concrete. It allows us to
296. 8:16convey them. A rich vocabulary
297. 8:18facilitates individual expression. Can
298. 8:20individuals think without language? Yes
299. 8:22, they can think. But what is necessary
300. 8:24to convey the thought to someone else?
301. 8:26Language is necessary. A math solution
302. 8:28or room layout can be planned silently,
303. 8:30but its transfer is only done with
304. 8:32language, friends. Let's have expressed
305. 8:34that. We are continuing with the basic
306. 8:36concepts of logic and argumentation. A
307. 8:38question might come from here too. My
308. 8:39first heading is the principles of
309. 8:40reason. In other words, what rules does
310. 8:42reason need to follow to think correctly
311. 8:44? We will look at this, friends. We call
312. 8:46the basic rules of correct and
313. 8:48consistent thinking the principles of
314. 8:49reason. My first heading is identity.
315. 8:52Everything is the same as itself,
316. 8:53friends. Terms must be used in the same
317. 8:56sense throughout a proposition. This is
318. 8:58the principle of identity here, friends
319. 8:59. For example, if I called something 'a
320. 9:01', I will call it 'a' throughout the
321. 9:02entire proposition. Non-contradiction: A
322. 9:04judgment cannot be both true and false
323. 9:06at the same time.
324. 9:08Excluded middle: A judgment is either
325. 9:10true or false. It means there is no
326. 9:12third option, friends. The principle of
327. 9:14sufficient reason states that every true
328. 9:16judgment and existing fact must be based
329. 9:19on a sufficient reason, friends. Well,
330. 9:21let's continue with the concepts of
331. 9:22proposition and truth. Propositions are
332. 9:24sentences that can be true or false and
333. 9:26convey a judgment, friends. It doesn't
334. 9:28matter if it's true or false, but it
335. 9:30must express a judgment in the end.
336. 9:32Question, command, request, and wish
337. 9:34expressions are not propositions,
338. 9:36friends.
339. 9:37When I look at the structure of a
340. 9:39proposition, it must consist of a
341. 9:40subject, a predicate, and a copula.
342. 9:43The sun is hot. The sun is the subject,
343. 9:45hot is the predicate, and "is" serves as
344. 9:47the copula, friends. Now let's look at
345. 9:49types of propositions. A compound
346. 9:51proposition is a proposition that
347. 9:53combines multiple judgments using
348. 9:55conjunctions like "or,""if," or "if and
349. 9:57only if." For example, Ali and Ahmet
350. 9:59talked. Look closely, it expresses a
351. 10:01judgment but has two subjects, friends.
352. 10:03Let's continue. An affirmative
353. 10:05proposition is a proposition that states
354. 10:07that a situation exists. It is raining
355. 10:09today. Watch closely. I said that it is
356. 10:11raining. Along with this, we continue
357. 10:12with the negative proposition. It is not
358. 10:14raining today. Stating that it is not is
359. 10:17a negative proposition. Friends, let's
360. 10:19continue with the concept of truth.
361. 10:20Truth is the correspondence of a
362. 10:22judgment to reality. Look, friends, the
363. 10:24capital of Turkey is Ankara. Is it a
364. 10:26proposition? It is a proposition. Is it
365. 10:28accurate information? It is accurate
366. 10:29information. For this reason, it is also
367. 10:31a true proposition, friends.
368. 10:33On the other hand, when I say the
369. 10:35capital of Turkey is Kayseri, yes, it is
370. 10:37still a proposition, but it is not a
371. 10:38true proposition.
372. 10:40Remember, being false does not change
373. 10:41the fact that it is a proposition. Let's
374. 10:44continue with the concept of deduction,
375. 10:45friends. Deduction is reasoning that
376. 10:47goes from general to specific. What does
377. 10:50induction do from specific? It is
378. 10:52reasoning that reaches general judgments
379. 10:53. Analogy is establishing a resemblance
380. 10:55. We call it analogy when we find one
381. 10:58common point between two different
382. 10:59objects and claim that other common
383. 11:01points exist as well. Friends, as I
384. 11:03continue with concepts related to
385. 11:05reasoning, I see view, argument, and
386. 11:07consistency. A view is the name I give
387. 11:09to judgments about entities, events, and
388. 11:12thoughts. An argument is the name I give
389. 11:14to claims that support, justify, or
390. 11:16refute a view. In other words, an
391. 11:18argument is used in the sense of
392. 11:19evidence. Consistency is the name given
393. 11:21to the logical harmony between premises
394. 11:23and the conclusion where propositions do
395. 11:25not contradict each other, friends. Now
396. 11:26I have come to fallacy. Fallacy is the
397. 11:29name given to faulty reasoning; it may
398. 11:31be asked, friends. When I look at types
399. 11:33of fallacies and their brief definitions
400. 11:35, friends, individuals can engage in
401. 11:37faulty reasoning by appealing to
402. 11:39authority. What does this mean? It is
403. 11:40referencing an expert instead of proving
404. 11:43a claim. Think of a toothpaste, friends
405. 11:46. Just taking it because doctors
406. 11:47recommend it, without looking at whether
407. 11:49the toothpaste is good or bad, is an
408. 11:50appeal to authority and a fallacy. That
409. 11:52is, it is faulty reasoning. Next is ad
410. 11:55hominem. It is a fallacy to attack the
411. 11:57person defending a view instead of
412. 11:58evaluating the view itself. Friends,
413. 12:00let's continue with cherry-picking. It
414. 12:02is selecting supporting data and
415. 12:04ignoring opposing data. For example, a
416. 12:06person who argues that global warming
417. 12:08does not exist shows one ice mass. Look
418. 12:10, do you see? It hasn't melted, they say
419. 12:12. It's just one example, but what are
420. 12:13they doing about the other glaciers that
421. 12:15are melting? Ignoring them. We call this
422. 12:17cherry-picking. Appeal to popularity. We
423. 12:20call it popularity when we consider the
424. 12:21acceptance of the majority as proof of
425. 12:23truth, friends. Meaning, if the majority
426. 12:25accepts it, then we should accept it too
427. 12:26. What are causality errors, friends, if
428. 12:28not establishing cause-and-effect
429. 12:30relationships without sufficient
430. 12:32evidence or incorrectly? It is falling
431. 12:33into a fallacy. False analogy is
432. 12:35assuming that other characteristics are
433. 12:37the same based on some similarities.
434. 12:39Friends, my final heading is the
435. 12:41structure of argumentation. I am tired,
436. 12:43but I hope it will be worth it. You will
437. 12:45be successful in your exam. Please do
438. 12:46not forget to subscribe. Let me remind
439. 12:48you once more. Let's continue with the
440. 12:49structure of argumentation, friends.
441. 12:51Some argumentations can become complex
442. 12:54in long texts. For this reason, what do
443. 12:56we do with them? We turn them into
444. 12:57symbols. For instance, we use the letter
445. 13:00P for premises. If we are using more
446. 13:02than one premise, we call them P1, P2,
447. 13:04P3. Then, we express the conclusion with
448. 13:06C, friends. What does this mean? For
449. 13:08example, a text like this is given. The
450. 13:09increase in speeding drivers in the city
451. 13:11causes accidents to happen more
452. 13:13frequently and with more severe
453. 13:14consequences. What does this situation
454. 13:16do to the safety of drivers and
455. 13:17pedestrians? It puts it in danger. So,
456. 13:20let's symbolize this now, friends. What
457. 13:22did we do? The number of speeding
458. 13:24drivers in the city has increased. We
459. 13:25made the first proposition. Look, pay
460. 13:27attention. We wrote P1 for this.
461. 13:28Speeding leads to accidents becoming
462. 13:31more frequent and severe. We made the
463. 13:33second proposition. Then we came to P3.
464. 13:35This situation endangers the safety of
465. 13:37drivers and pedestrians. Third
466. 13:38proposition. We created 3 propositions.
467. 13:41What will we do next? We connected it to
468. 13:43the conclusion. You might ask, "Teacher
469. 13:44, what is the benefit of this?" We freed
470. 13:46it from this paragraph text and what did
471. 13:47we do? We made it more understandable,
472. 13:50like a mathematical symbol. Friends, we
473. 13:52have come to the end of our video here.
474. 13:53Good luck to you all in the exam.
475. 13:55Goodbye. Subscribe. Take care of
476. 13:57yourselves.