05_Designing Effective Tables & Graphs — Transcript

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1. 0:00hello friends greetings welcome to our
2. 0:03next session on designing effective
3. 0:05tables and graphs
4. 0:07in this session we will learn what are
5. 0:09the various components of a table
6. 0:11and the types of graphs which what we
7. 0:14commonly come across in manuscripts
8. 0:17mostly the basic design before i go to
9. 0:20our next slide
10. 0:21let me ask you a question
11. 0:23when we
12. 0:25read a paper
13. 0:27or we write a manuscript
14. 0:30most commonly what we follow like to
15. 0:33start with from the abstract
16. 0:35and then go to the introduction and to
17. 0:37the method section and results section
18. 0:40or something else you do i request you
19. 0:43to pause the slide for a while think and
20. 0:46then come back to
21. 0:47uh the video well i think you have an
22. 0:50answer now
23. 0:52or you are still confused what to answer
24. 0:54for this question
25. 0:55ah but let me tell you when we first
26. 0:58read a paper we go through the
27. 1:00objectives sometimes we also look at the
28. 1:03abstracts
29. 1:04and then to understand the result what
30. 1:06we do is
31. 1:08go to the tables and figures straight
32. 1:10away where the major findings are
33. 1:12described and then we also look at the
34. 1:15result section and other components of
35. 1:18the manuscript like introduction and
36. 1:20method section well so you now you know
37. 1:22the importance of the table and graphs
38. 1:26a typical table layout
39. 1:30has some characteristics features if you
40. 1:32look at the table
41. 1:34first what we have described is a
42. 1:37table number
43. 1:38and
44. 1:39the title of the table
45. 1:42followed by that there is a body of the
46. 1:44table
47. 1:45and at last we have
48. 1:47footnotes now again if you look at that
49. 1:50body of the table you will see that
50. 1:53there are some rows
51. 1:54with some row heading and some
52. 1:56columns with some column heading
53. 1:59so
54. 2:01now if i tell you
55. 2:02first you have to start with a title for
56. 2:06the table with a table number followed
57. 2:08by that you have to give the column
58. 2:10headings as well as the row headings and
59. 2:13subsequently you will put the data along
60. 2:16the
61. 2:17rows and the columns with specific
62. 2:20units
63. 2:21or other signages and finally the
64. 2:24footnotes to make the table stand alone
65. 2:26and very clear
66. 2:28now if you look at the table once again
67. 2:31i will especially ask you to look at the
68. 2:34row headings where the second row says
69. 2:37that
70. 2:37the races
71. 2:39and if you see there are some sub
72. 2:41classification of that row of that row
73. 2:43that is the races that is white black
74. 2:46and other
75. 2:47you will see that the heading is race
76. 2:51but the surveying or the classification
77. 2:54what it says is white black and other
78. 2:58that has to be different from the
79. 3:00main heading that is the race you can
80. 3:03also notice that along with other
81. 3:06we have used a sign
82. 3:08and that sign goes to the footnote
83. 3:12what exactly that other means we have
84. 3:14depicted there or we have written it out
85. 3:16there so that we can make the table
86. 3:19very clear
87. 3:21stand alone
88. 3:22you must remember that one reader should
89. 3:24not go to the other section to find out
90. 3:27what that table means or what
91. 3:30abbreviation is used and so that we go
92. 3:32to the other section like method section
93. 3:34to understand what exactly that word or
94. 3:38that abbreviation means all right so
95. 3:42now the question is is this how we
96. 3:44always should present it perhaps this is
97. 3:46an outline i request you to look at the
98. 3:50journal criteria for authors when you
99. 3:53are submitting your manuscript to a
100. 3:55journal that decides how you should
101. 3:58make your table or format your table
102. 4:02now
103. 4:03table should be based on what objective
104. 4:06you have given
105. 4:07for your manuscript and as i said it
106. 4:10should follow the journal guidelines as
107. 4:12well it must carry an appropriate title
108. 4:15for it when you are making the tables
109. 4:17you also cross check with your
110. 4:19statistician
111. 4:20so that all the numbers and the figures
112. 4:23what you have given in the table is
113. 4:25appropriate and also you follow the
114. 4:28footnotes following the standard format
115. 4:31like how it should be like an aesthetics
116. 4:33then dagger and double dig dagger there
117. 4:36is a sequence and icmj criteria
118. 4:39sometimes the journals often follow the
119. 4:42guidelines given by icmj ah for using
120. 4:45this
121. 4:47signages coming to the types of graphs
122. 4:49one must remember that
123. 4:52the objectives we have used for the
124. 4:54manuscript often is reflected in your
125. 4:57graphs as well
126. 4:59along with the tables so let's see what
127. 5:02are the commonly used
128. 5:04graphs in manuscripts now we will see
129. 5:06the various types of graphs we use
130. 5:09commonly in manuscript writing i have
131. 5:12listed out a few for you
132. 5:15pie chart bar diagram line graph and
133. 5:18histogram we will see one by one
134. 5:21and we also will discuss that
135. 5:24what to use at which place let's see the
136. 5:27first one that is the pie chart so pie
137. 5:30chart is basically breaking down of our
138. 5:32total in proportion that means you have
139. 5:35a variable in hand and that variable has
140. 5:38some sub classification which is
141. 5:40expressed in proportions now for example
142. 5:42here we have shown you the types of
143. 5:46unintentional injuries that took place
144. 5:48in tiruchirapalli in tamil nadu india
145. 5:502003 and
146. 5:52we find that if you see the figure
147. 5:56minor injuries have contributed the
148. 5:58maximum followed by fall and if you look
149. 6:01at carefully the yellow section that is
150. 6:03burned that is contributed by only 7
151. 6:07percent
152. 6:08the question is
153. 6:10where to use this as i told you
154. 6:13that
155. 6:14we use it for a single variable and
156. 6:17which is expressed in proportion you can
157. 6:20also see that we have used some colors
158. 6:22here to depict each sub classification
159. 6:27along with that we have also used the
160. 6:30proportion or the percentages they have
161. 6:32contributed now sometimes we can also
162. 6:36put a legend and the color code
163. 6:39and against that color code we can put
164. 6:41the sub classification to make the pie
165. 6:44chart clear however
166. 6:47one must remember that showing pi
167. 6:49diagram has an additional disadvantages
168. 6:52advantages of using a pie chart
169. 6:55is it is easy to understand
170. 6:58and you can nicely depict it which is
171. 7:01easily understandable by the reader as
172. 7:04well the problem is if you use one pie
173. 7:07chart
174. 7:07that is only
175. 7:09against a single variable you cannot use
176. 7:12multiple variable within a
177. 7:15pie diagram
178. 7:17and that
179. 7:18gives you a disadvantage that some
180. 7:21articles when you are writing an
181. 7:23original article for example
182. 7:26the journals often ask for maximum 5
183. 7:29illustrations
184. 7:30not always but sometimes they ask
185. 7:33tables and figures together maximum five
186. 7:37there is the problem
187. 7:39if you use a pi diagram for one single
188. 7:41variable then you are limited with four
189. 7:44additional
190. 7:45figures and tables so i request to all
191. 7:49of you to use judiciously
192. 7:53when you are considering a pie chart if
193. 7:55you also notice that a pie diagram
194. 7:59is also accompanied by a figure title
195. 8:03and the number
196. 8:05along with that when you are writing the
197. 8:06title it should also carry at which
198. 8:09place and at which year and what you are
199. 8:12describing well coming to a second type
200. 8:14of diagram
201. 8:15that is a bar chart now bar chart i have
202. 8:19divided into two one is the vertical bar
203. 8:21chart and one is the horizontal bar
204. 8:23chart
205. 8:24coming to vertical bar chart if you see
206. 8:27what we have described in this is
207. 8:29prevalence of hypertension by age
208. 8:32in isol
209. 8:34mizoram 2003 if you look at it carefully
210. 8:37again is 30 to 39 years age group and
211. 8:40followed by that some 10 year interval
212. 8:42age group we have depicted up to 70 plus
213. 8:46years age group and you can see there is
214. 8:49a rising trend
215. 8:51within it so that is the beauty of using
216. 8:54a vertical bar chart
217. 8:56we can show in ascending order in
218. 8:58descending order or if you feel the
219. 9:01category you cannot again change into an
220. 9:04ascending or descending order for
221. 9:06example in this vertical bar diagram
222. 9:09what we can depict is the proportion
223. 9:11contributed by that variable
224. 9:14here you can see that we can find out an
225. 9:17ascending trend of
226. 9:20hypertension prevalence when we go
227. 9:23to the higher edge from the lower edge
228. 9:25the same thing can be shown in a
229. 9:28horizontal bar diagram and i must remind
230. 9:31you when you are using a bar diagram
231. 9:33whether it is a vertical bar diagram or
232. 9:36a horizontal bar diagram you must
233. 9:38mention what is x axis and what is your
234. 9:41y axis
235. 9:42for example here we have
236. 9:45presented the causes of non vaccination
237. 9:48as reported by the mothers in
238. 9:50vuvaneshwar city in 2003
239. 9:54now
240. 9:55in horizontal bar diagram
241. 9:58we have depicted the causes of
242. 10:01vaccination and the proportion has been
243. 10:03depicted in the x axis and you please
244. 10:07name it accordingly the third type of
245. 10:10graph is a line graph for time series
246. 10:13when a time component is there for any
247. 10:16ah proportion or any variables
248. 10:20then we use such kind of graph
249. 10:23in this graph if you see
250. 10:26four to five different years we have
251. 10:29depicted the malaria incidence
252. 10:33ah how it is ah
253. 10:35prevailing within a community in west
254. 10:37bengal
255. 10:39now if you look at it carefully there
256. 10:41are two line diagrams within it the
257. 10:43orange one is incidence of total malaria
258. 10:48and the red one is
259. 10:50incidence of plasmodium falciparum
260. 10:52malaria and if you look at the graph
261. 10:55carefully initial three years there was
262. 10:58actually no surge or it is within a same
263. 11:02range the incidence suddenly on the
264. 11:05fourth year in 2003 there is an upsurge
265. 11:08of malaria cases and that malaria cases
266. 11:11for plasmodium falciparum the rise is
267. 11:14not that much but yes it is little more
268. 11:17than the average one comparing to the
269. 11:20previous three years
270. 11:22so when we look at such kind of graphs
271. 11:25we can compare what happened in the past
272. 11:28and what is happening in a given period
273. 11:30of time for example here in 2003 and we
274. 11:33can take a decision that whether there
275. 11:36is a rise or there is a so we can see
276. 11:39the
277. 11:40trend of our disease or incidence or
278. 11:43prevalence over a given period of time
279. 11:47again for the for this kind of figure
280. 11:49you must have a figure title with a
281. 11:51number you must describe what is your x
282. 11:54axis
283. 11:55here
284. 11:56we have two components in our x axis one
285. 11:59is the month
286. 12:00and one is the year so you have to
287. 12:02depict that as you want that is first
288. 12:04thing the second thing again the y axis
289. 12:08what i have told you earlier also you
290. 12:10describe what is your y-axis
291. 12:13and because we are using some color code
292. 12:15here you must have your legends in place
293. 12:19with appropriate color coding and what
294. 12:21does that mean coming to the next one
295. 12:25that is a grouped bar chart this is also
296. 12:27a type of bar diagram where we express
297. 12:30two variables at a time and its sub
298. 12:33classifications
299. 12:35if you look at here in this diagram we
300. 12:37have depicted the educational status
301. 12:41by gender both male and female the male
302. 12:44is depicted by the pink boss and the
303. 12:46females are depicted as
304. 12:49yellow boss now here the advantage over
305. 12:52ah horizontal or vertical bar diagram is
306. 12:56you can actually express
307. 12:58more number of variables within it it is
308. 13:02here here we have depicted two in terms
309. 13:05of gender
310. 13:06you can have more
311. 13:08ah
312. 13:09if it is classified into more than two
313. 13:11variable more than two sub
314. 13:13classification and what we see in the y
315. 13:16axis is the proportion or the percentage
316. 13:19in each category the last one that is a
317. 13:22component bar chart
318. 13:24here what we do is like
319. 13:27a single variable
320. 13:29how it has changed over
321. 13:31some other variable
322. 13:33here for example if you can see year
323. 13:36we have used so
324. 13:38we have shown here the estimated and
325. 13:41projected proportion of deaths due to
326. 13:43non-communicable diseases in india from
327. 13:461990 to 2010 and the three bar
328. 13:49represents what happened in 1990 what
329. 13:52happened in 2000 and what happened in
330. 13:552010 the reason of death that is
331. 13:58injuries communicable diseases and
332. 14:00non-communicable diseases
333. 14:02those are shown in this bars
334. 14:05the component bar diagram means
335. 14:08that it is breakdown
336. 14:10into its component but the total
337. 14:13bar size will be 100 percent how much of
338. 14:16that is contributed by the
339. 14:19subgroups so for example if you look at
340. 14:22it carefully for the non communicable
341. 14:24diseases which is uh shown in brown it
342. 14:28is increased from say 40 percent in 1990
343. 14:32to 50 percent in uh 2000 and to 60 let's
344. 14:37say
345. 14:38in 2010 that means there is a steady
346. 14:41increase in
347. 14:43non-communicable disease compared to
348. 14:46the other conditions like communicable
349. 14:48diseases which is actually less if you
350. 14:51see the green portion which
351. 14:53it shows that the proportion contributed
352. 14:56by communicable diseases are actually ah
353. 14:59coming down well like other bad diagrams
354. 15:02or other charts you also have to ah give
355. 15:05a title with its number
356. 15:08the legends already i have talked about
357. 15:11it and the x axis and the y axis what it
358. 15:15says well i will stop here
359. 15:18and i request you to go through the
360. 15:20additional
361. 15:21materials what i have given to you
362. 15:24what you have to do is
363. 15:26go there read how a typical tables
364. 15:31should be depicted and a typical graph
365. 15:34how it should be ah depicted and what
366. 15:37should be written in the
367. 15:39text an ideal content i will give you
368. 15:42from a published paper additionally i
369. 15:45have also given you
370. 15:47some tasks which you can do it
371. 15:50alone or in group
372. 15:52ah to understand that what are the
373. 15:54common mistakes we usually do when we
374. 15:56write it in text and when you express it
375. 16:00ah or depict it as a figure or a table
376. 16:04the second thing is
377. 16:06you try to find out what the common
378. 16:08mistakes are there in the given material
379. 16:11also you try to solve on your own so
380. 16:15that you finally
381. 16:16have some practice to understand how to
382. 16:19write it in results section when you
383. 16:22have given it as a table or a graph you
384. 16:26must remember that when you are
385. 16:28depicting a graph or a table
386. 16:30you must not carry the same information
387. 16:32in your result section
388. 16:35it has to be a higher level information
389. 16:38so hope that you will get from the
390. 16:39additional reading material and the home
391. 16:42task that you will get out of that so
392. 16:44finally some take home message for you
393. 16:47tables and graphs or the illustrations
394. 16:51depends upon the objectives you have
395. 16:53provided for the manuscript
396. 16:56or the research work the second thing is
397. 16:58number of tables and manuscript depends
398. 17:01upon the articles you have written
399. 17:05if it is an original article mostly
400. 17:07journals used to ask for maximum 5
401. 17:11tables and illustrations
402. 17:13sometimes they can accept more if you
403. 17:15are writing a shorter version of that
404. 17:17article
405. 17:18then the number of tables and
406. 17:20illustrations comes down to two or three
407. 17:22even
408. 17:24so judiciously use the information what
409. 17:27you want to provide within a table or a
410. 17:29graph
411. 17:31and you should
412. 17:33present your table and graph in such a
413. 17:35way that they look standalone
414. 17:38it must have clarity high quality of
415. 17:41resolution for example in your graph
416. 17:44and
417. 17:44also color use should be judicial
418. 17:47because sometimes journal may even ask
419. 17:49for money in printing color photographs
420. 17:52or color figures and finally do not
421. 17:55duplicate the same information in text
422. 17:58hope you will get this idea
423. 18:00better when you read the additional
424. 18:02material and solve the problems
425. 18:05given there
426. 18:06thank you happy learning